Translation Of Terms Research Articles

Texnik matnlardagi terminlarni tarjima qilishning etakchiligi va o'zgaruvchanligi

This article describes some of the problems encountered in the translation of scientific and technical terms that are currently relevant and their causes. In fact, not only students, but also specialists face a number of difficulties when translating scientific and technical texts, because it is important to learn the terms of that particular field along with a set of general words in the translation. And it also gives some information about the adequacy in the field of translation and ways of using it in the technical texts. Different views and theories of the equivalence and adequacy concepts are revealed. The problem of technical translation is of great importance nowadays, therefore common difficulties that a translator faces are identified in the article. Moreover, recommendations on technical translation are given.

Translation of Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine into Russian: Cultural Communication and Translation Features

The article discusses the peculiarities of the terminology of traditional Chinese medicine and the problems that arise during its translation into Russian. The author shows that the most common model for creating terms in this field is represented by two-word and four-word phrases. It is noted that their translation cannot be limited to traditional methods. It is asserted that the conceptual meaning of terms in traditional Chinese medicine has historical, philosophical, and humanistic foundations. It is emphasized that the translation of terms in traditional Chinese medicine should include issues of cultural communication. Examples of successful and unsuccessful translations of terms into Russian demonstrate that the rich cultural subtext contained in them determines the difficulty of their perception. The reasons for incorrect translations of terms in traditional Chinese medicine are indicated, among which their non-equivalence, historical-cultural context, differences in content when there are differences in expression, etc. It is concluded that an important issue in translating terms in traditional Chinese medicine is the need to formulate unified rules for translating texts in this field into a foreign language.

Should Green Always Get the Green Light? Translation of Figurative Technical Terms in View of Conceptual Integration Theory

The paper is a case study analysing the process of secondary term formation by looking into the introduction of figurative terms in the field of economics from English, as the current lingua franca in the field, into Croatian. Although the primary focus is on the terminological gap-filling function of figurative terms, the paper also explores what happens in translation when a term conveys more functions (e.g., ideology constitutive function). Our approach is usage-based in that our conclusions are founded on the observations of how the analysed figurative terms behave in real communication (official documents, research papers, magazines, newspapers, blogs, etc.). The paper also argues for the applicability of the Conceptual Integration Theory as a framework able to account for the meaning construal in the process of translation and for translators’ choices. The translational process is thus seen as discourse-pragmatic phenomenon involving the transfer of cognitive categories, crucially determined by both intercultural and interlingual factors.

Translation methods applied to translate Polish types and names of administrative law authority bodies into English – a case study.

The paper aims to discuss Polish terms that name authority bodies under the administrative law and their English equivalents. The Polish terms under analysis appear in the first Division of the Polish Code of Administrative Procedure of 14 June 1960 and the English equivalents of each Polish term researched have been suggested in the Polish Code of Administrative Procedure translation into English. The research problem is to determine the translation methods applied and to verify whether translation methods used in the Polish-English translation of the above terms which have been determined as culture-specific items appear among translation methods applied when translating culture-specific elements suggested by Hejwowski (2007). Furthermore, to verify whether the mentioned translation methods appear among the translation methods discussed by Weston (1993) which are recommended to be applied while translating legal terms. The theoretical part of the paper includes a presentation of the definitions of a legal term, culture-specific item and the classification of translation methods by Hejwowski and Weston. The research stages include the comparison of definitions of source elements and definitions of their equivalents, as long as they appear in monolingual English law dictionaries.

Differential Analysis of Stylistic Features in Chinese-English Interpretation Based on Natural Language Processing

Abstract In this paper, after researching the natural language processing model, we use the knowledge representation technology to construct a knowledge base and use the sequence comparison algorithm to compare the sequences of Chinese and English translations, analyze the similarities and differences between the two sequences, and analyze the entropy of information between English and Chinese translations through the probabilistic theory and mathematical statistics method. On this basis, we analyze the differences between Chinese and English translations in terms of lexical dimension, syntactic dimension and articulation dimension and explore the differences in lexical richness and thematic concentration between Chinese and English based on “entropy”. The results show that Chinese is significantly higher than English translations in terms of language output length, sentence complexity, subordinate structure and phrase structure (p<0.001), and Chinese is significantly higher than English translations in terms of articulation (p<0.05). This paper provides an important reference value for studying the differences in stylistic features in Chinese-English translation.

