Fodder Units Research Articles

HE PRODUCTIVITY OF DAIRY CATTLE UNDER DIFFERENT HOUSING AND FEEDING TECHNOLOGIES

There have been analyzed the data of production activity of 32 experimental farms of NAAS system for the last 20 years. There have been established connections and peculiarities of influence of cattle housing and feeding technologies on energy efficiency of production in dairy cattle breeding. It is established that the amount of concentrated feeds on one cow per year was 6 metric cent more fodder units on loose housing farms than on tied one (p<0,01). Total feed costs per cow per year did not differ. Milk output per average cow per year was 1,290 kg higher in loose housing compared to tied housing with feed consumption per 1 kg of milk being 0.1 fodder unit lower (p<0.001). The strength of the effect of cow housing technology was 4.5% and 8.6% respectively. The feed consumption per cow per year and the amount of concentrated feed fed in the farms using the feed mixture feeding technology were 25% and 92% higher, respectively (p<0.001) compared to the separate feeding technology. In these farms, the milk output per average annual cow was 2070 kg higher and feed consumption per 1 kg of milk was 0.2 feed units lower (p<0.001). The strength of the impact of cow feeding technology was 10.8% and 38.4% respectively. Total feed intake and concentrate feed consumption probably did not differ between farms with different housing technologies for young cows. However, with loose housing, average daily gains of young animals were 45g higher compared to tied housing with 1.1 t of feed consumed per unit (p<0.05). There was a small effect of holding technology on these figures of 2.8% and 2.7% respectively. Consumption of forage per 1 head of young animals was higher by 3 cent of fodder units (p<0,001) while the amount of the consumed concentrated forage was not different when feeding with fodder mixtures. As a result, an average daily gain by 123g was higher in the farms that used the feed mixture feeding technology and the cost per unit of production was lower by 1.4 t of feed units. The strength of the influence of the factor in question was 23% and 6.2% respectively. The established relations and features of influence of technologies of the housing and feeding of dairy cattle indicate the greater energy efficiency of loose housing technology of cows and young cattle with feeding by full-feed mixture of fodder. Experimental farms pay insufficient attention to balancing feed rations, especially for young cattle, which leads to overconsumption of feed. Keywords: housing technology, feeding, feed consumption, dairy cattle, output, average daily gains, reproduction capability.

Determination of engineering properties of selected animal feed and fodder materials

The traditional ways of handling feed and fodder in a commercial dairy farm are labour intensive, tiresome and also leads to huge expenses as labour charges. Therefore, there is a need of mechanised feed and fodder distribution unit in order to reduce the human drudgery and other expenses. Thus, an attempt was made to determine the engineering properties (moisture content, bulk density, angle of repose and coefficient of internal friction) of feed which would be affecting the design of a mechanised feed and fodder unit. Three feed materials viz., oat green, wheat straw and concentrate mixture were selected for study. The angle of repose varied from 24.78±0.34 to 37.79±0.76°,the coefficient of friction from 0.187±0.024 to 2.628±1.612depending on the moisture content and the bulk density of the selected materials. The coefficient of external friction was determined for different fabrication materials including wooden/ply board, galvanized iron, aluminium, mild steel and stainless steel and the maximum coefficient of external friction was offered to the feed materials by ply board followed by mild steel.

МНОГОЛЕТНИЕ ТРАВЫ В СПЕЦИАЛИЗИРОВАННЫХ ЖИВОТНОВОДЧЕСКИХ ХОЗЯЙСТВАХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ РОССИИ

In the presented article, based on the analysis of the results obtained at the Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology and other scientific institutions, statistical reporting, regulatory documents and calculations of the authors themselves, the role of perennial grasses in specialized livestock farms is substantiated. placement in agricultural landscapes and crop rotations, the structure of acreage, species and varietal composition, factors of the production process, the main technological methods of cultivation in single-species and mixed crops, resource provision of grass sowing. It is shown that perennial grasses, the species and varietal composition of which allows the use of a wide variety of elements of landscape systems, significantly reduce the cost of feed production and reclamation measures. According to generalized data, all landscape systems of the Central Federal District of various geological origin are suitable for intensive cultivation and use of perennial herbaceous vegetation. To intensify grass sowing in the Central Federal District, it is necessary to increase the acreage on arable land to 4.0 million hectares and productivity of over 3.0 thousand fodder units from 1 hectare.

