Imperative Sentences Research Articles

Struktur dan Kaidah Teks Anekdot dalam Kumpulan Cerita Abu Nawas

The background of the research was based on the existence of Abu Nawas stories that contain humor aspects. Besides, it has its uniqueness, so that readers are curious. The story of Abu Nawas is categorized as an anecdotal story because it contains the same structure and rules as the anecdotal text. Besides it also has a moral value so that it can be used as alternative teaching material at schools. Regarding the importance of Abu Nawas story, this study aimed to describe the structure and rules of anecdotal texts in the collection of Abu Nawas stories. This research was descriptive qualitative research. This research was conducted in literature. The research took six months. Data was collected using documentation techniques. This research data contained the text of the Abu Nawas anecdotal story containing structure and language use. The data analysis technique used in this study was the procedure and analysis model according to Miles and Huberman which consists of three stages, namely, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion or verification. The results of this study, first, in terms of the generic structure, 44 anecdotal texts were perfect and 14 texts were not complete. It was proven by the average value which was 94% and was categorized complete based on the standard of anecdotal text structure covering abstract, orientation, crisis, reaction, and coda. Second, in terms of language use, 19 stories were complete and 39 stories did not use the language use properly. It was proven by the average value which was 75% and was categorized complete. The language features used in the form of past tense, rhetorical questions, temporal conjunction, material verbs, and imperative sentences.

The Emotional Lexicon Used by Male and Female Communication: Study of Balinese Language Used in South Kuta-Bali

The aims of this research is to analyse about the differences of emotional lexicon used by male and female communication in South Kuta-Bali when they used Balinese language in their daily interaction. The scope of male and female is closely related to the social behavior which includes the social identity of male and female in society and this becomes the basis of how the language is used in this context of social. This research is interested to uncover more how people use language in terms of expressing their emotional in social interaction. This study is a sociolinguistic approach used the theory from Hickey, Raymon (2010). The data source in this study is the south Kuta community who use Balinese language in social interactions. The Data collection is done by observation, interview, recording and note taking and descriptive qualitative method is applied to analyze the data. The result of the analysis found that the emotional lexical is used by the male and female in their social interaction, it could mention that both Augmentatives and Euphemisms is used by male and female in their social interaction however the augmentative is mostly used by female in informal occasion. Balinese female often used prohibition instead of imperative in expressing her idea about ordering someone to do something. In the other hand, the male directly used imperative sentence in ordering something. He usually does not use many awkwardness to say his point in a conversation. This may be considered that the male often go to the straight point when expressing his idea.
 Keywords: Emotional Lexicon, Male and Female

Amplification and Transposition in English Commands and Its Translations into Indonesian with Reference to the Novel Entitled Harry Potter and The Order of Phoenix

Every human has their own characteristics of languages and in order to understand one language to another languages, then, translation was essential and fully needed. In order to avoid the awkward translation, therefore the translator must use a technique in translating the texts. The research aimed at analyzing the equivalence between the source language and its translations based on the translation techniques applied by translator. This research focused on the amplification and transposition techniques could be seen on the imperative sentences especially command. The research was conducted by applying qualitative method. The research was conducted by applying library research and observation methods. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative method. The study applied two methods to present the analysis of data as follows informal and formal method. Target of research did not involve participants however, this research focused on analyzing data was English commands and its translation into Indonesian by using amplification and transposition found in the novel. The result of research showed amplification and transposition were dominant used in translating the English commands (SL) into Indonesian (TL). The translator applied amplification and transposition to find equivalences when transferring the meaning from the source language (SL) into target language (TL). Therefore, the overlapping translation could be minimized. Amplification had a role especially the addition of information. The phenomena occurred when the detail information did not contain in the SL and the translator must be sensitive by putting the necessary information in TL. Transposition created three parts of shift: structure, unit, and class of shift.

