Japanese Colonial Period Research Articles

Folktales in “Japanese” Textbooks Common to the Colonies: “Jade in the Water” (Suichu no Tama) in Colonial Korea, Manchuria, and Micronesia

Folktales in “Japanese” Textbooks Common to the Colonies: “Jade in the Water” (<i>Suichu no Tama</i>) in Colonial Korea, Manchuria, and Micronesia

Dual Homeland: Cho Myŏng-hŭi and the Origins of Koryŏ Saram Literature

This article constitutes a first step toward filling a crucial gap in English-language studies of Koryŏ saram literature. I focus on the early formative period, which began in the 1920s in tandem with the establishment of Soviet power in the Russian Far East. Its protagonists are Cho Myŏng-hŭi, the proletarian writer from colonial Korea who crossed the border to the Soviet Union in 1928, in addition to the first generation of Soviet-Korean writers centered on the Korean-language newspaper Sŏnbong. This first, Far East, phase of Koryŏ saram literature was violently terminated during the Stalinist purges with the deportation of the population to Central Asia in 1937, which was in turn preceded by the execution of thousands of Koryŏ saram intellectuals and writers, including Cho. The rise of proletarian literature was one of the major developments of Korean literature of the early twentieth century. Among proletarian KAPF (Korean Proletarian Artists' Federation) writers, Cho stands out from this group as the only writer who migrated—and so soon after writing "Naktong River" (1927), a landmark work of Korean proletarian literature—to the Soviet Union, the source and center of world socialism. Aside from his ideological commitment, what little has been known of Cho's migration and Soviet period (1928–1938) has been understood within the dominant image of Cho as a fierce anti-colonial nationalist writer. But Cho's efforts to lay the foundations of a Soviet Korean literature during his decade in the Russian Far East complicate the traditional notion of the exiled or diasporan writer longing for the homeland.

Японская ассимиляционная политика в колониальной Корее в 1910-1945 гг. на примере образовательных реформ

The aim of this study is to analyze the transformation of Japan's assimilation policy in occupied Korea in the period from 1910 to 1945 on the example of educational reforms. This topic is considered in studies of numerous researchers, Russian ones include works of D.A. Yakimova, T.F. Tertitsky, V.A. Gaikin, et al. Among foreign authors, the most famous researcher who deals with the issues of the colonial heritage of Korea is Mark E. Caprio. The article deals with the choice of the assimilation policy in the educational sphere, highlights the main directions and stages of its implementation. Japan was faced with a choice between the French and British style of conducting a colonial policy. These two styles differ in their attitude to subordinate territories. The British style of government involves intervention in the management of the colony only at the highest level; the French style involves the “equalization” of the colonies with the mother country. The choice of Japan fell on the French style of management, due to the common cultural heritage. The entire period of the occupation of Korea is conditionally divided into three periods, in accordance with the colonial policy pursued by the Governor-General at the direction of the mother country. Each of the three periods had its own management features, which can be clearly traced in the educational sphere. The first period was quite tough, it practically created the education system. A school system was created in accordance with the Japanese one, which assumed the study of Japanese as the state language, and the system itself was aimed at creating subjects of the emperor. The second period is characterized by its liberality in the ongoing educational reforms. The first university was founded, and the study of the Korean language and Korean culture was allowed. The third period can be called the most radical. During this period, the Japanese government made an attempt to completely replace Korean culture with Japanese, again it was forbidden to study the Korean language, the day of schoolchildren began with the recitation of the oath to the Emperor of Japan, and Korean names were to be replaced with Japanese. As a result, we can distinguish several main points. Firstly, the Japanese government quite successfully chose the option of assimilation colonization, a kind of incorporation of Korean culture into Japanese culture and further carrying out a course to replace it, given their common roots and similar cultural basis, which allowed a safe combination of the two cultures. Secondly, the policy of assimilation could have had more successful results if the colonial government had not sought to completely destroy ethnicity, but to preserve and multiply it through the fusion of Japanese and Korean cultures. Thirdly, the reform of the education system in accordance with modern standards made it possible to increase the level of literacy of the population.

ВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО РЕСПУБЛИКИ КОРЕЯ В ПОИСКАХ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА С СОВЕТСКОЙ РОССИЕЙ: 1920–1922 ГОДЫ

As a result of the March 1st uprising, which swept colonial Korea in the spring of 1919, Korean nationalists established the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai. One of the main tasks of the Provisional Government was to achieve international recognition and receive financial assistance for the implementation of anti-Japanese resistance. To this end, it tried to establish contacts with the Soviet government, which expressed support for the national liberation movement of Koreans against Japanese imperialism. Based on the documents from the Archive of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and published sources of the Russian Archive of Socio-Political History, the article analyzes diplomatic correspondence between the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and the government of the RSFSR, and identifies the key stages and problems of bilateral relations in 1920–1922. Initially, the relations between two sides were developing on a friendly basis. The Soviet government was interested in deepening cooperation with all groups of the Korean anti-Japanese resistance. But, as the situation on the Far Eastern Front changed and contradictions between different groups within the Korean left movement in Russia and abroad intensified, the Soviet position towards the Korean nationalists was rethought. However, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was still interested in recognition and financial assistance from the Bolsheviks. The dispatch of two emissaries of the Provisional Government to Russia over only two years testifies to serious contradictions within the national liberation movement, which directly affected the government’s image in the international arena. Finally, the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs decided that the power of the Provisional Government was not legitimate and that it could not be fully considered a representative of the Korean people.

A proposal of spirometry reference equations for Korean workers.

BackgroundAlthough spirometry results can be interpreted differently depending on the reference equation used, there are no established criteria for selecting reference equations as part of the special health examinations for Korean workers. Thus, it is essential to examine the current use of reference equations in Korea, quantify their impact on result interpretation, and propose reference equations suitable for Korean workers, while also considering the environmental conditions of special health examination facilities.MethodsThe 213,640 results from the special health examination database were analyzed to identify changes in the ratio of measured values to reference values of lung capacity in Korean workers with changes in age or height, and changes in the agreement of interpretations with the reference equation used. Data from 238 organizations that participated in the 2018–2019 quality control assessment by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency were used to identify the spirometer model and reference equations used in each special health examination facility.ResultsKorean special health examination facilities used six reference equations, and the rate of normal or abnormal ventilatory diagnoses varied with the reference equation used. The prediction curve of the Global Lung Function Initiative 2012-Northeast Asian (GLI2012) equation most resembled that of the normal group, but the spirometry model most commonly used by examination facilities was not compliant with the GLI2012 equation. With a scaling factor of 0.95 applied to the Dr. Choi equation, the agreement with the GLI2012 equation was > 0.81 for men and women.ConclusionsWe propose the GLI2012 equation as reference equation for spirometry in Korean workers. The GLI2012 equation exhibited the most suitable prediction curve against the normal lung function group. For devices that cannot use the GLI2012 equation, we recommend applying a scaling factor of 0.95 to the Dr. Choi equation.

Fall Prevention From Ladders Utilizing a Deep Learning-Based Height Assessment Method

According to the Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR) and the Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency (KOSHA), falls from ladders are a leading cause of fatalities. The current safety inspection process to enforce height-related rules is manual and time-consuming. It requires the physical presence of a safety manager, for whom it is sometimes impossible to monitor an entire area in which ladders are being used. Deep learning-based computer vision technology has the potential to capture a large amount of useful information from a digital image. Therefore, this paper presents a deep learning-based height assessment method using a single known value in an image to measure working height, monitor compliance to safety rules, and ensure worker safety. The proposed method comprises (1) extraction of safety rules from the KOSHA database related to the A-type ladder; (2) object detection (Single Shot Multibox Detector SSD) (3) a height-computing module (HCM) to estimate the working height of the worker (how high a worker is from the ground); and (4) classification of worker behavior (using the developed SSD-based HCM) based on the best practices derived from the KOSHA database. The developed algorithm has been tested on four different scenarios based on KOSHA safety rules, with heights ranging from under 1.2 m to over 2 m. Additionally, the proposed method was evaluated on 300 images for binary classification (safe and unsafe) and achieved an overall accuracy of 85.33%, verifying its feasibility for intelligent height estimation and compliance monitoring.

