Imperative Sentences Research Articles

Gangguan Aspek Morfologis dan Sintaksis pada Penderita Disleksia Usia 13 Tahun

This study aims to describe the form of language disorders in morphological and syntactic aspects in dyslexic patients aged 13 years. This research is qualitative descriptive research. The subject of this research is a 13-year-old dyslexic with the initials SR, a junior high school student. Data collection techniques with test techniques with written tests to the subject, including a random sentence compilation test and a picture-telling test. The first test amounted to 10 items whose sentence content adjusted Indonesian language learning at the subject's school level. The results of this study show that two aspects of language are disrupted in dyslexic children, namely morphological and syntactic aspects. Morphological aspects include letter addition, letter removal, letter writing errors, letter replacement, letter placement in reverse, removal-replacement, and removal-addition. One of the effects of dyslexia on morphological ability is that SR cannot write words well. On the other hand, syntactic aspect errors include function structure in compound sentences, imperative sentence structure errors, structure errors in procedure sentences, and omission of predicates. From the errors made by SR, it can be proven that SR tends to reverse the sentence structure due to the difficulty in stringing words together.

Структурно-семантическая характеристика побудительных предложений в ингушском языке

The aim of the study is to characterize imperative sentences in the Ingush language as a special semantic-grammatical category of the modern Ingush language. The grammatical nature of imperative sentences in the language under consideration is a correlation between morphology and syntax. The article reveals the morphological means used to express motivation, as well as the peculiarity of the imperative mood in the Ingush language. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the grammatical nature of imperative sentences in the Ingush language is described, their detailed characteristics are given. As a result of the study, five forms of the imperative mood in the affirmative and negative forms were identified as a means of expressing imperativeness in the Ingush language. Structural and semantic analysis of imperative sentences showed the presence in the language of such forms, with the help of which the meaning of the future tense can be traced (assigning and requesting imperative with the suffix -ахь/-аш); and the imperative verb can denote the one-time and multiple actions.

Синтаксические особенности коронавирусного дискурса в российской прессе

The aim of this work is to identify the syntactic features of the coronavirus discourse formed as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak at the beginning of 2020. The study was carried out by the material of texts extracted from the Russian newspapers over the past two years (2020-2021). The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the components of the syntactic arsenal of this discourse are carefully analysed: simple and complex sentences with different structure, purpose of utterance and intonation, as well as various means of expression. The total array of considered syntactic constructions has 1000 sentences. As a result, it is shown that the texts of this discourse include elements of bookish and colloquial syntax. A slight difference in the percentage of simple and complex sentences, due to linguistic and extralinguistic factors, has been revealed. There is a tendency to complicate simple sentences. Complex sentences with conditional clauses and polynomial complex sentences were the most productive among complex sentences. A wide use of various kinds of interrogative and imperative sentences has been found. It is proved that special syntactic techniques of expressiveness are used to influence the addressee; parcellation, inversion and syntactic parallelism have a high frequency.

Вербалізація спонукальної модальності в прозових творах для дітей: семантика і прагматика

Introduction. Children's literature is a special type of literature that combines aesthetic, didactic, and educational functions. The language of works for children is as closely related as possible to the implementation of these functions, which are aimed at the formation of a complete, independent, empathic personality. Imperative sentences play an important role at all stages of the development of a child's language competence. Purpose. The article aims to investigate the peculiarities of the verbalization of the imperative modality in prose for children, to determine which (non)specialized syntactic means for expressing the imperative modality are emphasized in prose works for children, the conditions of their actualization, which modifiers of the semantic-syntactic structure are used. Methods. Descriptive and interpretive methods were used to achieve the goal, and partly quantitative methods were used. Results. The Ukrainian language has developed a set of specialized and non-specialized means of verbalizing the imperative modality. The current importance of this or that syntactic means of verbalization of motivational modality in prose language for children depends on the age of the child. The most used one in the language of prose for children is the semantic-syntactic structure with a verbal predicate expressed in the imperative form. Prose works for children also use imperative nominative, vocative sentences and imperative sentences with a non-verbalized predicate of the adverbial and object type, but numerically, their use is infrequent. Besides, the use of simple imperative sentences with homogeneous members and the use of composite imperative sentences are also infrequent. Sporadic use of complex sentences or with different types of linking help to gradually develop the child's cognitive and evaluative abilities. Personal pronominal noun, modifiers (filler words, particles, addressing personally, exclamations) in imperative sentences strengthen / weaken its variant meaning, add additional shades of meaning to the main meaning of the statement or a separate component. The results of the research will be useful for editors of prose works for preschoolers and children of primary school age. Conclusion. In the language of prose for children, only specialized means of verbalization of the imperative modality are used, among which the semantic-syntactic structure with a verbalized predicate expressed in the imperative form is the most used. Imperative nominative, vocative sentences and imperative sentences with non-verbalized predicate of adverbial and object type, simple imperative sentences with homogeneous members, composite imperative sentences are sporadically used. We see the prospects for further scientific research in the following: to investigate the verbalization of the imperative modality on a wider empirical material, to trace the dynamics of the actualization of specialized and non-specialized means of verbalization of the imperative modality in prose works for children of different ages and in spontaneous children's speech, to propose a classification of children's expressions of the imperative modality.