Legal Nature of Smart Contracts: Contract or Program Code?

Objective: due to the rapid technological changes, digital economy and contractual relations determine law transformation and legislation development towards adaptation to prospective spreading and application of smart contracts in civil and commercial turnover. In this regard, the study focuses on determining the legal essence of smart contracts as a fundamental step towards the development of their timely and clear regulation.Methods: the research is based on the methodology of formal-legal and comparative legal analysis. It compares the current Bulgarian legislation with supranational legal sources and identifies the characteristic features of smart contracts as demanded instruments necessary for modern law and economy. The article also compares them with the classical understanding of contracts, making it possible to understand and define the nature of smart contracts more accurately.Results: it was determined that a smart contract is a software code in which the parties predetermine conditions under which the contractual relationship between them is created, modified and terminated. The research proved that the contract execution does not depend on the action or inaction of its parties, but rather on the occurrence of a predetermined condition (a certain fact relevant to the parties) under which the contract must self-execute. It was substantiated that the will of the parties cannot be changed or replaced because of the special way in which the smart contract is recorded in a distributed ledger. It is found that the fundamental problem of transferring the will from the legal language to the program code of the smart contract persists: if the will of the parties is incorrectly transferred to the program code, the smart contract may self-execute, but its execution will not be the result that the parties counted on.Scientific novelty: the analysis made it possible to compare the current national (Bulgarian) legislation and supranational (European) law. It revealed the vagueness of smart contracts regulation, both at the national and international level, and identified a number of issues in need of scientific and legal interpretation, which refer to the legal nature of smart contracts in view of the self-executing program code concept.Practical significance: the study can serve as a basis for further development of legislation towards its adaptation to the prospects of smart contracts spreading and application in civil and commercial turnover. It also allows an in-depth analysis of the smart contracts practice referring to such unsolved problems as accurate transference of the parties' will to the program code (translation of specific terms from the legal language into the smart contract program code), electronic identification of subjects - parties to the transaction and many other issues.

Current Problems in the Unification of Chinese Linguistic Terms, the Translation of Industry Terms into Other Languages, and the Issue of their Regulation

Objectives: The primary objectives of this study revolve around understanding the intricacies of Chinese linguistics and its historical development over three thousand years. The focus is on delineating the unique system of field terms within Chinese linguistics, distinct from other global languages. The objectives include examining how this system reflects classical Chinese linguistic traditions, incorporates Western linguistic perspectives, and balances both influences. Additionally, the study aims to identify and address negative aspects within the Chinese linguistic term system, such as variability, doublet, and synonymy.
 
 Methods: To achieve the stated objectives, the study employs a comprehensive approach. It involves analyzing historical sources to trace the evolution of Chinese linguistics and its system of field terms. The methods also include an examination of contemporary challenges within the terminological lexicon, considering factors like variability and synonymy. Furthermore, the research delves into the translation issues associated with Chinese linguistic terms, particularly focusing on the work of Uzbek Chinese scholars. The methods encompass a thorough analysis of existing problems in translation and propose potential solutions.
 
 Results: The findings of the study reveal significant factors and reasons necessitating the unification of linguistic terms in Chinese language grammars. The results highlight the impact of historical traditions, Western influences, and contemporary challenges on the terminological lexicon. Additionally, the study sheds light on the state of translation of industry terms into Uzbek language, identifying problems and shortcomings in the process. The results contribute to a better understanding of the current landscape of Chinese linguistic terms and the challenges associated with their translation.
 