Analysis of the lyrics of popular music during the Japanese colonial period - Through the Analysis of Forbidden Songs by the Japanese Government General of Korea -

본 연구는 일제강점기 대중음악 중 한국어 제목과 가사로 나타난 금지곡의 가사의 내용을 분석하여 금지곡이 된 연유를 당시의 시대상에 반영해 재검토하고 음원으로 나타난 금지곡의 경우 가사의 채록을 통해 그 내용을 고찰하였다. 일제강점기의 경우 음악적인 요소보다는 가사 내용의 검열로 인한 음악 통제가 대다수였다. 하지만 가사 내용에서 금지곡이 될 만한 요소가 보이지 않는 곡들은 그 당시 시대상의 어떠한 특징이 있었으며 음악적인 특징에는 문제가 없었는지를 살펴보 았다. 분석은 금지곡이 된 곡 중 가사자료가 나타난 곡들과 음원이 있는 곡들의 경우 금지사유별로 먼저 분류하고 가사에 나타난 주제를 몇 가지로 분류하여 그 주제의 나타난 내용과 표현 등을 살펴보았다. 가사자료가 나타난 곡들의 경우 분석의 큰 문제가 없었지만, 가사자료가 없고 음원만 있는 경우에는 다소 정확하지는 않지만, 채록을 통해서 내용을 분석하였다. 먼저 금지사유별 분류는 3가지로 분류할 수 있었는데 첫째, 국가와 사회의 안녕과 질서를 방해하는 치안방해와 둘째, 세상의 풍속과 풍습을 무너트리고 어지럽히는 풍속괴란 셋째, 금지 사유를 확인할 수 없는 기타로 분류하였다. 치안방해의 경우 주제의 분류를 통해 ‘향수’, ‘역사의식과 민족 정서 고취’, ‘풍자’, ‘한과 서러움’, ‘현실수긍’, ‘특징 없음’의 주제로 나타내었고, 풍속괴란의 경우 ‘풍자’, ‘풍자와 향수’, ‘특징 없음’의 주제로 나타내었다. 마지막으로 금지 사유를 확인할 수 없는 기타의 사유가 있었는데 이 음반들의 경우 가사가 나타난 곡들은 분석을 통해서 어떠한 사유를 받았는지 유추할 수 있었고 가사나 음원이 없는 경우에는 분석을 진행하지 못하였다. 이러한 연구를 통해 음악 통제의 오류와 왜곡을 식민지 시대의 피해의식에서 벗어나 보다 객관적이고 냉철한 시선의 비판을 통하여 당시 대중음악의 검열제도에 대한 고찰을 연구하고자 한다.

제국 일본의 인플루엔자 대응과 방역정책 - 식민지 조선의 사례를 중심으로

This article explores imperial Japan’s response towards an influenza pandemic from 1918-1921 and details the establishment of public health policies in imperial Japan by tracing the evolution of preventive measures in its colonies, especially in the colonial Korea, where the influenza pandemic was prevalent to a degree similar to Japan. In contrast to other Western countries, Japan identified that influenza had been continuously prevalent over the course of three years and implemented preventive measures in the Japanese metropole and its colonies until 1921.<BR> In colonial Korea, preventive measures were initially aimed at protecting the throat through gargling, and later included vaccinations in addition to measures related to improving personal hygiene, education around the risks of influenza, and mask wearing. Also, the authorities tried to implement measures equivalent to those for notifiable diseases. However, these preventive measures may have had only a limited effect because the policy lacked enforcement, it was difficult to determine the cause of disease, and the vaccine efficacy had not been sufficiently proven. However, one significant change over previous responses to influenza prevalence was that the authorities were now able to directly engage with personal hygiene measures over a sustained period of three years in the name of protecting and improving public health. This in turn, led to the development of a set of detailed guidelines for public health controls. This, in turn may have influenced subsequent revisions of the Infectious Disease Prevention Act in Japan in 1922.

Interpretation of Construction Procedure and Physicochemical Characteristics for Soil Layers from Sowangneung (Small Royal Tomb) of Ssangneung (Twin Tombs) in Iksan, Korea

