Imperative Sentences Research Articles

Acoustic analysis of speech intonation pattern of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

This study aimed to analyze prosodic elements of speech segments of students with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and compare with the control group, using an acoustic analysis. Speech recordings were performed with a sample of individuals with ASD (n = 19) and with typical development (n = 19) of the male gender, age range: 8-33 years. The prosody questionnaire ALIB (Brazilian Linguistic Atlas) was used as script, which contains interrogative, affirmative and imperative sentences. Data were analyzed using the PRAAT software and forwarded to statistical analysis in order to verify possible significant differences between the two groups studied in each prosodic parameter evaluated (fundamental frequency, intensity and duration) and its respective variables. There were significant differences for the variables tessitura, melodic amplitude of tonic vowel, melodic amplitude of pretonic vowel, maximum intensity, minimum intensity, tonic vowel duration, pretonic vowel duration and phrase duration. Individuals with ASD present significant differences in prosody compared to those with typical development. It is noteworthy, however, the necessity of additional studies on the characterization of prosodic aspects of speech of individuals with ASD with a larger sample and a more restricted age group.

黄孝方言的意向处置句 = Dispositional sentences in Huangxiao dialects (in Chinese)

黄孝方言的意向处置句有 A:S+把 T 受+VP+他/渠、B:T 受+S+VP+他/渠、 C:S+VP 不及物+他/渠3 式，可构成祈使句、主观意志陈述句、疑问句， 强调（主观或希望）将处置。其源流是：话题优先导致有定的受事前置， VP 后用他/渠回指，构成 A、B 式，是为 VO 向 TV 语序演变的中间 现象。而后他/渠虚化为强调（主观或希望）将处置的语气词，A、 B 式扩展形成 C 式。3 式及其变式的分布存在少量的地域、新老派差异。 Dispositional sentences in Huangxiao Dialects have three patterns: A) S+ba(把)To+VP+ ta/q （他/渠）, B)To+S+VP+ ta/q （他/渠）, C)S+VPvi+ ta/qu （他/渠）. They can be formed into imperative sentence, willful declarative sentence and interrogative sentence, emphasizing personal dispositions. They are caused by topic-prominence with a definite prepositional object, and back-reference with ta/qu （他/渠） after VP， forming A and B patterns, which is an intermediate between VO and TV sentence orders. The postpositional ta/qu （他/渠） function as modal particles emphasizing willful dispositions. The extension of Pattern A and Pattern B forms Pattern C. There exist some distributional discrepancy in the three patterns and their variants.

The Problem of Subjectivity in a Discourse in Terms of Imperative Sentences

The Problem of Subjectivity in a Discourse in Terms of Imperative Sentences

The intensional profiles of five hungarian imperative sentence types

The paper investigates Hungarian imperative sentence types from a pragmaticosemantic point of view. In addition to the baseline imperative, it analyzes types with non-standard intonation pattern and/or discourse markers. We apply the (S)DRT-based discourse-semantic framework of ℜeALIS for the examination and representation of five form–function pairs. The discussed types are all assigned an intensional profile which encodes the interlocutors’ beliefs, desires and intentions (from the addresser’s perspective). The analysis derives the different meanings of the variants from parametric differences.

The Effect of Verbal Encouragement in CPR Performance on the Accuracy of CPR Techniques

Objectives: To investigate the helpful techniques for Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation by performing a comparative analysis of CPR between an encouragement and a non-encouragement group based on the AHA education program. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: This research was carried out by selecting 42 university students as a test group who had acquired a 2011 Health Care-Provider certificate issued by the AHA while attending Chungbuk University in C city. Informed consent was received from all participants in accordance with legal procedures. An average and standard deviation for each variable was calculated using the SPSS 12.0 version statistical program, and the gap between the averages values of each technique was verified using a Paired Samples Test. Findings: The encouragement language used in this study seems to have a tone of assertive sentences because it was directly quoted from the sentences in AHA education video, and it may have restricted a participant from performing techniques with more tension. Therefore, if the encouragement instructions are written using imperative sentences or suggesting sentences, it can be expected to increase concentration on the accuracy of CPR. Applications: This study provides proof that the verbal encouragement improves the accuracy and the speed of CPR; it is hence suggested to apply in the classroom for more efficient education.