DISCURSO ESCRITO DE JUEGOS DE AZAR EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA

The aim of our studies is to suggest the definition of gambling discourse, to define its types and to describe lexico-grammar, sintactic and graphic peculiarities of the texts included in gambling discourse. The studied discourse belongs to institutional and ritual discourse because gambling games possess rules which the gamblers should follow obligatorily. Gambling discourse is represented by oral and written form. We determine various types of texts belonging to the gambling discourse: advertising texts in the sphere of gambling; specialized texts of gambling discourse; texts of gamblers’ communication during the game and outside the game. Among lexical resources of gambling discourse we single out gambling terms, words of positive evaluation, metaphors, metonymy, hyperbole, comparison. Grammar and syntactic resorces include nominative and imperative sentences, rhetoric questions which communicate a dialogue character to written gambling discourse and motivate potential gamblers to play. Graphic means are characterized by the use of symbols, numbers, verbal and non verbal resources, such as change of colors and sizes, capitalization, animation, outlined text, links to other web pages dedicated to gambling. The range of lexical, grammar, syntactical and graphic means represent a positive image of a game and incent the gamblers to play. The texts of gambling discourse perform nominative, informative and expressive functions.

Linguistic means of reflecting gender-related changes in modern society (exemplified by English-language newspapers advertisements)

Language means play a crucial role in the shaping stereotypes within cultural groups. The present study addresses the issues of gender neutralization in English-language advertising and newspaper texts. The paper investigates linguistic means involved in the creation of genderneutral advertising texts. The analysis of gender-unmarked advertising texts was conducted on the material of English-language newspaper texts from the rubrics "Lifestyle", "Health", "Sports", "Culture" of The Guardian edition. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that the main features of gender-neutral advertising texts are the absence of lexical units that would refer advertising to male or female; the use of scientific terms, numbers in the description of the goods; the use of imperative sentences. Gender neutralization in advertising occurs due to the use of impersonal sentences, defining pronouns and euphemisms. Gender neutralization is a relatively new trend in advertising and has a huge impact on the use of language in modern advertising texts.

SPEECH ACTS OF CONTROL IN ENGLISH DOMINANT PARENTAL DISCOURSE

The paper deals with typology, functioning and verbal representation of speech acts of control in English dominant parental discourse. The concept of speech acts of control has been clarified then directive of order, directive of demand, directive of prohibition and directive of warning types have been singled out. The analysis of linguistic forms of directive of order, directive of demand, directive of prohibition and directive of warning utilized by parents in dominant communication has been carried out. The analysis of the control speech acts by levels of directness in dominant parental discourse reveals the prevalence of direct mode stipulated by parental higher social position and authority. It was found out that linguistic forms of directives of order are affirmative imperative constructions and negative imperative constructions, lexico-grammatical level of directives of order are represented by imperative sentences comprising verbs that call for action completion or denote action cessation. It was revealed that when conveying categorical requirements, impolite and even disrespectful attitude, directives of order include negative-evaluative adjectives, obscene words. Linguistic expression of directives of demand are affirmative utterances containing volitional verbs. Directives of prohibition in dominant parental discourse are represented by affirmative constructions with verbs naming ban and disallowance. The category of modality is also employed for verbal representation of the directive of prohibition. The directives of warning are represented by imperative and affirmative constructions with modal verbs of obligation, negative imperative constructions and affirmative constructions with prohibitive nomination, negative constructions of egocentric character. The analysis of the lexical and syntactic means that comprise speech acts of control makes it possible to single out structural models containing addressing. This paper aims to compensate for the lacunae that are currently present in the field of English dominant parental discourse study in terms of speech act representation.