The new maize hybrids for silage

Maize is considered an unsurpassed silage crop, so breeding in this direction is of great relevance. The study was carried out at the FSBSI «Agricultural Research Center «Donskoy» in 2019–2021. The purpose was to study productivity and nutritional value of the new silage hybrid combinations, to identify dependencies to optimize the breeding process. In order to develop new hybrids, there was applied the method of interline hybridization using heterosis in the first generation. The objects of research were 24 hybrids of the early-maturing, middle-early and middle-maturing groups. In each group, there have been identified the new hybrid combinations that are found promising for cultivation for silage and green fodder. In the early-maturing group, a new hybrid ‘Krucha M × KV 215’ formed the largest productivity of green mass (28.2 t/ha) and dry matter (9.41 t/ha). The hybrid had 6.56 t of feed units per 1 ha, 0.48 t of digestible protein and 90.0 GJ/ha of exchange energy. In the middle-early group, a new hybrid ‘Krucha M x KV399 MV’ produced 29.4 t/ha of green mass, 10.35 t/ha of dry matter, 7.49 t of fodder units per 1 ha, 0.57 t of digestible protein, 96.14 GJ/ha of exchange energy. In the middle-maturing group, the best hybrid was a new hybrid ‘KV 399 × 9837V’, which had the highest rates among all the hybrids studied. The hybrid produced 7.88 t of fodder units per 1 ha, 0.64 t of digestible protein and 98.64 GJ/ha of exchange energy. There have been identified the signs that should be used in the development and selection of maize hybrids for silage, such as plant height, cob attachment height, number of leaves per plant, length of a vegetation period.

Агробіологічна оцінка бінарних ценозів у змішаних посівах люпину вузьколистого та ячменю ярого в умовах Полісся

Goal. Find ways of managing the productive potential of new binary coenoses with narrow-leaved lupine and spring barley, optimizing the sowing rates of components in mixtures, and fertilizer systems for growing green fodder. Methods. Field — short-term stationary experiment, laboratory — determination of quality indicators of fodder according to generally accepted methods, processing of experimental data — using the Microsoft Office Excel computer program. Results. During 2016–2020, an agrobiological assessment of heterogeneous coenoses of narrow-leaved lupine with spring barley was carried out for different ratios and rates of fertilizer application. Binary coenoses with a seeding rate were identified: narrow-leaved lupine — 1.26 million of germinated seeds (g.s.) (0.7N) + spring barley — 1.5 million g.s. (0.3N) and narrow-leaved lupine — 1.08 million g.s. (0.6N) + spring barley — 2 million g.s. (0.4H), where narrow-leaved lupine plants had the highest relative productivity (RY) — 0.88–1.54, sufficiently high indicators of competitiveness (0.19–1.47) of the valuable leguminous component, the relative productivity of mixtures (RYM) — 1.95–2.39 and the overall relative crop productivity (RYT) at 2.43–2.63. The established indicators of the ratio of land equivalents of coenoses (LER) 1.25–2.14 indicate that mixtures by 25–114% formed more green fodder yield per 1 ha than their monospecies crops. The productivity of binary coenoses was 18.5–28.3 t/ha of green or 4.8–7.4 of dry weight (2.87–4.98 fodder units, 0.56–0.93 t/ha of digestible protein, provision of 1 f.u. with digestible protein was 186–222 g), the cost of green fodder made 522–631 UAH/t. The introduction of the complex mineral fertilizer Ekoplant helped to increase the productivity of mixtures by 23–32% compared to the control. The application of foliar treatment of the vegetative mass of plants with the growth regulator Grainactive C contributed to the increase in the yield of green mass by 4–16% compared to the corresponding options without treatment. Conclusions. A binary mixture is recommended for Polissia conditions with a sowing rate of narrow-leaved lupine 0.7N and spring barley 0.3N, on the background of fertilizing with P55K41 + Ecoplant with foliar treatment by Grainactive C, which can ensure the yield of green fodder mass at the level of 28.3 t/ha, or 7.4 t/ha of dry weight, yield 4.98 f.u., with a yield of 0.93 t/ha of digestible protein, provision of 1 f.u. with digestible protein is 186 g.