The use of syntactic features in formulating sentences in English as a second language by native speakers of Spanish

abstractThis study examined how native speakers of Spanish formulated sentences in English as a second language (L2) when randomly ordered words were orally presented. Participants included 206 adult literacy students (70 native Spanish speakers and 136 native English speakers) whose word reading equivalency was at third- through fifth-grade levels. The Word Ordering subtest of theTest of Language Development-3 was administered. Although they showed a similar pattern of performance in the sentence type (i.e., declarative, interrogative, or imperative sentence), the two groups showed a different pattern in the misuse of syntactic features. Pertaining to grammatical features, verbs were the most difficult item for the native speakers of Spanish. The findings of this study were explained through the intricate nature of English verbs as well as unique lexicalization patterns resulting from the typological difference between Spanish and English.

『삼국연의』속 명령문 간접화행 연구

『삼국연의』속 명령문 간접화행 연구

Propositions as Cognitive Acts

The paper reviews the central components of the cognitive theory of propositions and explains both its empirical advantages for theories of language and mind and its foundational metaphysical and epistemological advantages over other theories. It then answers a leading objection to the theory, before closing by raising the issue of how questions, which are the contents of interrogative sentences, and directives, which are the contents of imperative sentences, are related to propositions.

AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE OF THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMP N 1 SUSUKAN REGENCY OF SEMARANG IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2003/2004

The aim of this research is to find out how far the errors of simple present tense produced bythe second year students of SMP N 1 Susukan. The research was conducted at State Junior High School (SMP N) 1 Susukan, Regency of Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. The objects of this research were the eighth graders. This is quantitative research. The writer uses random sampling by lottery. There are about 75 students and the writer took 50% as the sample.The errors made by the students were divided into eight aspects. (1) Error in using auxiliary is 36.75%. (2) Error in using plural noun is 22.90%. (3) Error in using to be is (am, is, are,) is 7.69%.(4) Error in adverb of manneris 4.27%. (5) Error in using verb in simple present tense is 4.78%. (6) Error in using possessive sentence 5.24%. (7) Error in using imperative sentence is 0.34%. (8) Error due to ignorant is 11.28%. Relating to those errors there should be the preventing efforts by the teachers such as providing lots of examples of English and Indonesian sentences so that the students have greater understanding about the difference of those languages.

AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE OF THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMP N 1 SUSUKAN REGENCY OF SEMARANG IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2003/2004

The aim of this research is to find out how far the errors of simple present tense produced bythe second year students of SMP N 1 Susukan. The research was conducted at State Junior High School (SMP N) 1 Susukan, Regency of Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. The objects of this research were the eighth graders. This is quantitative research. The writer uses random sampling by lottery. There are about 75 students and the writer took 50% as the sample.The errors made by the students were divided into eight aspects. (1) Error in using auxiliary is 36.75%. (2) Error in using plural noun is 22.90%. (3) Error in using to be is (am, is, are,) is 7.69%.(4) Error in adverb of manneris 4.27%. (5) Error in using verb in simple present tense is 4.78%. (6) Error in using possessive sentence 5.24%. (7) Error in using imperative sentence is 0.34%. (8) Error due to ignorant is 11.28%. Relating to those errors there should be the preventing efforts by the teachers such as providing lots of examples of English and Indonesian sentences so that the students have greater understanding about the difference of those languages.Keywords: Error Analysis; Simple Present Tense; SMP N 1 Susukan

KALIMAT INVERSI DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA

In the Indonesian language there is one type of sentence, that sentence inversion. Inversion sentence is sentence structure subject precedes predicate function (P-S). Based on the results of data analysis, there are several types of sequence patterns syntactic function contained in the phrase inversion Indonesian namely (1) PS, (2) POS, (3) P-Pel-S, (4) PO-Pel-S, (5) PS with Specification, (6) POS with Description, (7) P-Pel-S with the description, and (8) PO-Pel-S with a description. Also there are different types of sentences in the sentences Indonesian inversion which consists of: (1) sentence declarative inversion which is divided into two types of patterns that can be converted into the S-P and type that can not be converted into P-S; (2) The inversion of interrogative sentences are divided into two inversions interrogative sentences that require yes or no answers and inversion interrogative sentences that require answers explanatory; (3) sentence inversion imperative which is divided into two inversions imperative sentences with active diathesis and passive sentences with inversion imperative diathesis; and (4) the sentence exlasamative.

