Imperative Sentences Research Articles

PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA MINANGKABAU PADA ANAK USIA 3-4 TAHUN (TINJAUAN SINTAKSIS)

This study was carried out to produce a single sentence forms in the Minangkabau language acquisition in children 3-4 years of age with Syntax Overview. Forms a single sentence in the Minangkabau language acquisition in children age 3-4 year review based on declarative sentence (statement), interrogative (questions), and imperative (request). Reviews theories used in the study that is the first language acquisition, the forms of a single sentence, the acquisition of syntax in children aged 3-4 years, and Minangkabau language. This article is a review based on a qualitative approach using descriptive method. Source of data used children 3-4 years old female gender. Data in the form of speech, speech writing children aged 3-4 years which contain forms of a single sentence in the form of declarative sentences, interrogative, and imperative. Data collection techniques in this study as follows to record and observe the child who was talking to another friend, a parent, or to the researchers directly. Techniques for data analysis in this study: First, transcribing into the language of the Minangkabau language copy of the tape to the Indonesian language. Second, underline and give code discretion of the child in accordance with the forms of declarative sentences, interrogative, and imperative. Third, interpret or give meaning research results in the form of the sentence forms. Fourth, draw conclusions. Research results in the form of speech, speech delivered by Child Age 3-4 years. In this case informannya natured woman named Tika. Tika in communicating day-to-day use Minangkabau language of their parents, among friends, and the researchers themselves. Speeches delivered in the form of a single sentence in the form of declarative sentences, interrogative sentences and imperative sentences.

ПРОСОДИЧЕСКОЕ ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ ПОБУДИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ В ЭВЕНКИЙСКОМ И ОРОЧОНСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ: ОСНОВНОЙ ТОН

Imperative sentences in Evenki and Orochon are undoubtedly a challenging issue of their grammar and phonetics. The aspects, on which researchers' opinions diverge, include grammar tense, neutral and inverted word order and prosodic arrangement of the sentences. It is the only type of sentences with the verb in sentences-initial position. Among 14 imperative verb forms (they change in 2 tenses with varying names, 3 persons and 2 numbers; some of them have inclusive and exclusive forms), 2nd-person forms in the Present Tense are characterized by the highest frequency of occurrence. This paper reports the results of an acoustic study of pitch movement in Evenki and Orochon imperative sentences depending on the number of words, syllables and the word order. The following results were obtained. In the Evenki material, two- and three-word syntagmas were characterized mostly by rise-fall pitch pattern while one-word syntagmas could have both rise-fall and fall patterns. Four-syllable-one word syntagmas' pattern was pitch declination while two- and three-syllable-one-word syntagmas could have both rise-fall and declination patterns with similar frequency of occurrence...

ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННЫЙ ПОДХОД К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЭМОТИВНОЙ ФУНКЦИИ ИНТОНАЦИИ

The current paper has several aims: on the one hand, it is meant to determine the principles for selecting language material for experimental phonetic research of prosodic means to express emotions, on the other hand it applies the results of this study (i) to determine the place of emotive intonation patterns in the Russian intonation system, (ii) to provide enough ground for identifying 3 aspects of emotive function of intonation: communicative-emotive, emotive-differentiating and form-building. I argue that, first, the focus of the corresponding phonetic studies should be emotive utterances that present a separate utterance communicative type but not emotionally colored statements, interrogative or imperative sentences, and second, that there are definite principles to differentiate between them. The paper provides a detailed description of the experimental material used in this study of emotive utterances intonation including 134 text samples containing emotive utterances of 18 structural types pronounced by 11 native Russian speakers...

“Pode pará” – Verbo Modal nas Sentenças Imperativas do Português Brasileiro: uma análise semântico-pragmática

Neste trabalho, procuraremos sugerir uma interpretação semântico-pragmática para as Sentenças Imperativas (Imp) no Português Brasileiro (PB) que se utilizam do verbo modal/operador modal “pode/poder”, ao contrário de outras interpretações que se constatam na literatura especializada, as quais sejam: interpretações sintáticas das Imp ou de uma semântica de base funcionalista. Aqui, ao contrário, procuraremos sugerir interpretações das Imp, tendo como fundamentação teórica as teorias Pragmáticas de Atos de Fala e um modelo bastante simplificado de Semântica Formal. A razão e o estímulo para tal trabalho surgem da leitura de Jary e Kissine (2014), obra que justamente procura interpretações semânticas e pragmáticas para as Imp. Assim, das diversas propostas teóricas apresentadas por aqueles autores, tomamos como pressuposto justamente a Semântica denotacional verifuncional e a Pragmática de Atos de Fala para procurar mostrar uma possibilidade de interpretação das Imp em PB.