Сhemical composition, nutrient and energy content of feed biomass from triticale yargo and peas for different technologies of co-cultivation

Aim. To establish indicators of chemical composition, nutrition and energy intensity of spring triticale and seed pea in single-species and compatible crops depending on the ratio of components and fertilizers. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical-statistical, analytical. Results. The results of studies on the chemical composition of fodder annual binary agrophytocenoses with the participation of triticale spring pea seed with different ratios of components and different fertilizers on black earth soils of the Forest Steppe, which were conducted annually during 2020–2022, are shown. Conclusions. The inclusion of spring peas in the leguminous-cereal mixture of triticale improves the chemical composition of the feed, increasing the content of crude protein in the dry weight of the feed from 12.9 to 14.8−16.3%, or by 1.9−3.4%. At the same time, the content of protein and crude fat in the dry mass increases, the digestibility of the dry mass in vitro − by 3−7%, the nutritional value according to the content of feed units, the energy intensity according to the content of exchangeable energy − the supply of one feed unit with digestible protein − from 83 to 112−128 g, raw ash − by 0.3−0.6%, calcium − by 0.06−0.10%, magnesium − by 0.01−0.06%, Ca:P ratio and the content of crude fiber decreases by 1.5−3.1%, potassium and the K:(Ca+Mg) ratio. With the introduction of humigran in the dry mass of triticale, pea and their compatible crops, the content of crude protein increases by 1.4−2.0%, protein – by 0.4−1.9%, and N45P45K45 − by 1.4−2,5% and 0.8−2.4%. Under the influence of these fertilizers, the content of crude fat, fodder units, exchangeable energy, supply of digestible protein, raw ash of the fodder unit in the dry weight of the forage simultaneously increases, and the content of non-nitrogenous extractive substances decreases in all grass stands.

Порівняльна ефективність короткоротаційних сівозмін за секвестраційною здатністю та агроенергетичною продуктивністю

Goal. To compare the effectiveness of 5-, 3-, and 4-field crop rotations in terms of their ability to reproduce the fertility parameters of typical chornozem and to form a high level of productivity and agroecological and energy efficiency for the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, agrochemical (to sample and determine the total humus in the soil layer of 0–30 cm), statistical calculation (to justify the reliability of the results and develop statistical models of correlations), agro-economic and energy (to determine the economic and energy indicators of different crop rotations). The research was carried out on the Drabiv experimental field in a stationary experiment, which was established in 1967 and included 29 different crop rotations. Results. Between the accumulation of energy in humus and fodder units, and the output of fodder units in crop rotations, the correlation was at the level of R=+0.45…0.48±0.02, and per unit of growth of energy in humus accounted for 0.017 t/ha of f.u. and 0.11 GJ/ha. For a long-term crop rotation, between the content of humus and the output of f.u. a direct correlation R=+0.45…0.50±0.02 was fixed, R2=0.21–0.25; and between the content of humus and the energy intensity, the correlation was direct at the level of R=+0.50…0.51±0.01, R2=0.25–0.27; per unit increase of humus content was 0.5 GJ/ha, which was 1.97 and 1.93 times less compared to short-term crop rotations. Between the sequestered in the humus C–CO2 and the output of f.u. a direct correlation R=0.51…0.52±0.02 was fixed, R2=0.27–0.28, and per unit value involved in humus C–CO2 accounted for 0.017 t/ha of f.u. Similarly, between C–CO2 in humus and the energy intensity of f.u. the correlation was at the level of R=+0.53…0.54±0.02, R2=0.28–0.29; and per unit value involved in humus C–CO2 accounted for 0.098 GJ/ha of energy in f.u. Short-term crop rotations had higher sequestration capacity and productivity. Conclusions. The use of 3-, and 4-field crop rotations leads to a decrease in their sequestration capacity, the output of fodder units, as well as a lack of net profit. But at the same time, their energy efficiency increases, and the technological costs for growing the component crops of crop rotations decrease with the provision of stable productivity over time compared to 5-field crop rotations.