Analizyng The Lingual Elements of Sampoerna Hijau Advertisement Published on Youtube

The research aims to find any lingual elements and meanings used by advertisers in “Sampoerna Hijau” Cigarette advertisements on Youtube. There are 5 editions of advertisements that are analized, “Edisi Dateng Kondangan”, “Edisi Selfie di Kondangan”, “Edisi Minum Es Kacang Ijo”, “Edisi Punyaku Lebih Nikmat” and the last is “Edisi Hijau Panas”. Seven Types of Meaning theory by Leech is used on this research. This study is design in a qualitative research. Researcher collected the data using observation methods. Then in the analysis of research data using Agih method with the basic technique that is Bagi Unsur Langsung or BUL techniques. The BUL method and technique are used by researcher to analyze the signs and forms found in Sampoerna Hijau cigarette advertisements so that they can easily classify these lingual signs and forms. The researcher found that the lingual form in the five editions of Sampoerna Hijau Cigarette Advertisements, namely: 10 interrogative sentences, 13 imperative sentences, 13 declarative sentences, 14 exclamation sentences, 2 nouns and 1 adjective. The meanings found in each lingual form are 5 meanings, with the following description: sentences that contain reflections as many as 12 sentences, sentences containing affective meanings of 22 sentences, sentences containing conceptual meanings of 15 sentences, sentences that contains a colloquial meaning of 2 sentences and the last sentence that contains connotative meaning of 1 sentence.

Dialogue Translation Shift Analysis in Karyamin’s Smile by Ahmad Tohari

A dialogue carries feelings and thoughts of a character in a story. It might also convey emotional expressions. In the translating process, emotional expression, one of many factors which needs to be considered, is regarded as expressive meaning. Thus, in translating dialogues, it is necessary to preserve the emotional expression of the source language. As translation process involves two different languages, there could be changes occurred from ST to TT. Therefore, this study aims to use translation shift to seek the changes in dialogue translation in some short stories in Karyamin’s Smile. This research is a qualitative-descriptive analysis as it proposes to identify the types of shift used in dialogue translation and analyze the equivalence to the ST. The dialogues that have been categorized were examined the equivalence using a translation assessment rubric proposed by Khanmohammad and Osanloo (2009). The result shows that each type of shift used more or less affects the equivalence of dialogue translation. The types of shift that are mostly appeared are structure shift and unit shift. Those types produce some patterns. The patterns found in structure shift are passive to active forms, affirmative to interrogative sentence, affirmative to imperative sentence. In unit shift, the patterns found are word to phrase, phrase to sentence, and word to sentence. In sum, structure shift can create more significant changes compared to unit shift as the patterns found mostly result in the changing intention of dialogues.

The Implementation of Cooperative Script Learning Model to Increase Students' Intensive Speaking Skill

Intensive speaking is drills or repetitions focusing on specific phonological or grammatical points, such as minimal pairs or repetition of a series of imperative sentences, where learners are going over to practice some phonological or grammatical aspect of language. Cooperative script learning model is a learning where students work in pairs and take turns verbally summarizing the parts of the material being studied.The purpose of this research was to know the difference students’ intensive speaking skill before and after using cooperative script learning model atSMK DDI Parepare.The samples of this research were 23 students from XI TKJ (Teknik Komputer dan Jaringan) class and XI PMR (Bisnis Daring danPemasaran) class. The researcher used cluster sampling technique to decide the sample.The researcher used pre-experimental design in one group was given pre-test, treatment and post-test design.To collect the data, the researcher used tests that are pre-test and post-test. The researcher also gave observation.The result in this research was indicated that there was the improvement of the students’ intensive speaking skill. It was indicated by the students’ mean score of post-test (7) was greater than pre-test (5.5). Even, for the level significant (p) 5 % and df = 21, and the value of table is 1.721, while the value of t-test is 12.5. It means that the t-test value is greater than t-table (12.5 1.721). Thus, it can be concluded that the students’ intensive speaking skill is significant better after getting the treatment. So, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected.

The Speech Act of Request in Computer-Mediated Communication

Through conversation ones establish relationship with others and keep channels open for further relationships. Politeness strategies and issues have been the focus of a number of studies. The way ones request for something to others depends on some factors such as the context they are in and the interlocutors they talk to. This article aims at developing the latest discussion on politeness phenomena by paying attention to the specifics of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) settings specifically an online discussion forum. This article attempts to identify how speech act of request is performed in Top Law School (TLS) online discussion forum. The data were analyzed to observe the forms of speech act of request and the types of speech act of request performed in the online discussion forum. The findings of this paper revealed that the forms of speech act of request are expressed by declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentence. Moreover, the types of speech act of request employed by the users are directive, indirective, and literal speech acts. The writer believes that the study will be beneficial and a good reference for future researchers in conducting research on pragmatics under the same topic. Hopefully, it will enrich readers’ knowledge and understanding of the speech act of request and the politeness in CMC.