“EFEK MAGIS” BAHASA TERHADAP KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA DALAM PERISTIWA SIDANG PELANGGARAN LALU LINTAS DI PENGADILAN NEGERI SELONG

The power of language transfers message to the interlocutors more effectively. Exploitation of the language power positively could effect to the polite communication. Thus, the key problem of this study is to explore the form of words or speeches which contain power stimulating polite usage of language. This study is aimed at analyzing the data, forms of speech containing language power effect which is used by traffic judges during the trial of traffic violators. This study applies descriptivequalitative method to describe the data taken from the traffic judge and the violators’ form of speech in the traffic violation trials. The data, in verbal form, consist of dialogues between the traffic judge and violators during the trial process. Informents of this study are the traffic judge and the violators. The data consists of forms of speech or sentences uttered by the traffic judge and the violators as well as their actons or attitudes during the trial process. The data are collected through observation techniques – in passive role – with recording technique, note taking, and audiovisual recording techniques. The data are analyzed by using interactive analysis with the following steps: data reduction, transcription of recording data, data grouping, and conclusion. Based on the data of the speech acts, it is ilustrated that the language power used by the judge to create effectsto the traffic violaters contains: questions, imperative sentences, warning, requests and prohibition. The dominant form of language power used by the judge to create communication effect towards the traffic violators is imperative form of language power. Such language power is generally the form of imperative politeness in language usage.

ANALYSIS OF THE SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF SELECTED CHRISTIAN PRAISE AND WORSHIP SONGS

This study examines the syntactic features of selected christian praise and worship songs performed by two Nigerian Christian performing artists Panam Percy Paul and Osinachi Kalu. Qualitative approach was employed to identify and discuss the functions of the prevalent and significant syntactic features. The result of the analysis showed that thesyntactic features of praise and worship songs are fairly simple rather than complex. Prevalent occurrences of the simple and the imperative sentences were identified across the texts in the corpus. While the simple sentences have SVO structures which contribute to the straightforwardness of the messages of the song texts, the imperatives have their subjects elided thereby heightening the tempo of the praise. Other syntactic features identified but not prevalent are interrogative and compound sentences.

METHODS FOR TRANSLATING IMPLICATURES IN QUESTIONS FROM GERMAN INTO VIETNAMESE

This article presents the methods used when implicatures in German questions are translated into Vietnamese based on the analysis of questions with implicatures in the drama “Der Besuch der alten Dame” (The Visit/The Visit of the Old Lady) (Friedrich Dürrenmatt) and their equivalences in the translations “Bà lớn về thăm” (Pham Thi Hoai) and “Bà tỷ phú về thăm quê” (Le Chu Cau). The finding shows that the translators combined different translation methods to preserve implicatures in the original drama. The form of most questions wasn´t changed in the translations (they have question marks at the end of the sentence). The main methods are grammar transformations (eg. changing sentence structures, changing positions of components in the sentence) and semantic transformations (eg. changing style, interpreting, explaining the meaning of the words contained in the sentence, adding the adjectives at the end of the sentence to express the modal meaning, etc.). The study also shows that some questions in the original version were changed into declarative and imperative sentences. That means there were semantical transformations in the translations, namely transformation of speech act.

Register dalam Komunikasi Waria di Kembang Kuning Surabaya

The register is a variety of languages that are used for a specific purpose, as opposed to social or regional dialects (which vary because the speakers) these registers can be restricted to a narrower one with reference to the subject matter. The purpose of this study was to obtain descriptions of registers, transgender languages in daily communication in the Kembang Kuning area of Surabaya. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The object in this study was shemale in the Kembang Kuning area of Surabaya. The technique used in this research is recording techniques, transcripts / notes that are used to record the results of conversations. Based on the presentation of the results of the study and discussion, it was concluded that there were several types of sentences used by the Waria community in the Surabaya Kembang Kuning area which included news sentences (declarative), interrogative sentences, and imperative sentences. Keywords: register; shemale

Utilization Of The Direct And Indirect Speech Act Of Assertion By The Sentence Types

Tackling any text, e.g. political one, without pragmatic theory constitutes a real problem in the communicative act. the need to shed light on distinctive rules concerning the speech act of assertion is crucial. So this study is concerned with how to establish a model of expressing the speech act of assertion, whether direct or indirect, by using the sentence types of declarative, interrogative, or imperative sentences. Since this utilization highly overlaps with other speech acts as command, obligation, permission, ability, etc. Therefore, this research attempts to answer the following questions:
 1- Can this study formulate a model for analysing the speech act of assertion, and on which bases it can be established?
 2- How to formulate Felicity conditions for the speech act of assertion?
 3- Whether speech act of assertion can be successfully applied to political speeches?
 4- Which sentence type can typically express the direct speech act of assertion?
 5- Could other sentence types indicate the speech act of assertion?