Hearer-Addressed or Not, That’s the Question

This paper first observes the sharp semantic difference between the -ta ending sentences and the -e/a ending sentences in Korean. Based on the observation that the -ta ending sentences are statement delivered through declaratives while the -e/a ending sentences are directly addressed to the hearer, regardless of their sentence types, this study argues that -e/a is not an imperative sentence ending but a direct address marker, which has not hitherto been recognized in Korean linguistics. This paper clearly shows that any sentence directly addressed to the hearer ends with the -e/a ending, no matter whether it is a declarative, interrogative, or imperative form. It further develops this observation and shows that -e/a is a direct address marker, -la an indirect address marker, and the complex form [-e/a la] a combination of direct and indirect addressing, which induces pragmatic effect of attenuating the directness of -e/a.

Assertive Action in Indonesian Debate Competition 2019

Students must be directed to express themselves positively, especially in expressing opinions and ideas, because they have a wide range of positive potential and bright pictures that can be used as alternative suggestions, especially regarding the problems currently experienced by Indonesia. This study analyzes assertive speech acts, forms, and functions in the 2019 Indonesian Debate Competition. This research is descriptive qualitative research using content analysis methods. The research subject under study was a debate competition video with the data object in the form of utterances showing the structure of assertive speech acts. This study's data collection techniques and procedures are documentation, recordings, and transcripts. The technique used to analyze the data is descriptive qualitative analysis. The findings show that news sentences as assertive speech acts have the highest intensity at 77.85%, imperative sentences at 12.14%, and interrogative sentences at 10%. Then states as a function of influential speech acts, which has the highest power of 26.42%, shows 22.14%, informs 17.14%, suggests 10.71%, and confirms 10.71%. This research is recommended to add to the general public's insight as a consideration of teaching materials for assertive speech acts at the tertiary and secondary levels.

The Analysis of Batata Sentence of Ciacia Language in Traditional Medicine

Batata is one of the aspect of mantras lyrical that lexically can be understood and its contextual meaning based on the necessity. Batata sentence in traditional medicine has not been conducted yet. It is the one of various linguistic aspects. The study present deals with the sentence analysis of batata in traditional medicine of Ciacia language. It has main objectives is formulating and analyzing types of sentences batata in Ciacia language. This is a kind of descriptive-qualitative research which employs a distributional method in data analysis with the underlying theories of syntax. The data taken from informan directly when he has been acted patient treatment for the several times. The result of this study, it found that sentence of batata is filled by Imperative sentences filled by the swear marker consists of pindongo ‘hear’ + S + P + O and compound sentences consist of two clause and four clause. It can be formulated syntactically [if + S + P + Pel] as first clause, while [S + P] as second clause, and [if + P- (no) as first clause, while [S + P] [S + P] [S + P] as second, third, fourth clause.

STUDENTS' PERCEPTION OF THE INFLUENCE OF INTONATION IN ENGLISH ON CONVEYING THE MEANING OF SPEECH IN COMMUNICATION

In communication, intonation plays an important role in conveying the meaning of a speech. In this article, we study students' perception of the influence of intonation in conveying the meaning of speech in communication to propose solutions to help students overcome intonation errors when communicating, as well as, help teachers have appropriate intonation teaching methods. Our data and analysis are based on research documents, surveys, and in-depth interviews with students. According to the study results, most students are well aware of the importance of intonation and of the factors affecting intonation, and they are also aware of the causes of intonation errors. However, students do not apply their knowledge of intonation to speech, they stop at the cognitive level. The study indicates that students often make intonation mistakes in Tag-question, Wh-question, and Imperative sentence in communication.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0256/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

THE SYNTAX OF TAMIANG LANGUAGE ACEH PROVINCE

Syntax is the study of rules for combining words into a sentence. The purpose of this research is to find out how the syntax of Tamiang language especially the sentences that are construction in the Language such as the patterns of phrases, clauses, and sentences. This research used descriptive design. The data in this research were collected through interviewing, noting and translating, recording and transcribing all utterances of Tamiang language. The number of subjects were about 24 persons. This research resulted that Tamiang language has four kinds of phrases. Meanwhile, Tamiang clauses have two forms: complete and incomplete form. The complete form has two patterns: subject-predicate and predicate -subject. Based on the parts of speech, Tamiang clauses have five forms: nominal clause, verbal clause, adjectival clause, numeral clause and prepositional clause. There are four kinds of sentences in Tamiang language: declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence and exclamatory sentence.Key Words: Syntax, Sentences, and Tamiang Language