Self-renewing legume-grass stands on drained lands of the Central District of the Non-Chernozem Zone

Studies to study the adaptive responses of self-renewing legume-grass stands were carried out in 2018-2021 at the agroecological station VNIIMZ (Tver region). The object of research was pasture herbage with the participation of rhizomatous grasses: giant bentgrass variety VIK-2, meadow bluegrass variety Balin and red fescue variety Maxima, their productivity was studied under conditions of uneven precipitation. It was revealed that the most adaptive conditions for the growth, development and formation of the productivity of the studied herbs were formed in the first and second years of use with a hydrothermal coefficient of 1.16 and 1.33, respectively. A high adaptive potential was established in grass stands with the participation of red fescue, which were the most resistant to the conservation of sown species and the introduction of forbs. It is shown that grass stands with bentgrass showed the most adaptive reactions to mineral fertilization. The increase in their yield was 2.3-6.5 t/ha of green mass, which is 1.3-2.3 t/ha more than the increase in other grass stands. The advantage in terms of productivity, both in terms of the background of fertilizers and the natural background, was in grass stands with red fescue. Meadow bluegrass mixtures had the lowest collection of pasture fodder - 19.9-22.5 t/ha of green mass. The resulting feed with a content of 18.3-22.1 % of crude protein, 23.5-28.1 % of crude fiber and with a dry matter concentration of 9.91-10.9 MJ of metabolizable energy per 1 kg is of high quality. It has been established that for the sustainable development of grassland farming in a changing climate on drained lands, it is necessary to use legume-grass stands with the participation of rhizomatous grasses, which provide a high opportunity for a more complete use of habitat resources and resistance to agro-climatic stresses of the growing season, form productivity at level 3.94-5.02 t/ha of dry matter and 3.2-4.2 thousand fodder units in a natural place of growth and 4.7-6.1 t / ha of dry weight and 3.9-5.0 thousand fodder units on the background of fertilizers.

Economic and energy efficiency of cultivation of alfalfa-cereal herbage

Aim. To establish indicators of economic and energy efficiency in the cultivation of alfalfa-cereal mixtures under the influence of lime and fertilizers. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical-statistical, economic-mathematical. Results. The influence of lime and fertilizers on only alfalfa, alfalfa-cereal and only cereal agrophytocenoses was carried out during 2019−2021 in the Forest-steppe zone of Ukraine on dark gray podsolized coarse silt-light loam soil. The results of research on the study of economic and energy efficiency indicators are shown in terms of the cost of gross production, total costs, net profit, profitability per 1 hectare, cost of fodder units and raw protein, payback of total energy costs, gross and exchangeable energy output are calculated per1 ton. Conclusions. The use of symbiotic nitrogen fixed by alfalfa in its single and mixture crops with cereal increases the net profit from 6.9 to 27.1−35.0 or by 20.2−28.1 thousand UAH/ha, profitability − from 114 to 300−343%, KEE − from 5.7 to 10.9−12.4 and BEC − from 3.0 to 6.1−7.1, and the cost of 1 ton of fodder units decreases from 2.6 to 1.2−1.4 thousand UAH, and energy consumption per 1 ton of fodder units from 4.30 to 1.64−2.0 MJ. The annual application of P45K90 reduces net profit by 3.7−4.4 thousand UAH/ha, profitability by 160−168%, KEE by 1.6−2.5 and BEC by 0.6−1.3 and increases the cost price of 1 ton of fodder units − by 763−827 UAH and energy costs per 1 ton of fodder units − by 0.58−1.55 compare that to the option without fertilizers. The application of lime reduces the profitability of cultivation by 25−78%, KEE – by 0.2−1.0 and BEC – by 0.1−0.5 and increases the cost of 1 ton of fodder units – by 143−369 UAH/ha. The combined application of the fertilizers and lime reduces profitability by 55-194%, KEE by 2.1−2.8 and BEC by 1.0−1.5, and increases cost and energy costs per 1 ton of fodder units.

The influence of main factors on productivity of barley in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals

The article shows the results of studying the influence of soil moisture, cellulose-decomposing activity of microorganisms and the amount of nutrients on the productivity of barley in crop rotations and monocrops in Orenburg region. The purpose of the experiment is to identify the effect of moisture, cellulosolytic activity of soil and macronutrients (nitrates, phosphorus, potassium) on increase of barley productivity in crop rotations and during its continuous growing. The following research methods are used: field, thermostatic-weight, application-weight, ionometric and method of Machigin. In average for 2002-2021 studies, it is observed that the yield of fodder and energy units of barley increases up to 2.10, 1.63 and 1.24, 0.96 t/ha on a fertilized background of nutrition in the second and fourth variants of the experiment. The yield of feed units increases due to the use of productive moisture by the plant during the growing season in the mount of 32.3, 32.2 mm nitrates - 4.20, 1.91 mg, phosphorus - 1.76, 0.50 and potassium - 2.47, 1.01 mg/100 g of soil with cellulose-destroying activity of microorganisms - 7.93 and 10.37%. For other variants of the experiment, various indicators of the studied factors and barley productivity are registered. The influence of moisture, activity of microorganisms, nutrients on increase of barley productivity due to influence of millet and peas in crop rotations after the application of mineral fertilizers was revealed. The dependence of the yield of energy fodder units of barley in a crop rotation with millet on the content of used nitrates in the arable soil layer has been established. The results of the study are of great importance for agronomy in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals.