A Unified Analysis of Imperative Sentences in English: Adjacency Approach Between Lexical Bearers of Imperative Features and Functional Locus of Imperative Features

This article aims to address imperative constructions in English and provide unified licensing conditions under the one of the most current minimalist frameworks. The licensing conditions put forth in this study will account for positive and negative imperative sentences in English regarding the physical linear adjacency requirement between the functional host of (emphatic) imperative features and the lexical bearers of imperative features as well as the economy principle that vacuous syntactic operations that do not produce syntactic or semantic effects should be prohibited. The alternative licensing conditions offered in this study are comprised of four options. These four options might be considered optimal hierarchical syntactic conditions in that they are applied in an orderly fashion. (Cyber Hankuk University of Foreign Studies · Dankook University · Dankook University)

A study on Spoken Syntax in the Languages of Russian Mass Media

The article analyzed elements of spoken language found in the syntax of Russian mass media text. The study shows that parceled construction as the elements of analytism in a sentence structure, parenthetical construction, incomplete sentences, dialogical elements (including question-answer constructions, rhetorical questions, responding, and imperative sentences), exclamatory sentences and sentences with interjections, i.e., elements of spoken language in the syntax permeate sentence structure in the mass media texts, that is believed to have formal properties of the written language style. Elements of spoken language listed above heighten affective involvement of the readers, enhance reliability of information provided from the media. In consequence, the fields in which a standard, normative written language on complete structure might be compatible with informal spoken language are formed in the language of modern Russian mass media.

An Analysis of Language Varieties Used by English Teachers in Young Learners Classes

One of competences which teachers should possess is strategic competence. In the classes of English Language Teaching (ELT), teachers must be able to communicate either verbally or non-verbally with students to stimulate them to learn English effectively. This paper attempts to shed some light on language varieties used by English teachers in English to Young Leaners (EYL) classes. The language variation investigated is specified into the way how teachers give instruction, according to Holmes (1993), which is grouped into three categories: descriptive sentences, imperative sentences and interrogative sentences. On the ground of doing this study, two EYL teachers were involved. Since this research employs qualitative research design, the data for this study were gained through direct observation and teacher reflective notes. The study revealed that imperative sentences dominate the expressions used by teachers in EYL classes followed by questions and declarative sentences. Total Physical Response (TPR) is still assumed to be the most effective way to teach English to young learners.

Tindak Tutur Tak Langsung Dalam Surat Al-Kahfi (Kajian Analisis Pragmatik)

Sentences by mode can be divided into three: sentence (declarative), interrogative, and command (imperative) sentences. Conventionally, declarative sentences are used if the speaker wants to declare or convey information to his or her opponent. Interrogative sentence is the sentence used if the speaker wants to get the information, the reaction or the expected answer. As for the imperative sentence, is if the speaker wants to enjoin or forbid his opponent to do something. But in pragmatic studies, there are times when the sentence is used non-conventionally. Declarative sentences, in addition to functioning to deliver the news, also enabled to ask; interrogative sentences other than enabled to ask is also enabled for the request or command. Meanwhile, the command line can only be used conventionally, and can not be used non-conventionally. When all three sentences are conventionally functioned, the speech is called direct speech act, whereas when used in a non-conventional way, it is called indirect speech act. The use of sentences indirectly has a purpose, among others, in order to maintain politeness. A command that explanation by using the sentence news or sentence, will be felt by the opponent said lighter, even for the opponent said the command on him is not perceived as a command. In the Qur'an there are many unusually functional sentences, indicating that the Qur'an is a holy book that strongly upholds language-based pride. One of them is Surah Al-Kahfi. In the Surah Al-Kahfi, found some verses which are indirect speech. In Surah Al-Kahfi, the forms of indirect speech are as follows. First, Declarative texts mean imperative is found in verse 16, 45, 52, 60 and 78. Second, Interrogative texts mean imperative is found in verse 6, 9 and 50. Third, Interrogative texts mean declarative is found in verses 15, 37, 57, 68, 75, 102 and 103.