Pemerolehan Bahasa Tataran Sintaksis Anak Usia 4 Tahun (Studi Kasus Amira Nadhifa Hidayah)

Humans in their lives acquire language from their environment and use language. Humans use language as a means of communication. Syntax language acquisition is obtained by children gradually, from small things first and then moving on to bigger things, meaning that children master words, phrases, clauses and then sentences. A child will convey a message or desire in the form of news sentences, questions and commands. This thesis has the title of language acquisition at the syntactic level of children aged 4 years (case study of Amira Nadhifa Hidayah). The problems studied in this thesis are: (1) How is the formation of declarative sentences in children aged 4 years (case study amira Nadhifa Hidayah)? (2) How is the formation of imperative sentences in children aged 4 years (case study Amira Nadhifa Hidayah)? (3) How is the formation of interrogative sentences in children aged 4 years (case study Amira Nadhifa Hidayah)? The purpose of this study is to describe, analyze and interpret in detail and systematically in declarative, interrogative, imperative sentences that occur in children aged 4 years. The theory that the author uses in discussing this problem is the theory of Chaer (2009:187-199) and Dardjowijojo (2000:199-202). The data sources of this study were all sentences uttered by a 4 year old child (case study of Amira Nadhifa Hidayah) while the object data were declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences in a 4 year old child in the language acquisition process. The method used is a descriptive method with data collection using listening techniques, recording techniques, fishing techniques, note-taking techniques, matching techniques. The results of this study are that there are 66 data from declarative sentences uttered by children aged 4 years (case study Amira Nadhifa Hidayah), 45 data from interrogative sentences uttered by Amira Nadhifa Hidayah and 17 data from imperative sentences uttered by Amira Nadhifa Hidayah.

공익광고 언어의 주제와 문장 변화 양상 연구

This study analyzes the changes in the subject and linguistic characteristics of print public service advertisements over 40 years and examines the change in persuasion strategies and expressions of public service advertisement language. First, looking at the change in the subject of public service advertisements in print from around 2000, the fields for social community and natural environment increased, and for economic and social themes it decreased. This indicates a change in the focus of social issues. Next, we examined the changes in a speaker’s attitude and persuasion strategy over time by analyzing the sentence length, calligraphy, and an analysis of ending. The number of words per sentence has been reduced by more than 20% over 40 years, The imperative sentence have increased, the propositive sentence have decreased, Hashibsiyo is decreasing and haeyo is increasing rapidly. The reason for this phenomenon is that the public service advertisement language is changing in a softer, non-deterministic, and subjective direction. This demonstrates that a change in the spirit of the times can be determined through the change of the subject and sentence type of the public service advertisements in print.

Tuturan Perintah Guru dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia dengan Metode Ceramah Plus Tanya Jawab dan Tugas (CPTT) di SD Negeri 01 Maguan

The teacher's orders are verbal tactics used to condition the learning process and encourage students to do something. This study aims to determine the types and functions of teacher orders in class IV in Indonesian language subjects at SD Negeri 01 Maguan, Malang Regency and describe the application, advantages, and disadvantages of the lecture method plus questions and answers and assignments (CPTT) used by teachers. The study used a qualitative descriptive design with an ethnographic communication approach. The source of the research data is the speech of the fourth-grade Indonesian teacher at SDN 01 Maguan, Malang Regency. Data were collected by using observation, recording, and recording techniques. The data analysis technique was carried out by recording all the speeches of teachers and students in class IV SDN 01 Maguan, analyzing, and classifying the speech data of teacher orders related to the lecture method plus questions and answers and assignments. The results showed that there were 4 types of command utterances in the form of imperative sentences of orders, requests, appeals, and invitations. The CPTT method is used to provide some knowledge to students so that the learning process can take place effectively and efficiently. The use of the CPTT method shows its advantages, namely that teachers can directly measure the level of understanding of students through the question-and-answer process and assignments. And there is a weakness that students become passive because learning is centered on the teacher's lecture

A Grammatical Study of ABAB Reduplicative Speech Act Verbs with Politeness Meaning

Taking “congratulations, congratulations” and “come on, come on” as examples, this paper analyzes their syntactic components, semantic features, pragmatic functions, and special phenomena on the basis of corpus under the guidance of frame semantics theory and interactive subjectivity theory. ABAB reduplicated speech act verbs mostly act as independent predicates in sentences, which is mainly caused by imperative sentences and repeated emotional output of the speaker. This kind of verb has a wide range and colorful semantic characteristics, which is related to the pragmatic functions of forming different emotional colors under a specific cognitive framework.