Productivity of crop rotations on lignt chestnut soils of the Lover Volga region

Recently the orientation on fertilizers of agrogenous origin (leies, straw, crop residue) is significantly expanding. As the main agricultural instrument, ensuring the achievement of these goals, scientifically based crop rotation is adopted as a method for regulating the receipt and quality of organic matter into the soil and the speed of its transformation. In this regard, our research is aimed at developing the optimal structure of field and crop rotations for a developing situation. The cultivation technology of crops was generally accepted for the research area. Placing options were: (A) sequential and (B) blocks in three tiers. The main soil cultivation in the experiment was beardless plowing by stilt SibPME to a depth of 25–27 cm. Regionalized varieties of agricultural crops were cultivated. The counts and observations were carried out according to the recommendations. For the period July — August, the largest amount of precipitation fell in 2016 — 119.0 mm; the smallest in 2017 — 6.0 mm, in other years this indicator was in the range of 32.8–86.0 mm. On average, over the years of research, the greatest accumulation of crop residues, straw and roots was in a 4-field crop rotation with black fallow — 3.4 t/ha. The highest amount of nitrogen entering the soil with straw, crop residues was noted in an 8-field crop rotation — 49.8 kg/ha. The largest amount of biological nitrogen (according to Trepachev’s method) was accumulated under alfalfa crops — 34.4 kg/ha. Analysis of soil samples for the content of humus over the years of research did not reveal significant changes. The best predecessor for winter wheat is black fallow. After perennial grasses, peas, the grain yield of winter wheat in some years decreases by 4–12 c/ha. Analysis of the correlation dependence of the productivity of crop rotations has shown that the highest dependence with atmospheric precipitation for May — June is t = +0.50 for grain and fodder units and slightly less — for protein (t = + 0.26–0.50).

Энергетическая и питательная ценность различных многолетних трав и их смесей на дерново-подзолистых почвах Верхневолжья

As a result of many years of research on the energy and nutritional value of various perennial herbs and their mixtures on soddy-podzolic soil in the Upper Volga region, as well as the calculation of the possible gross milk yield when fed, it has been established that festulolium in a single-species sowing is superior to timothy grass both in control and on the background of mineral nutrition. On average, over five years, its green mass yield was 2.7 more, dry matter by 0.41 t/ha, fodder units and metabolic energy yield by 0.54 thousand/ha and 5.6 GJ/ha in control and 3.7, 0.58 t/ha, 0.75 thousand/ha, 7.3 GJ/ha, respectively, against the background with mineral fertilizers. The productivity of variable alfalfa was higher than that of red clover. In mixed crops, the most productive on both agricultural backgrounds was the grass mixture of alfalfa and festulolium, which surpassed the clover-festulolium mixture in the collection of fodder units by 2.48 thousand/ha, exchange energy — by 31.1 GJ/ha in control, by 2.68 thousand/ha and 12.3 GJ/ha, respectively, against the background of mineral nutrition. Mixtures of alfalfa and clover with festulolium are the most balanced in terms of sugar and protein. Their sugar-protein ratio was 1.63 and 1.04 in the control and 1.60 and 1.30 in the presence of mineral nutrition, and the provision of the feed unit with digestible protein corresponded to the zootechnical norm or was close to it. The highest yield of milk, both in terms of exchange energy and sugar, is provided by a mixture of alfalfa with festulolium — 10750 and 12050 liters in the control and 12287 and 13910 liters against the background of mineral nutrition, the smallest is timothy meadow in a single-species sowing.