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN BAHASA, KANDUNGAN PORNOGRAFI DAN KONOTASI PORNOGRAFI, SERTA KANDUNGAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM TEKS LAGU CAMPURSARI

Research on the use of language, sentence, the content of pornography and connotations of pornography, and the content of character education in the campursari song text are aimed to describing at: (1) language, (2) sentence variations, (3) pornographic content and pornographic connotations, and (4) content character education in the campursari song text. This study included qualitative descriptive research. The research data are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The data source for this study is ten songs downloaded from the internet. The results of the study: (1) ten songs analyzed by nine song texts used Javanese as the title and one song used the Javanese language and Indonesian language. Of the ten songs, all song texts use Javanese, there are mixed Indonesian language codes into Javanese, mixed Javanese language codes and English into Indonesian, Indonesian language code switching to Javanese, and there are letters written that violate General Guidelines Enhanced Javanese Spelling (PUEBJYD), (2) the use of sentences consists of: (a) declarative sentences, (b) interrogative sentences, and (c) imperative sentences, (3) there are six songs containing pornography and connotations of pornography, and (4) the value of prominent character education is creative, besides that it is a violation of polite and religious values.

EARLY SYNTACTIC ACQUISITION IN A BALINESE SPEAKING CHILD

This article addresses the acquisition of syntax in a Balinese monolingual child at the age of 2;5 until 2;7. The data was collected in natural setting when the child involved in spontaneous interaction with adults. The speech produced by the child was segmented based on the utterances. The speech produced by the child was transcribed orthographically, along with the phonetic transcription. Besides, every utterance produced by the child accompanied by contextual description and explanation. The data was coded and glossed according to the parts of speech, and grammatical functions. The results show that at this stage, even though the child goes through early sentence or word combinations stage, the child still produces single-word utterances at the onset as well. The words belong to noun, verb, adjective, adverb and particle. Words combination produced can be classified into declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences. Initially, the child frequently omit subject. The fact that in colloquial adult’s conversation in Balinese omitting subject is acceptable may contribute to the subject omission. In two words combinations NP and VP occurred and in three or more words utterances S-P, S-P-O and S-P-C starting to be produced. In making questions kije‘where’, ape ‘what’, encen ‘which one’ and nyen ‘whose’ are used. In question, the child also applied rising intonation when question words are not applied. The child is also able to express tag question. In imperative sentences, the child is able to use command, request, and invitation. This study implies the role of adult’s input in children language acquisition as shown in subject omission and the flexible word order.

Граматичні особливості ідеостилю Лесі Українки: функції локатива у драмі-феєрії «Лісова пісня»

The article deals with the analysis of the grammatical features of Lesya Ukrainka’s individual style. In the focus is the identification of the locative functions in the fairy-drama “The Forest Song”. Locative is defined as a component of the semantic-syntactic structure of a sentence, dependent on a verbal predicate that expresses varieties of spatial meaning. The article argues the notion of syntactic dependency applicability in the analysis of a sentence structure. The study has revealed that the predicates expressing the locative dependency have the correlated semantics in sentence constructions. In the semantic-syntactic structure of sentence constructions, predicates of static semantics, predicates of process, and predicates of action determine the locative’s components. The author lays emphasis on the semantic meanings of the locative's components. They are dependent on the predicates of static semantics, predicates of process, and predicates of action. In the sentence structures of the fairy-drama The Forest Song, most locatives' components express static location, the starting point of movement, a path of movement, and the destination point. The semantic special features of syntactic units represent Lesya Ukrainka’s holistic worldview, indicate her individual style. The locative reflects the world around represented in spatial nominations. The explicit locative component has been recorded in the sentence constructions with predicates of static semantics as well as there are elliptical sentences with the implicit predicate of static semantics. The predicates of process and action predetermine explicit and implicit locative components. It was found that the locative is mainly represented by prepositional case forms. It turns out that the distinctive feature of all sentences with locative components is presence of prepositions as markers of locative dependency. The locative components are presented in two-member and one-member sentences, in elliptical and imperative sentence constructions.

INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN TOBA DREAM MOVIE

This study focused on indirect speech act used by the main characters in Toba Dream movie. The objectives of the study were to: (1) find out the types of indirect speech acts used in Toba Dream movie, and (2) describe how types of indirect speech acts used in Toba Dream movie. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The data of the study were all utterances uttered by the main character in Toba Dream movie and collected by watching the movie. The result of the study showed that there were four types of indirect speech acts found in Toba Dream movie, they were: representative, directive, commisive, expressive containing indirect speech acts in Toba dream Movie. Representative (25,71%) were realized by interrogative sentences and imperative sentences. Directive (21,43%) were realized by declarative sentences and interrogative sentences. Commisive (14,28%) were realized by declarative sentences. The main characters in Toba dream movie dominated the use of indirect speech act to express statement, command and warning. It showed that they could produce the language more politely and keep the hearer’s face while getting instruction or information indirectly.Keywords: indirect speech act, movie pragmatic, Toba Dream

Структурно-семантические характеристики неполных предложений императивной семантики (на материале произведения «11/22/63» Стивена Кинга)

For the first time the paper provides comprehensive multi-aspect analysis of elliptical sentences in the modern English language. The researchers’ attention is focused on identifying and describing structural-semantic characteristics of elliptical imperative sentences. The study is conducted by the material of the novel of the modern American writer Stephen King. Semantic specificity of different types of elliptical sentences is revealed. The findings indicate that imperative sentences in the novel realize two basic meanings: command and request.

PROJECT-BASED LEARNING APPROACH TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILL

This research was held during the internship at SMPK BPK PENABUR Cimahi by taking the material taught in English lesson for 8th grade students at first semester. The objective of this research is to find out the improvement of writing imperative sentence using Project-Based Learning approach. The use of Project Based Learning approach suited with the Kurikulum 2013, which has been used by this school since 2013. The method used Classroom Action Research (CAR), which held on two cycles for seven meetings. Each cycle covered the step of planning, acting, observing and reflecting. The data was collected from test and observation. The data from test showed that treatments are successful in improving writing imperative sentences skill for the students. The improvements covered two points, (1) improvement on their mean score. Mean score of pre-test was 54.967, mean score of post-test1was 64.467 and mean score of post-test2 was 80.033. (2) Improvement of their behaviors. Their activeness individually and participation in the group indicated that the Project Based Learning approach was the right approach to be applied in the classroom teaching. Keywords: CAR, Project-Based Learning Approach, Writing Skill

ANALISIS KALIMAT IMPERATIF PADA TUTURAN MASYARAKAT DESA TELUK RAYA KECAMATAN KUMPEH KABUPATEN MUARO JAMBI (KAJIAN PRAGMATIK)

The purpose of this research is to describe the form imperative sentences in the oral speech of the Teluk Raya village society, Kumpeh Regency Muaro Jambi (A Pragmatic study). This research is descriptive qualitative. The primary data is taken from the Imperative sentences (order) of Malay Jambi Kumpeh language on the community of Teluk Raya Village Kumpeh Muaro Jambi district, while the secondary data is derived from books. In collecting the data, uninvolved conversation observation technique, note-taking technique, and interview technique are used. Based on the results of the data analysis, it can be concluded that there are five imperative sentences of the Jambi Malay Kumpeh language. They are ordinary imperative sentence, request imperative sentence, granting permit imperative sentence, ask and order imperative sentence. Moreover, there are also three kinds of speech acts occur in the Jambi Malay language, they are locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary.

The Content and Logic of Imperatives

This paper articulates an account of imperatives that sensibly supports the idea of a logic of imperative inferences. We rebuke common objections to the very possibility of such a logic, from a perspective based on recent linguistic work on the morphosyntax of imperatives. Specifically, we develop the notion that the content of an imperative sentence includes both a force operator alongside an imperational content to which the force applies. We further argue that this account of the content of imperatives constitutes a plausible and flexible framework to develop a logic of imperative by examining a number of reconstructions of this idea using semantical analogs of widespread modal semantics. After studying the performance of those approaches, we conclude that progress in imperative logic has been hindered by the failure to adopt conflict-tolerant and resource-sensitive semantics, but suggest that such considerations can be incorporated in this flexible framework. Finally, we also propose a simple account of the difference between operators applying to the content of imperatives and imperative operators, in a way that sheds light on some of the issues underlying the usual antinomies.

Translation of imperative sentences and its mistakes: strategy analysis in pragmatic studies

Pragmatic studies focus on the use of a language in relation to its context. One of the notions of pragmatics is a study of how language is used to communicate, especially the relationship between sentences and the context and situations in which they are used. The speech act is one of the pragmatic sub-studies. Speech acts are closely related to human activities that cannot be separated from language, either individually or in groups. In speech acts, speakers and speech partners must understand each other the rules of the language that govern this, so that speech act activities can run well. Each speech participant is responsible for each of these lingual interactions, where a context has a role in forming a speech act. Furthermore, speech acts are the utterance of sentences to state so that the intent of the speaker is known to the listener. He distinguishes three aspects related to speech, namely locational, illoccionary, and per focusary. Locusionary is merely the act of speaking, namely the act of saying something with words and sentences in accordance with the meaning of the word (in the dictionary) and the meaning of the sentence is in accordance with the syntactic rules.