 Conclusion: In conclusion, the study underscores the relevance of addressing issues within the Chinese linguistic term system, particularly in the context of modern challenges such as the recent pandemic and the surge in online education. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of unifying field terms in Chinese language grammars and proposes actionable suggestions for overcoming the identified problems. Furthermore, the study concludes that the scientific exploration of this issue is crucial for contemporary Chinese studies, especially in the realms of linguistics and language education.

Boas-type results for Mellin transform

In this paper, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for a continuous on R + function f to belong the symmetric generalized Lipschitz classes defined by the Mellin translation in terms of growth or decay of some integrals connected with the Mellin transform. The results are counterparts of ones for classical Lipschitz classes and the classical (complex) Fourier transform obtained earlier by the author.

ON SOME ASPECTS OF GRAPHIC NOVELS OR «VISUAL NARRATIVES». FROM TEXT TRANSLATION TO INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSMUTATION

Background. Graphic novels as well as graphic novel translation process is reaching more interest of scientists from both proper linguistic and multidisciplinary point of view. Graphic novels provide the possibility to work with the abundant investigation corpus and also it provokes great interest for investigating its translation characteristics. It should be mentioned that the term translation here is used from a semiotic and intersemiotic perspectives as well as its cognitive and multimodal implementation.
 The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the methods for the translator to apply to be able to translate, to offer its proper transcreation.
 Methods. Procedures of the research are qualitative methods that involve observation over the corpus the investigation which is corpus of English versions of historical graphic novels, among which Persepolis by M. Satrapi, and its translations, selection of the examples of illustrative material, analysis of translation transformations used, application of the methods of intersemiotic and multimodal theories as well as some tools of cognitive linguistic theory thesis.
 Results. The present article deals with some aspects of graphic novels, its translation process and the result, from both proper linguistic and multidisciplinary point of view. The corpus of the investigation is the graphic novel Persepolis written by M. Satrapi, graphic novel English version and its published translations. It is described why graphic novels are analysed from point of view of semiotics, while its translation is considered to be realised in the intersemiotic framework.
 The term translation is used from a semiotic and intersemiotic perspectives as well as its cognitive and multimodal implementation is suggested in the article. It is disputed about the difference between terms translation and transcreation. Some special characteristics of inner and outer form of graphic novels have been given. It is further discussed the methods for the translator to apply to be able to translate, to offer its proper transcreation. It also challenges the scientific though to clarify the term translation in the case of translating graphic novel, and it asks many questions about the multimodal aspects of the trilogy – the author, the translator, the reader. Modulation is proved to be considered the main and universal method of translation. Illustrative examples are given.
 Discussion. One universal way of translating graphic novels is modulation, the translation shift, allowing to change the form with the sense unchanged. All the modalities should be taken into account while realizing translation of the one. From cognitive point of view graphic novel is the embodiment of cognitive metaphor and concepts blended inside one and the same narrative. As a perspective of the study it is suggested to further analyse the constraints of trilogy – the novel, its transmutation, the reader and the place with the role of every participant of a graphic novel creation defined and described.

Translation of medical terms into Chinese

The subject of this study is the peculiarities of translating medical terms into Chinese. The purpose of the study is to analyze strategies for translating medical terms into Chinese, as well as to identify the most effective and frequent methods of translation of medical terms. The research material is medical terms (60 hieroglyphic names of medicines and medical equipment) and their translation into Chinese. The article analyzes the four most commonly used ways of translating medical terms: phonetic, semantic, graphic and mixed. The analysis also focuses on alphabetic words of the Chinese language: full alphabetic words and partial alphabetic hieroglyphic words. The features of translating medical terms of Latin origin into Chinese and medical terms borrowed from English are compared. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: descriptive method, method of analysis of theoretical literature, as well as methods of systematization of material and classification. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that with the advent of new medicines and medical equipment, the question of translating new concepts into other languages, in particular into Chinese, has become acute. The article provides examples illustrating typical ways of translating medical terms into Chinese. The authors conclude that when translating borrowings from Latin into Chinese, preference is given to the phonetic method, while when translating English medical terms, phonetic-semantic, semantic and graphical methods are mainly used. The semantic method allows you to convey the meaning of borrowed words most fully, as well as create a pragmatic effect. The frequency of using the graphical translation method is significantly lower, since English and Chinese have different types of writing, which also introduces limitations for the transmission and interpretation of information.