The Iksan Ssangneung (twin tombs), a pair of tombs comprising the Daewangneung (large royal tomb) and the Sowangneung (small royal tomb), were constructed in the typical style of stone tunnel and chamber tombs in the Baekje Kingdom during the Sabi period (538 to 660 AD) of ancient Korea. Soil layers exposed during excavation of Sowangneung in a trench east of the tomb are: the bottommost layer, the ground level layer, the Panchuk (rammed earth) layer of the Baekje, the layer created by a grave robbery, and soil recovered during the Japanese colonial period. Soil samples were obtained by segmenting an easy stratigraphic horizon into sub categorized soil layers, and their material properties were analyzed; they are composed mainly of sandy loam based on the particle size distributions. In the site foundation, loamy sand is packed in the bottommost layer, and sandy loam with high sand and silty sand fills most of the overlying layer. The central and topmost portion of the Baekje layer is composed of loam with high clay content. All soil layers show geochemical behaviors similar to those of the bottommost layer. X-ray diffraction analysis verified kaolinite in all layers, also observed in soil layers displaying high crystallinity. Kaolinite and halloysite were identified by scanning electron microscopy. Thus, we conclude that the Baekje layer of the Sowangneung is composed of sandy loam containing kaolin procured from near the site. An impermeable middle to upper layer was created using viscous loam. The top of the tomb was closed tightly.

Modern Historical and Cultural Values of Volunteer Fire Brigade: Sulsan Volunteer Fire Brigade in Impi-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do

Data investigations and research on the history of firefighting were conducted considering a recent fire museum construction plan. To devise a plan to develop a volunteer fire brigade (the basis of firefighting) in a situation in which most of the real data have been lost or discarded and only some firefighting vehicles and suppression equipment remain, a site visit and relic survey were conducted at the Sulsan Volunteer Fire brigade site in Impi-myeon in Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do. It was found that fire wells, manual pumps used since the Japanese colonial period, volunteer fire brigade buildings, and a fire watchtower installed in the 1960s remain. Based on the results and considering the historical and cultural values of the Sulsan Volunteer Fire brigade in Impi-myeon at that time, this study emphasized the importance of fire history and culture, the need to designate and preserve such sites as registered cultural properties, and the new role of the volunteer fire brigade.

해원 개념의 용례와 종교적 전환

The purpose of this article is to explain the conceptual changes that the notion of Haewon (解冤) has undergone by examining the evolution of the usages of Haewon. In order to achieve this purpose, I reviewed the conceptual connotations and denotations of Haewon contained in data from the Joseon Dynasty (Section 2), the Japanese colonial period (Section 3), and the scriptures and major preceding research of Daesoon Jinrihoe (Section 4). The research results described in this article are as follows. First, Haewon is a term with historical, social, and cultural characteristics. This means that Haewon, a term that has been used since the Joseon Dynasty, was a concept used to solve collective problems but could also be applied on the individual level. This further means that, if culture is regarded as a collective consciousness or as a collection of material products, Haewon would be a term that contained social and cultural aspirations. Second, Haewon is not a concept that has been impervious to innovation throughout its history. This can be confirmed by the fact that Haewon’s scope of application has changed depending on the problem domain (legal, natural disasters, an institutional domain, etc.). Third, Haewon has converted into religious language a doctrinal system that came about after the emergence of Jeungsan. This means that previously the concept of Haewon was mainly used at the legal level in the Joseon Dynasty, but after the emergence of Jeungsan, it became a term in religious language and in doctrine. The materials of Daesoon Jinrihoe show that this concept of Haewon was expanded to be included at the doctrinal level. These research results show a historical shift in the ideological thought contained in the concept of Haewon. As a term in religious language that is included in a doctrinal system, Haewon has an extension of denotations that is applied to the world beyond individuals and societies, yet it maintains connotations of resolving grievances. This concept of Haewon mediates the transformation of the world and creates a rationale by which training and ethical practice are necessary components of that process of transformation.