MEMAHAMI BAHASA ALQURAN BERBASIS GRAMATIKAL (Kajian tehadap Kontribusi Pragmatik dalam Kajian Tafsir)

Interacting with the verses of the Qur'an by conducting analytical activities that stop at the linguistic context and its grammatical structure will not be sufficient to pursue the ultimate truth (maqasid asasiyah). Under such conditions, a secondary device is required to open layers of messages that are settled in text that can not be comprehensively understood from the grammatical perspectives of the text. The device in the study of linguistics is called pragmatic. Pragmatic presence in linguistic studies is context-dependent. The context intended in this pragmatic is not only the personalized context of the -particular (asbab al-nuzul khassah), but also the universal self-impersonal context (asbab al-nuzul 'ammah).Based on the above phenomenon, this research is about to reveal three important issues; First, what is the theory of pragmatics and pragmatics of the Qur'an ?.Secondly, how is the basic assumption of the Qur'anic pragmatics and the steps? Third, what are the contributions of pragmatic theory in the study of Qur'anic commentary ?. The goal, in addition to knowing the intent of pragmatic theory and pragmatics of the Qur'an, is also to unravel the basic assumptions of the Qur'anic pragmatics and what are their contributions in the study of tafsir.This research is library research. The primary data source is the Qur'an about the story of Maryam, while the secondary data is in the form of books of tafsir or books relevant to the theme of the story and pragmatic theory. The procedure is linguistic analysis using critical discourse analysis to reveal the ideology tucked behind the language and phenomenological analysis of the discourses that are told to dismantle the contribution of pragmatic theory in the study of the Qur'anic commentary.This study yields the following conclusions: First, the pragmatics of the Qur'an is a discipline that examines the Qur'ân from the standpoint of the relationship between the dyberic linguistic context; and triadic non-linguistic contexts. Secondly, the basic assumption of pragmatics of the Qur'an is because this scripture does not descend in empty space, but has a dialectical connection to Arab socio-cultural reality. In addition, the Qur'an is a holy book that uses the language media that is full of meaning and subjectivity of the mufassir. Thirdly, the contribution of prasetics in the study of Qur'anic interpretation shows that, (a) the presence of the theory of perlokusi as the instrument of determining the meaning of speakers whether in the form of declarative, imperative or other sentences. (b) implicatures as a deadlock solution of textual grammatical understanding and (c) the presence of pragmatics itself as a tool of understanding based on its context oriented to appropriateness in meaning and oriented appropriateness in form.

(كلام غير مباشر في سورة الكهف (دراسة تحليلية تداولية Tindak Tutur Tidak Langsung Dalam Surat Al-Kahfi (Kajian Analisis Pragmatik)

Sentences by mode can be divided into three: sentence (declarative), interrogative, and command (imperative) sentences. Conventionally, declarative sentences are used if the speaker wants to declare or convey information to his or her opponent. Interrogative sentence is the sentence used if the speaker wants to get the information, the reaction or the expected answer. As for the imperative sentence, is if the speaker wants to enjoin or forbid his opponent to do something. But in pragmatic studies, there are times when the sentence is used non-conventionally. Declarative sentences, in addition to functioning to deliver the news, also enabled to ask; interrogative sentences other than enabled to ask is also enabled for the request or command. Meanwhile, the command line can only be used conventionally, and can not be used non-conventionally. When all three sentences are conventionally functioned, the speech is called direct speech act, whereas when used in a non-conventional way, it is called indirect speech act.
 The use of sentences indirectly has a purpose, among others, in order to maintain politeness. A command that explanation by using the sentence news or sentence, will be felt by the opponent said lighter, even for the opponent said the command on him is not perceived as a command. In the Qur'an there are many unusually functional sentences, indicating that the Qur'an is a holy book that strongly upholds language-based pride. One of them is surah Al-Kahfi. In the surah Al-Kahfi, found some verses which are indirect speech. In Surah Al-Kahfi, the forms of indirect speech are as follows. First, Declarative texts mean imperative is found in the verse 16, 45, 52, 60 and 78. Second, Interrogative texts mean imperative is found in the verse 6, 9 and 50. Third, Interrogative texts mean declarative is found in the verses 15, 37, 57, 68, 75, 102 and 103.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ГЕНДЕРНОГО ФАКТОРА НА СУПРАСЕГМЕНТНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА В ПОБУДИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯХ (РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНО-ФОНЕТИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ НЕМЕЦКОГО ЯЗЫКА)

The article is devoted to the consideration of the gender factor role in imperative sentences. Gender is viewed from the standpoint of socio-cultural relations. The author starts from the position of gender linguistics on the existence of different gender communication strategies. The aim of the paper is to identify the presence of gender differences at the suprasegmental level using an experimental-phonetic study. The investigation of the role of suprasegmental means, in particular, without the participation of lexical and grammatical tools, has conditioned the topicality of the research. The novelty is in the fact that no such experimental studies have been carried out by the material of the German language. Particular attention is paid to suprasegmental means, which have opposite meanings in realizations by men and women.