Academics in the semi-periphery: Translation and linguistic strategies on the rocky road to publishing in English

Publishing in English is now essential for securing tenure and promotion in the social sciences and humanities in Spain, as academic performance is largely evaluated by number of publications in journals indexed in Journal Citation Reports (JCR) or Scimago Journal Rank (SJR). This relatively new situation has forced academics with varying levels of English to dedicate significant time, effort, and money to obtaining publishable texts. This article investigates academic translation in terms of widespread and invisible translation and editing practices into English, providing a different perspective from previous studies of the transnational circulation of knowledge. Based on semi-structured interviews with scholars from sociology and translation studies, it reflects on their strategies, choices, and preferences for how their texts should be translated or edited, as well as the relationships and routines they develop with their trusted language professionals. All the interviewees expressed a preference for assimilatory strategies or, in other words, the assimilation of their texts into standard or ‘native’ academic English, which should be seen as a means to covet the prestige unfairly reserved for Anglophone scholars. One of the key contributions of this article is to move beyond the popular notion of epistemicide, exploring through empirical detail the linguistic, methodological, and structural issues that these semi-peripheral academics highlight in relation to publishing in the lingua franca for global academia.

A Study of the Russian Translation and Outreach Paths of the Maritime Cultural Terms in Zhufanzhi under the Perspective of Corpus Translation

Chinese civilization is rich in maritime consciousness and has a long maritime tradition. As a book containing maritime culture, the study of Russian translations of maritime cultural terms in the Zhufanzhi helps to disseminate maritime culture to the outside world and to show the uniqueness of China’s maritime culture. This paper uses a corpus approach to classify and analyse in detail the translation methods used for the maritime cultural terms in the book. It is found that the translators mostly used direct translation, phonetic translation and annotation method for the Russian translation of marine culture terms in Zhufanzhi. By analysing the translation results and combining the background of the times and communication theories, four reasonable and feasible translation paths for foreign propaganda are proposed.

Effectiveness of Machine Translation in Rendering Yemeni Culture-Specific Items into English: Sana'ani Dialect as a Case-in-Point

Undoubtedly, in any given society cultural elements are manifested in all aspects of life. In this globalized age, efforts have been exerted in translating cultural elements. However, since each culture has its own linguistic peculiarities and social aspects, it has become a complicated issue in the field of MT. Despite the recent technological developments, MT still lacks the ability to produce adequate translation in terms of author-based accuracy and reader-oriented cultural acceptability. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of MT in rendering Yemeni culture-specific items into English by comparing the translation outcomes of three MT programs (Google Translate, Yandex Translate and Bing Translator) to find out which program can produce the closest translation to the source text. Moreover, the study aims to identify translation problems of Yemeni culture-specific items resulting from MT. To achieve these aims, the researchers followed a descriptive qualitative method within a comparative framework. The study sample includes 14 Yemeni culture-specific items in their contexts taken from the book Social Issues in Popular Yemeni Culture by Abdu Al Rahman Mutahar and inserted into the three MT systems. The study concluded that MT lacks the ability to translate Yemeni culture-specific items adequately. The three programs failed to render most of the selected sample adequately. Google and Yandex failed to translate 13 cultural items whereas Bing made 12 errors in translating the same cultural items. The study results also showed that MT faced challenges in translating Yemeni culture-specific items, resulting in lexical, semantic and pragmatic problems.

On the Translation of the Chinese Traditional Music Terms Guided by Skopos Theory

With the development of globalization and the more frequent cultural exchange worldwide, people have more opportunities to enjoy music from different cultures. Chinese traditional music is the inherent characteristic music of the Chinese people. Therefore, it’s getting more and more important to translate Chinese traditional music terms properly so as to promote Chinese culture. However, the difficulties of English translation still exist, including the standardization of Chinese traditional music terms. From the perspective of Skopos Theory, this paper explores the translating methods of Chinese traditional music terms, which will be helpful for translators to achieve the different features of the Chinese traditional music terms in a structured way so as to improve cross-cultural communication ability and spread Chinese traditional culture.