The Analysis of Ellipsis Found in Gary Dauberman’s Annabelle Comes Home

Communication is an activity that is always carried out by humans. In communicating, many people use ellipsis, where they omit part of the sentences they use. This research aims (1) to reveal the types of ellipsis found in Gary Dauberman's Annabelle Comes Home and (2) to reveal the classifications of sentences containing ellipsis in Gary Dauberman's Annabelle Comes Home. The research method used by researchers in this study was a qualitative method. The data source of this research is the Annabelle Comes Home movie. The research was conducted using the ellipsis theory proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976) and the sentence classification theory by Frank (1972). The results showed that there were 81 uses of ellipsis, which included 7 nominal ellipsis, 12 verbal ellipsis and 62 clause ellipsis. The ellipsis were found in four sentence classifications. 56 uses of ellipsis were found in declarative sentences. In addition, in the interrogative sentence, 19 uses of ellipsis were found. Not only that, 5 uses of ellipsis were found in imperative sentences. Finally, in the exclamative sentence, only 1 use of ellipsis was found.

THE RELATION OF THE ABILITY OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES AND THE WRITING SKILL OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

One of the texts used in daily life is procedure text which requires imperative sentences to accomplish writing procedure texts. Procedure text is one of many short functional texts in writing that should be mastered by the students in ninth grade learning English. Thus, this study aims to find out whether there was a significant correlation or not between the ability of imperative sentences and the writing skill of procedure text. The population was ninth-grade students with a total of 67 students at SMP Azhariah Palembang. For the sample of this study, the intake sampling technique was used to take the sample with 67 students. The data were obtained from students’ imperative sentence scores and their writing procedure text scores. In analyzing the data, correlation analysis was used. Based on the statistical analysis, it was found that the correlation coefficient or the r-value (0.294) was higher than the r-table (0.236). It can be concluded that there was a correlation between the ability of imperative sentences and the writing skill of procedure text. Some students had a minimum level of imperative sentence test but they were able to create good writing procedure tests. Some other factors might influence their result in the two tests such as their concentration, experience, habit in writing, etc.

Analysis on the linguistic features of conflict discourse in mathematical cooperation problem solving in China.

Classroom teaching is a kind of social activity system. Thus, as a form of classroom learning, collaborative problem solving has a strong social attribute. It is extremely common to choose the conflict discourse in the context of cooperation. The verbal characteristics of the conflicting discourse level in cooperative mathematics problem solving directly affects the cooperative learning between students and the classroom teaching of teachers. This article focuses on the overall linguistic characteristics of conflict discourse in solving cooperative problems and the discourse style and language characteristics of the three stages of conflict discourse. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) The classification of language features of conflict discourse includes extreme summaries, negation, discourse markers, and so on. Among them, the frequency of Indexical 2nd-person pronouns is the highest. (2) The language expressions at the “initial stage of conflict” include Explanatory statement Negative response, instruct refuse and Seditious inquiry Confrontational answer. The language shows the characteristics of using emphatic words or phrases, negative words, imperative sentences and so on. Meanwhile, rebuttal questions, direct responses, explanations, and negative avoidance are the main forms language expressions at the “conflict stage.” It also exhibits the verbal characteristics of rhetorical questions, negative comments, and direct negation. Lastly, topic-shifting, compromise, third-party intervention, and one-sided wins are the linguistic expressions at the “end of conflict.” The language features are the appearance of tone relaxation and language easing, and the conflict ending utterances reflect cooperation.

On Chinese-English Translation Strategies of Null-subject Sentences

With the on-going globalization, foreign publicity, to which translation is indispensable, has served as a showcase for countries to demonstrate their soft power. The foreign publicity translation is now of greater significance as Covid-19 is still raging across the globe and the international landscape remains confusing and changing. The null-subject sentence is a sentence pattern, widely used, in Chinese, while there is no equivalence in English. Therefore, in terms of its translation, translators should adopt strategies in a flexible way. This paper summarizes four strategies frequently used in translating null-subject sentences in foreign publicity materials: to add a subject to the sentence, to change the sentence from active voice to passive voice, to change the subject of the sentence, and to use the imperative sentence. Besides, this paper analyzes the source and target texts in the report. It aims at providing reference for translation of null-subject sentences in foreign publicity materials.