JAVANESE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN THE DIALOGS OF 'ORA ATOS KAYA WATU' RADIO PLAY (KALIMAT IMPERATIF BAHASA JAWA DALAM DIALOG SANDIWARA RADIO 'ORA ATOS KAYA WATU')

This research was aimed at describing the forms of Javanese imperative sentences of radio drama Ora Atos Kaya Watu (Not as Hard as a Stone) broadcasted by RRI Surakarta. The descriptions were based on the markers of each imperative sentence. As a type of descriptive-qualitative research, the data of this research were in the forms of morphemes, words, phrase, clauses, sentences gained from the the dialogues manuscripts of the drama. The data were collected by reading and note-taking which were then analyzed by using descrptive method. The result showed that the imperative sentences in the drama had two characteristics i.e.: ended with suffix -en, -a, -ana, or -na on their predicates and started with commands such as: ayo, sumonggo, and coba. Aside from that, there were two purposes intended by the imperative sentences as well, namely commanding for and forbidding from doing something. There were also found 9 types of meanings of the imperative sentences, i.e.: insisting, persuasions, suggestions, pleasing, prohibitions, commands, requests, asking, and recommendations.

현대중국어 부가의문문의 화행 기능과 의사소통 효과

This paper aims to study the function of speech acts and communicative effects carried by means of attaching a tag question to the end of such a sentence as declarative sentence, imperative sentence, exclamatory sentence, and rhetorical question. The paper discusses the presupposition that the hearer needs to know the background information about the information delivered by the speaker. It also discuses four types of Chinese tag questions, such as ‘X嗎?’, ‘X吧?’, ‘X不X?’, ‘不X嗎?’. The ‘declaration’ of the speaker’s views or opinion expressed in a declarative sentence is changed to the speaker’s ‘request’, ‘blame’, ‘excuse’, ‘assertion’ etc by means of attaching a tag question to the end of the declarative sentence. The attachment of a tag question to the end of an imperative sentence with a soft tone changes the speaker’s ‘order’ to ‘advice’, ‘refusal’ to ‘persuasion’, ‘request’ to ‘urgent request’, which may easily get the hearer to cooperate for the conversation. However, the tag question with a strong tone attached to the end of an imperative sentence tends to change the speaker’s ‘order’ to ‘threat’, which may force the hearer to satisfy the speaker’s requirement without complaining. The speaker’s ‘compliment’ expressed in an exclamatory sentence tends to be changed to ‘request’ for the hearer’s approval by means of attaching a tag question to the end of the exclamatory sentence, which have naturally the hearer participate in the conversation. The speaker’s ‘statement’ expressed in a rhetorical question tends to be changed to ‘assertion’, ‘tease’ to ‘blame’, ‘cynicism’ to ‘suggestion’ by means of attaching a tag question to the end of the rhetorical question. These changes of speech act through attaching a tag question have a great influence on the effects of communication in an either affirmative or negative way.

PECULIARITIES OF EXPRESSING SPEECH ACTS OF ADVICE IN MODERN UDMURT LANGUAGE

The article considers the main ways of expressing speech acts of advice in the system of modern Udmurt language. An empiric material collected from the literary sources of Udmurt prose of the 1920s-90s shows that imperative speech acts of advice can be expressed explicitly and implicitly. To express advice explicitly, the Udmurt language use specific forms, such as imperative sentences, participial forms and causative verbs. For implicit expression of advice, non-specific forms are used, mainly interrogative and declarative sentences, the imperative function of which is secondary.

The Translation of English Notice into Indonesian Language

This study is discussing about the types of English imperative used in notices, the way of constructing English imperative and Indonesian imperative, and the reason of translation procedure are being applied. A Qualitative method is applied to answer the research problems. Data of the research were taken from some notices as the SL that found around Cahaya Madani Banten Boarding School along with their translation into Indonesian text (TL) used as the data source. The result shows that there are three types of imperative sentence of English imperative sentence in notices found in SMAN CMBBS translated from English into Indonesian: negative command, request, and positive command. Seeing from the process of imperative constructions of the SL, it can obviously be stated that it is formed by syntactical process, whereas in TL it is formed by morphological process that is by attaching the marker. The result also shows that there are four types of translation procedure used in this study. All of them are oriented towards the target language. Those procedures are: borrowing, modulation, transposition, and literal translation.