Study on the Translation of the Key Terms of Chinese Culture in Insights into Chinese Culture

Insights into Chinese Culture, a book which systematically and comprehensively introduces the Chinese culture from four aspects, that is, wisdom and beliefs, creativity and exchange, art and aesthetics and folk customs, has played a pivotal role in spreading the brilliant Chinese culture to Western countries since its publication in 2008. The 21st century has witnessed the “going global” of the Chinese culture gradually developing into a national strategy. Under this overall background, this book has been studied from various perspectives such as Western rhetoric theory, audience awareness, the image of China it presents, the strategy of translating culture-loaded words involved and the complex philosophical thoughts explained within and so on, among which, however, a systematic study on the translation of its key terms of Chinese culture is in dire need currently in translation community since it is a book that aims to deliver the great and profound Chinese culture to Western readers. Therefore, following Susan Bassnett’s Cultural Translation Theory, from the perspective of cultural fidelity and the acceptability of English readers, this thesis discusses and analyzes the translations of the representative terms of Chinese culture, such as “仁(ren)”, “礼(li)”, “自然(zi-ran)”, “无为(wu-wei)”, “天(tian)” and “龙(long)”, to examine whether they accurately convey the cultural connotations or to some extent may lead to cultural misunderstandings. This study suggests that the accurate translation of key terms of Chinese culture, which is of great significance in promoting Chinese culture to go global, requires translators’ full and deep grasp of their philosophical connotations and cultural backgrounds instead of the superficial interpretation of their literal meanings.

Rendering of genre-stylistic specificity when translating fantastic realities in science fiction (using the example of the translation of J. R. R. Tolkien’s trilogy “The Lord of the Rings” ).

This article is devoted to the study of the problem of the transfer of genre-stylistic specificity in the translation of fantastic realities in science fiction. Using the example of the translation of J.R.R. Tolkien's trilogy "The Lord of the Rings", the author analyzes the methods and techniques of translation used to preserve the authenticity and magic of the original text. The article is based on a comprehensive analysis of translations of the work into different languages, taking into account the cultural and linguistic characteristics of each language. The author highlights key aspects, such as the translation of fantastic terms, names and concepts, as well as the transfer of the atmosphere and style of the book of J.R.R. Tolkien. The results of the study allow us to conclude about the importance of professionalism and cultural competence of the translator in the transmission of fantastic worlds, names of heroes, events, places where the events of a literary work develop, adaptation of the literary image for the Russian-speaking reader and provide practical recommendations for specialists or future specialists in the field of translation of literature and science fiction. The features of the transfer of genre-stylistic specificity in the translation of sci-fi in books are revealed, using the example of the translation of J.R.R. Tolkien's trilogy "The Lord of the Rings".

Quality of translation via google translate in comedy texts

A translation process of considerable quality should possess the ability to effectively communicate a clear and definite meaning from the source language to the target language. While Google Translate serves as a useful tool for comprehending translated textual content in a general sense, it is important to note that automated machines still possess inherent weaknesses and limitations. The translation of jokes within comedic texts, particularly in relation to language and cultural differences, proves to be a challenging task. This research was undertaken utilizing a qualitative-descriptive approach, with the bilingual comedy book titled "Jokes in English-Book 1" serving as the subject of study. The primary objective of this research is to assess the level of translation quality achieved by machine translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability, and to compare these results with the translations provided in the bilingual book. The findings of this research indicate that 62.5% of the translations exhibit a high level of accuracy, while 37.5% are somewhat less accurate. Furthermore, 37.5% of the translations are deemed acceptable, while 62.5% are regarded as less acceptable. Finally, 37.5% of the translations demonstrate a high degree of readability, whereas 62.5% exhibit a moderate level of readability. Upon comparing the translation results obtained from Google Translate with the original translations presented in the bilingual book, it was determined that 100% of the translations in the book were found to be satisfactory in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. Although the translations from English to Indonesian of comedy texts via Google Translate are deemed satisfactory, there is still room for improvement and ongoing development in order to enhance the quality of these translations.