The Intonation Pattern of Imperative Sentences in Uyghur Language

Based on the notion of intonation pattern and method of undulating scale computation, this paper has done a quantitative analysis to the intonation patterns of imperative oral sentences in standard Uyghur language. And give the pitch contour distributions of representative sentences and their different tone groups for the first time. The experimental results show that whether from the contour curves of overall sentences or fluctuations of tone groups pitch contour curves and the width variations, we can observe the distinctive features between different pronunciations. And can also observe the subtle tone differences between different types of statements voiced from a same text sentence.

TUTUR PUJIAN GURU DALAM INTERAKSI PEMBELAJARAN DI KELAS

This study aimed to describe the form and function apreciation speech act in the interaction in the classroom. This study used descriptive qualitative approach. From the research found a form of apreciation speech act in the learning interaction in the form of declarative sentences, sentence introgatif, and imperative sentences. While the function of speech act earned praise for smoothing function apreciation, smoothes warning, advise, and provide reinforcement.

Variasi Kalimat Perintah dalam Interaksi Belajar-Mengajar Bahasa Indonesia di SMP

The main purpose of this study was to describe variations of imperative sentences used by teachers in learning-teaching interactions. Applying a descriptive qualitative design, the study involved Bahasa Indonesia teachers in SMP 13 Malang. By nonparticipant observations, data were recorded, selected, identified and classified for a final conclusion. The result revealed that there were many variations of imperative sentences used by the teachers in their learning-teaching interactions. The calssification of variations could be based on linguistic indicators, delivery strategies, and content of massages

When terminology matters: The imperative as a comparative concept

AbstractThe imperative should be thought of as a comparative concept, defined as a sentence type whose only prototypical function is the performance of the whole range of directive speech acts. Furthermore, for a non-second-person form to count as an imperative it must be homogeneous with the second-person form, thereby allowing true imperative paradigms to be distinguished from those that recruit alternative structures. This definition of the imperative sentence type allows more accurate crosslinguistic analysis of imperative paradigms, and provides principled grounds for distinguishing between imperative and so-called “hortative” and “jussive” forms. It also helps to clarify the irrealis – or better –

Kalimat Larangan dalam Bahasa Jawa

Kalimat larangan merupakan subbagian dalam kalimat imperatif atau perintah. Makna ujaran yang bersifat melarang diungkapkan dengan bentuk imperatif negatif aja ‘jangan’. Teori yang dipergunakan adalah teori struktural. Metode yang dipergunakan metode distribusional dengan teknik parafrasa atau pengubahan bentuk atau sinonimi gramatikal, dan substitusi. Hasil pembahasan kalimat larangan meliputi (a) struktur internal kalimat larangan yang membedakan dengan bentuk kalimat lainnya, (b) jenis konstituen yang mendukung terbentukya kalimat larangan, dan (c) status argumen pada konstituen pengisi fungsi subjek yang membedakan subjenis kalimat larangan yang satu dengan subjenis kalimat larangan yang lain.

Unusual sentence structure in wine tasting notes

Certain sentence structures occur more frequently than others in specialized texts. The vast majority of sentences in the English of both science and technology seem to be declarative in nature, while imperative sentences, which are the normal method of expressing instructions, occur far more frequently in English for Technology than in English for Science. Despite such differences in sentence structure, all these specialized texts have one element in common: they all use regular or major sentences. What sets wine tasting notes apart from other specialized genres is their use of irregular or minor sentences, along with regular sentences. The purpose of this study is to analyze the use of irregular sentences in English and Spanish tasting notes — their frequency, their positioning, possible reasons for their use — using an English and Spanish comparable corpus. Our starting point was the hypothesis that English wine tasting notes would contain more irregular sentences than the Spanish notes. However, our corpus analysis showed that this was not the case.