러시아 연해주 지역 한인의 근대 경험 – 1920~1930년대 한인의 토지분배와 집단화

The purpose of this study is to examine the socialist modern experience experienced by Koreans living in the Russian Far East while participating in the construction of a new society after the Russian Revolution. At the end of 1922, as the civil war ended in Primorsky Krai and socialist construction began, Koreans began to actively participate in socialist construction.<BR> Participated as a representative of the Korean American plenipotentiary under the Far East Revolutionary Committee and contributed to the establishment of a socialist system by participating in the Soviet Executive Committee on Korean issues. And every Korean village living in the Far East began to build a Korean soviet.<BR> The problems faced by Koreans in Primorsky Krai during the Soviet period were very numerous. Since most Koreans were farmers, the land issue was a very sensitive issue. However, as the number of Koreans immigrating to Primorsky Krai increased, the problem of acquiring Soviet citizenship also overlapped, making it difficult to solve the problem. The Soviet authorities implemented a policy of granting citizenship to those who lived and worked in Primorsky Krai for a certain period of time. In order to solve the land problem, the Soviet authorities gave priority to the peasants in the Primorsky Territory. Nevertheless, the peasants who were not granted land pursued a policy of emigrating to Khabarovsk and Amur.<BR> At the 15th Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in December 1927, the policy of rapid heavy industry and comprehensive agricultural collectivization was decided. This decision brought about a major change in the lives of Koreans in the Far East. So, by 1934, the overall collectivization rate of Koreans had reached 60-65%, and in the case of farmers, 75-80%.<BR> As such, in the 1920s and 1930s, when the Korean Peninsula was experiencing the dark history of the Japanese colonial period, Koreans in Primorsky Province experienced a new era, a new society, and a new modernity.

Stature Trend of Korean Male Adults in the Colonial Period －Focusing on Police Records in the South Sakhalin Area－

Statistics show that the economy of colonial Korea has grown. However, there is debate as to when economic growth began. Controversy over the distribution of ethnic groups also continues. In order to solve these problems, this study examined the stature and trend of Korean male adults during the colonial period. The data is based on the documents of the Sakhalin-area Police Department in the Russian National Archives. During the colonial period, adult Korean men were taller on average than Japanese. However, the height of Korean male is decreasing while the height of Japanese remains almost the same. Such a decrease does not appear to be due to bias in coal miner-centered samples. Regression showed that people born in the 1910s were shorter than those born in the 1900s. This suggests that living standards may have fallen in the 1920s compared to the 1910s. However, it is difficult to determine whether the results are related to the industrialization puzzle or due to sampling bias. It is hoped that more cases will be collected and discussions will begin in the future.

A study of painters and models from the Japanese colonial period

일제 강점기 조선총독부가 주관하여 1922년 개최된 조선미술전람회는 ‘선전(鮮展)’, ‘조미전(朝美展)’으로 불리었다. 1922년부터 1944년까지 23회를 거듭하였다. 관전(官展) 형식의 권위 주위로 한국 근대 미술 전개에 매우 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 조선총독부의 이른바 문치 정책의 하나로 창설되어 많은 미술가들을 배출, 성장하게 하는 등 작가 활동의 기반 조성에 기여한 바도 있다. 하지만 한국 근대 미술의 일본화에 촉진적 구실을 함으로써 화단을 일본화(日本畵)의 영향으로 물들게 하였다. 일제 강점기 활동했던 화가들은 근대화와 식민이라는 시대를 살아가야 했던 근대인들의 모습을 그려냈다. 신지식의 세례를 받은 지식인과 신여성, 구국애족의 희망으로 부상한 어린이들에 대한 관심 등이 화폭에 담겼다. 여기에 기생도 중요한 화폭의 대상이었다. 이에 대한 연구가 미진하여 기생 출신의 화가 및 모델에 대한 자료를 찾는데 연구의 목적으로 삼았다. 이에 기생출신 오산홍과 모델로 김명애, 민산홍, 권부용, 김옥진 등을 찾아내었다. 결국 조선미술전람회는 친일 행적에 대한 여러 논란이 많다. 그중에서도 주로 활동한 근대미술의 화백들의 친일 행적에 대한 의견에서 자유롭지 못하다고 평가를 받는 실정이다.

A study on representation of Kim Ok-gyun in the mass media, during the Japanese colonial period

일제강점기 김옥균에 대한 인식과 서사물에 관한 기존 연구는 김옥균을 주 인공으로 했던 문학작품에 대한 분석에 초점을 맞추어 진행되는 경향이 강했다. 이글에서는 기존 연구에서 분절된 지점을 연결하기 위해 조선인이 주도한 언론 매체에 주목하여 김옥균이 어떻게 표상되고 유통되고 있었는지를 고찰했다. 1910년대 일본 우익단체였던 현양사 계열 인사들의 김옥균 서사는 그들 활 동의 정당성을 확보하기 위한 것이었고, 일본 정부에 대한 비판의 성격이 강 했다. 1920년대 김옥균을 통해 조선인의 실천적 각성을 촉구한 계열은 사회주 의 계열의 지식인들이었다. 1920년대 중반 이후부터 동아일보와 조선일보 는 사회주의 계급 담론을 포섭하여 계급협조를 통한 민족 일치의 담론을 생 산했다. 이 과정에서 김옥균은 ‘개혁과 독립’에 대한 회고적 상상의 매개하는 민족의 위인이 되었다. 이후 다양한 대중매체를 통해 김옥균 표상이 재현되었 고, 이를 토대로 전시체계기에는 동양의 선각자라는 의미를 부가하여 조선인 의 민족적 자각을 전쟁 참여로 끌어들이는 담론전략에 활용되었다.