THE PROBLEM OF WRITING AND TRANSLATING WORDS WITH NATIONAL AND CULTURAL SPECIFICS IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Chinese vocabulary with national and cultural specific meanings - words unique to Chinese society, expressing objects, concepts or phenomena with their own characteristics of time, era. Such vocabulary covers all areas of the political, economic, cultural, and social life of Chinese society. In comparison with the vocabulary of other languages, you can see that some words in Chinese have their own cultural connotation. At present, in connection with the development of interethnic relations, the role of translation is increasing. The purpose of the study is to reveal ways of translating vocabulary that has a cultural connotation that is unique to Chinese and not found in other languages. Words with Chinese characteristics reflect the historical, cultural characteristics inherent in the country itself. Their correct translation is one of the urgent problems of the translation process. The idea of the study is to implement and improve intercultural relations. In the process of translation, it is important to be able to approach the problem in a macro-and dynamic way, without clinging to a certain fixed form and combining many translation methods with each other. Various cooperation with China, various exchanges and communications are carried out through language. And the accuracy of the translation of words and political terms with Chinese characteristics directly affects the understanding of their policies, which is the practical significance of the study. In connection with the development of interethnic relations, the role of translation is increasing. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that the ways of their correct solution are considered, it is shown how to designate and translate the words of this lexical group. As a result, it was revealed that in the process of translating words only from Chinese into Kazakh, it is necessary to use all its types – transliteration, interpretative translation, literal translation and free translation to correctly express the connotations of Chinese culture.

Code-Mixing in Promotional Materials for Tourism: Effects of Format on Processing Fluency and Interest in Cultural Activities

We examined the effects of English-Hawaiian code-mixing in promotional materials for tourist activities on audiences’ message processing and interest in the activities promoted, and whether these outcomes depended on the format of translations for code-mixed terms. We found that code-mixing both disrupted fluency for potential tourists—which indirectly diminished interest—and boosted their interest in advertised cultural activities. These countervailing effects largely offset each other, although materials that included narrative translations of Hawaiian terms ultimately promoted greater interest than English-only texts.

Analysis of Errors Identified during Regulatory Review of Risk Management Plans Submitted as Part of Registration Dossiers

Scientific relevance. On 6 December 2022, an updated version of the Rules for Good Pharmacovigilance Practice of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU GVP) came into force. The greatest changes were made to the requirements for pharmacovigilance documents, particularly the risk management plan (RMP). In practice, the changed EAEU GVP has resulted in multiple errors, creating the need to thoroughly analyse their structure and causes and to develop recommendations for their prevention.Aim. This study aimed to identify, analyse, and collate inconsistencies between the information submitted by marketing authorisation holders in their RPMs and the updated EAEU GVP requirements.Materials and methods. The Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products analysed 50 RMPs received after 6 December 2022 as part of registration dossiers aimed to support marketing authorisation applications and/or align the registration dossiers with the EAEU requirements.Results. The errors made by applicants when preparing RMPs were categorised according to their influence on the interpretation of a medicinal product’s safety profile. The errors leading to incorrect safety profile interpretations were considered type 1 errors (63% of the cases). The errors affecting the perception of the RMP but not the interpretation of the safety profile (e.g., grammatical errors, notes and comments by applicants, incorrect translation of terms) were deemed type 2 errors (37% of the cases). The majority of EAEU GVP noncompliance cases were detected in Part II of the RMP, the section providing the most information on the safety profile of a medicinal product.Conclusions. There are several ways to improve the quality of RMP preparation. The information included in the RMP should be compared with the information provided in the registration dossier. The RMP should be incorporated into the integrated pharmaceutical quality system according to the requirements of good practices.A responsible employee of the marketing authorisation holder’s quality assurance system should control the final RMP version. Employees of pharmacovigilance departments should receive regular training.