The Use of the Effective Vocabulary, Grammar and Function of English by the Biology Teachers

<p>This research investigated vocabulary, grammar and function of English which could work well as a means of conducting: 1) the application of instruction (students’ physical behaviors, giving orders or tasks), 2) the science instruction (imparting theories, the concepts, facts and information) and 3) vocabulary instruction (helping the students understand vocabulary). The research found three kinds of word used by the teachers namely: 1) High Frequency General Words, 2) Non Specialized Academic Words and 3) the Specialized Content Area Words. The category 1) were used for social function to build interpersonal communications, direct the students’ physical behaviors and give the orders or the tasks. The category (2) and (3) were used in the area of academic function specifically to conduct the science instruction (explanations, descriptions, comparisons, assessments, clarifications, paraphrasing, directing instructions, and behaviors). Four sentence patterns (declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory) were used for the application of instruction such as greetings, leave-takings, appreciating the students’ works, directing the students’ behaviors and the students to do the tasks. In the context of science instruction, the declaratives were used for explanations, descriptions, comparisons, clarifications and paraphrasing. Assessing the students’ knowledge and doing the clarifications used interrogative sentences. The imperative sentences were used for directing the instructions and the students’ behaviors. The exclamatory sentences were used to express the teachers’ excitements, admirations or angers. The Noun-Phrase patterns with past-tense and non-past tense and its transformational forms were employed.</p>

Stylistics Analysis of Russian Advertising Slogans

The objectives of this study were (1) to describe types of stylistic features used in Russian advertisement slogan and (2) to interpret the writer’s intention behind it. The method of the study was descriptive qualitative. The data was collected by using Russian advertisements consist of seven advertising slogans which taken from various of Russian advertisemens in internet. The data was analyzed by using stylistic analysis specifically by using stylistics features which limited in graphology, lexicology, syntax, grammar and semantics. From the analysis and interpretation, the stylistic features in Russian advertising slogan were clear and not ambiguous. They were conveyed the way they were. They knew their audiences well as it was shown from the advertisements above. Semantically, from one to seven advertisements , metaphor often appeared. From Lexicology, most of the words were easy to be interpreted by the consumers, only in the part of law advertisement was a bit difficult. Syntax that the advertising slogan used commonly in the form of declarative and imperative sentences. Grammar used in the advertisements contained suitable tenses with the moment shown in that ads.Key Words: 1. Stylistic; 2. Russian Advertising Slogans

On the differences among periphrastic constructions that denote a progressive aspect in Korean

This paper aims to search periphrastic constructions that denote a progressive aspect in Korean and to investigate the properties and differences of these constructions; ① [Verb-고 있-(Pre)FinalEnding], ②[V-고 계시-(P)FE], ③[V-고 앉았-(P)FE], ④[V-고 자빠졌-(P)FE] and ⑤[V-는 중이-(P)FE]. From the point of view of Construction Grammar, internal and external characteristics of these constructions are analyzed. Then the meanings of constituents of each construction are considered as internal characteristics. And Aktionsart(lexical aspect) of preceding verb and grammatical properties such as addressee honorific and sentence type of following ending are considered as external characteristics. Finally, these are visualized by way of semantic map. In summary, ①[V-고 있-(P)FE] is unmarked construction that covers the most wide functional domains. ②[V-고 계시-(P)FE] has a restriction on [-respect] addressee honorific style such as Hage style, Haera style and Hae style in proposative sentence, and is incompatible with Haera style in imperative sentence. ③[V-고 앉았 -(P)FE], ④[V-고 자빠졌-(P)FE] and ⑤[V-는 중이-(P)FE] are not able to co-occur with proposative sentence and imperative sentence without reference to any addressee honorific.