A Study on Noheon Nam Geon’s Sense of Resistance and His Poetry during Japanese Colonial Period

노헌 남건(1850~1943)은 조선조 말 경북 영해에서 태어나 대한제국과 일제강점기를 살다간 유학자이다. 그는 일제가 조선을 잠식해가는 과정에서 자기만의 방식으로 저항을 했다. 나라가 망하고 시대가 변해도 옛 나라의 전통과 선왕에 대한 의리를 지키며 평생을 살았다. 그는 경술국치 이후 은둔생활을 하면서 일제의 만행에 대해 폭로하고, 일제에 저항한 의사들의 충절을 입전하여 고요한 저항을 이어 나갔다. 남건은 역사 속에서 절의를 실천한 의사를 많이 추앙하며 유교의 강상이 무너지지 않게 했고, 이를 통해 자신의 마음을 다잡았다. 그리고 을사늑약 체결과 의병장의 순국, 경술국치와 신해혁명을 겪으면서도 그는 이성적으로 생각하며 한편으로 다음 시대를 위해 자제들을 가르치고, 한편으로 스스로 절개를 지켜나갔다. 하지만, 결국 절개를 지켜나가는 것도 자제들을 가르치는 것도 거스를 수 없는 역사의 흐름에서 한계라는 것을 인식하였다. 남건은 시대에 발 빠르게 대처하며 살아가진 않았지만, 망국의 유민으로서 식민지 세상에 영합하지 않고, 자신의 신념을 끝까지 지켜나가는 지조 있는 삶을 살았다. 이를 통해 일제강점기라는 특수한 시대에서 전통을 고수한 한 유학자의 고뇌가 어떠했는지 알 수 있다.

새로 발굴한 『満鮮旅行案内』(1920)에 나타난 평양 기생학교 탐방기

『Manseon Travel Guide』, published in 1920, is a travel guide that was distributed in various ways during the Japanese colonial period and remains today. In particular, the visit to Pyongyang Gisaeng School is brief compared to the visits known at other times, and many of the contents were later recited. The gisaeng school introduced in 『Manseon Travel Guide』 was a gisaeng educational facility before it was formally established in 1924. As such, it can be seen that the trip was made in about 1919 because it was published in May 1920, which was not officially authorized. Because of this, the character of ‘song study’ will be strong. It is presumed that he saw Kim Eun-hye School, 23 Shinchang-ri, among the four gisaeng schools in Pyongyang. At that time, the Pyongyang region had a tradition of independent gisaeng arts education compared to other regions, and music and song were taught to gisaengs in song study, song and dance school, gisaeng study, and gisaeng schools. There are still many materials about Pyongyang parasitic school that have not been introduced. Currently, in the 『Samchully』 magazine in the 1930s, there are two “Memory of Visit to Pyongyang Gisaeng School”. In addition, ‘Pyeongyang Gisaeng School Exploration’ is known in one or two pieces each in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1940s. It is judged that this study will be an important data to confirm the achievements of educating and transmitting folk music, including Yeoak and traditional arts, which were in crisis due to their activities through the music and dance of gisaeng.