A Sociolinguistic Study on Joke In Ghostbusters 2016

The objectives of the research were to describe the forms and the functions of joke in Ghostbusters 2016 movie. The researcher used descriptive qualitative method in classifying and analyzing the forms and functions of joke. Ghostbusters 2016 movie was chosen as object of the research. The researcher used documentation in collecting the data. Technique for analyzing the data was identification, classification, reduction, description and conclusion. The result of the research: 1) form; 5 words (proper noun, determiner, uncountable noun), 7 phrases (prepositional phrase, noun phrase, verb phrase), and 59 sentences (simple sentence, complex sentence, compound sentence, imperative sentence, exclamatory sentence). 2) function; joke to build sense of togetherness in informal setting that was used in close relationship 10 jokes, joke to amuse others and her or him self in informal setting that was used in close relationship 22 jokes, joke to hostile others with violent behavior and teasing in informal setting that was used in distant relationship 10 jokes. In brief, the most frequent form and function was used in Ghostbusters 2016 movie was simple sentence and using joke to amuse others and her or him self in informal setting that was used in close relationship was the most frequent used in Ghostbusters 2016 movie.
 Keyword: sociolinguistics, joke, comedy movie, ghostbusters

Development of conditional imperatives in Japanese: A diachronic constructional approach

AbstractThis paper proposes a diachronic construction grammar analysis of the conditional imperative in Japanese to demonstrate that a constructional approach provides an effective model for language change. The Japanese conditional imperative comprises two types with distinct properties, but no study to date has successfully analyzed how the two types appeared and are related to each other. In diachronic construction grammar, language change is situated in the context of a construction as well as in relation to other constructions linked in a network. This perspective makes it a particularly beneficial model for accommodating the case in question. The construction developed in two steps, exemplifying different types of language change, both of which, however, are motivated by analogy between different constructions. Adopting the multiple inheritance analysis, I contend that the construction first emerged as a result of the reanalysis of a sequence of an imperative sentence and a subsequent sentence as a type of the conditional construction. A later development reflected another case of construction-based analogy: the daughter construction inherited the host-class expansion that occurred in the parent, and the new type emerged as a result of coercion to accommodate the expansion. Thus the development of the Japanese conditional imperative not only finds a consistent analysis in this framework, but provides valuable insight into the workings of the construction network. This paper also addresses the issues of the inheritance model, and suggests the present case argues for a model with default inheritance at the construction level, which runs counter to previous studies which have restricted the overrides of default inheritance to the level of construct.

Hypothese et modalite de la phrase

Within the theoretical framework that he presented at the XVIIIth Congress of Scholars of Romance languages held in Trier (1986), the author investigates the relation between conditional sentences (beginning with si ) and the modalities of sentences. The investigation is carried out from two different aspects. On the one hand, it investigates the relation of the word si to negative and affirmative modalities. Secondly, it investigates “substitutions for si “, i.e. those syntactic constructions that substitute for the conditional sentence starting with si , where we find interrogative and imperative sentences in the place of prolosis (Example: Restait-on dehors, on fondati au soleil. Fais un pas, je t'assomme. ) This complementarity points to a kind of “hypothetical (conditional) transformation" which - differently than the interrogative and imperative modalities - does not start with the virtual positive but with the sentence previously determined as affirmative or negative; the hypothetical (conditional) noininalizator si indicates to the affirmative or negative sentence : (Si ) -+ Il (n) etati (pas) là , and never to the interrogative, imperative or optative with which it, otherwise, shares the area of virtualizing modalities and constructions, located between negation (0) and affirmation (1).

Reading Memory and Desire in ‘La Figlia Che Piange

“La Figlia Che Piange,” one of the poems included in T. S. Eliot’s first volume of poetry, has attracted relatively meagre attention from critics, much less than, say, his early masterpiece “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” or “Portrait of a Lady.” The poem has often been noted for its beauty and lyricism, but the speaker’s destabilized presence deserves more discussion than it has received so far. “La Figlia Che Piange” presents a male speaker who (re)enacts and transforms his memory of a breakup in three verse paragraphs consisting of imperative, pluperfect subjunctive, and indicative sentences, respectively. As a poem of introspection, “La Figlia Che Piange” explores the speaker’s memory in grammatically complex ways, but the poem’s inward-turning eye discovers an unstable self as elsewhere in Eliot’s poetry. Nevertheless, all this is heuristic in discussing modern poetry and serves a good example of Wallace Stevens’s “poem of the mind in the act of finding / What will suffice.”