1920년대 차천자 등극설 연구

The religious enlightenment and beliefs of a religious leader can cause repercussions and innovations and profound social changes in line with the social zeitgeist. This thesis is intended to analyze the contents of the beliefs and the people''s acceptance by illuminating the religious beliefs of Cha Kyung-seok, the head of Bocheongyo during the Japanese colonial period, which had repercussions in Korea and became a public opinion during the colonial period. The doctrine that was created by the combination of Cha Kyung-seok’s religious beliefs and the people’s acceptance of them is the ‘the theroy of the ascension to the throne of Cha Kyung-seok(Chacheonja Deunggeuk theory)’. The contents of Chacheonja Deunggeuk theory are based on several theoretical points: ‘Jeungsan’s reincarnation’, the creation of a new country by the founder Cha Kyung-seok, and the independence movements against Japanese colonialism. In this paper, I take Jeungsan’s reincarnation theory as a key motive of Cha Kyung-seok’s religious activities and try to delve into its contents. Jeungsan’s reincarnation theory is based on the doctrine of Jeungsan, but the doctrine of the foundation of the country and the contents related to the independence movements differ from Jeungsan’s teaching. Therefore, Chacheonja Deunggeuk theory is the combination of the thought of Jeonggamrok which has flowed into the current of popular thought since the late Joseon Dynasty, Jeungsan’s reincarnation theory, and the theory of the creation of a new country and independence movements by Cha Kyung-seok. Together with the related contents, it caused a great repercussion and rapidly cooled down in colonial Joseon in the 1920s.

Currents of Christian Internationalism: The International Missionary Council and the YMCA’s Rural Reconstruction in Colonial Korea

The trajectories of international currents surrounding the Korean peninsula in the 1920s reveal the distinction of Christian internationalism that the IMC sought to implement for the Korean YMCA’s Rural Reconstruction. Amid the deluge of international currents of colonialism and communism, the IMC in partnership with the YMCA’s Korean nationalists crafted a history of international interactions in its nation-wide enterprise for village farmers under the stringent restraint of the colonial government, which demonstrate that the IMC’s internationalism did not exactly fit in the framework of expansionist imperialism or unfettered commercialism. Western missionaries maintained the overall stance of a church-state separation, but the IMC orchestrated the international transmission of religious, intellectual, and material resources for empowering Koreans and rejuvenation of the village life that had been systematically exploited by the colonial government. Through this engagement, the IMC displayed its distinctive characteristics of Christian internationalism expressing disinterested benevolence and alliance transcending national and racial boundaries, which may not be a full-fledged alliance with Koreans, yet too significant to be negligible. The Jerusalem Meeting stimulated the native cooperation among disparate ecclesial entities, organization of the Christian Rural Research Association led by Cho Mansik, and scientific research on agricultural problems and land usage by Lee Hoonkoo under the aegis of the Institute of Pacific Relation. It further provided an opportunity and field knowledges to cultivate a key official A.C. Bunce to prepare a land reform proposal for the newly established Republic of Korea. Not the grand theory of imperialism, but the micro investigation of the detailed process reveals that Christian internationalism in the case of colonial Korea operated not to undermine, but to undergird nationalism.

Reception of Ranke’s History in Korea: From the Japanese Colonial Period to the Present

이 글은 서구 근대 역사학의 도입 이후 한국에서 나타난 ‘랑케 현상’의 원인과 특징적 내용을 살펴봄으로써, ‘실증사가’로 고착된 랑케의 이미지를 수정하고자 한다. 지난 한 세기 동안 한국에서 이루어진 랑케 역사학의 수용은 ‘실증사학의 비조’라는 조야한 랑케 이미지가 그의 저작들에 대한 독서와 해석의 축적을 통해 수정되어 온 과정이었다. 그러나 이 길은 결코 단선적이거나 지속적인 진보의 과정이 아니었다. 1970년대 중반까지 한국 학계는 메이지유신 이후 한 세대 동안 일본 학자들과 마찬가지로 랑케를 그저 ‘실증사가’로서 받아들였다. 해방 이후에도 한 세대 동안 한국 역사가들의 랑케 이미지는 거의 바뀌지 않았다. 일부 역사가들이 긍정적 의미에서 랑케를 실증사학의 표상으로 받아들였던 데 반해, 또 다른 일부 역사가들은 부정적인 시각에서 랑케를 식민사관의 운반체(vehicle)로 활용된 실증사학의 개창자로 간주했다. 양측 모두에게 공통적으로 중요했던 것은 랑케 역사학의 내용이 아니라 학문 권력의 기호로서 랑케의 명성이었다. 이러한 인식은 1970년대에 와서야 바뀌기 시작했다. 이때부터 서양사학자들의 연구를 통해 다면적인 랑케 역사학의 면모가 확인되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 한국 역사학계 안팎에 널리 유포된 실증사가로서 랑케의 이미지가 사라지기까지는 앞으로도 많은 시간이 걸릴 것이다.