Продуктивність короткоротаційних сівозмін в зоні Лісостепу за різних рівнів інтенсифікації

Goal. To substantiate short-term dynamic crop rotations with 100% saturation of grain crops at different levels of intensification suitable for agricultural formations of different forms of ownership of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Long-term field, laboratory, vegetation experiments, laboratory studies (chemical, physicochemical, microbiological). Results. The study was conducted in the subzone of unstable humidification of the Forest-Steppe on typical low-humus chornozem in Panfil research station of NSC “Institute of agriculture of NAAS”. It was found that different fertilizer systems (without fertilizers (absolute control), mineral (with the introduction of N45P55K55), organomineral (NPK + by-products of the predecessor), organic fertilizer systems (by-products of the predecessor)) of cereals of dynamic 4-field crop rotations (peas — winter wheat — corn for grain — spring barley) provided in conditions of unstable moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine high and stable grain yields of winter wheat, which on average in 2016-2020 reached 4.67–6.75 t/ha, corn for grain — 5,86–8.30 t/ha, spring barley — 4.18–5.54 and peas 3.21–4.28 t/ha. Productivity of crop rotation area collected from 1 ha of arable land was 4.54–6.29 tons, feed units — 7.48-10.47, digestible protein — 0.60–0.84 tons. Economic efficiency of growing cereals in short-term crop rotations, depending on the fertilizer system, was: relatively net profit — 12.11–14.73 thousand UAH/ha at a level of profitability of 83–144%. The lowest energy costs (14.1 GJ/ha) and energy consumption (89.8 GJ/ha) were fixed in the control version (without fertilizers), and the highest — 28.3 and 115.5 GJ/ha, respectively — for the application of organomineral fertilizers. Conclusions. It was found that the organomineral fertilizer system provided the highest grain yield of 6.29 t/ha, harvested from 1 ha of arable land: fodder units — 10.47, grain units — 7.69, and digestible protein — 0.84 t. Economic efficiency for the same intensification system provided: conditionally net profit — 13.36 thousand UAH/ha, the level of profitability — 83% at Kee — 4.2.

Improvement of degraded hayfelds in the forest-steppe of the Priobye region

The authors presented the results of research in 2012-2016 on the improvement of degraded hayfields with the sowing of perennial legume grass mixture at different methods of turf cultivation. The work aims to determine the most effective methods of cultivation of the turf of degraded hayfields, contributing to higher yields and quality of the resulting fodder. The highest content of perennial legumes in the herbage was noted in the variant with radical improvement of degraded hayfield (ploughing + discing) - 88 %, in the variant with milling - 80, discing - 70 %. The variant with radical improvement of the degraded hayfield (ploughing + discing) obtained the highest yield - 17.3 green and 3.64 t/ha - dry mass, which exceeds the yield of the control variant by 3.6 times. When carrying out radical improvement of degraded hayfields yield of fodder units was 1740, the number of digestible proteins per 1 fodder unit 140 g. These indicators during turf disking were 1550 fodder unit and 135 g, respectively. During strip seeding of perennial leguminous grasses (meadow clover + alfalfa) the variant with a width of the cultivated strip of 60 cm was selected. The yield of fodder units was 1610, the amount of digestible protein per 1 fodder unit - 120 g. In the control variant the yield of fodder units was 380, the amount of digestible protein per 1 fodder unit - 85 g. Strip-seeding of perennial leguminous grasses was the most cost-effective method of improving degraded hayfields in the Priobye forest-steppe. Net income in variants with strip-seeding of perennial leguminous grasses was 3751-4278 rubles/ha, profitability level - 71- 87%. In the variant with radical improvement of the degraded hayfield (ploughing + discing) these indicators are lower - 3959 rubles/ha and 57 % accordingly.

Кормова продуктивність люцерно-злакових агроценозів з різними злаковими компонентами

Goal. To select the best perennial grasses for lucerne-cereal mixtures on different agricultural backgrounds to increase their productive longevity to produce high-quality grass fodder. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical, computational and comparative. Results. The results are given of research (2019–2021) in the formation of forage productivity of lucerne, lucerne-cereal with various cereal components and cereal forage agro phytocoenoses on different backgrounds of fertilizers and liming on dark gray podzolic soils. The best forage agro phytocoenoses, change of their productivity under the influence of fertilizers and liming, distribution of yield on hay crops and features of increase of productivity at the formation of a crop of biomass in the 1st slope are established. Conclusions. The inclusion of lucerne in legume-cereal grass mixture, as well as its single-use for forage purposes, compared to cereals herbage on the background without mineral nitrogen on average for the first three years of life and use increased the productivity of sown grass from 3.24–3.31 to 7,92–10.34 t/ha of dry weight, from 2.37–2.58 to 6.91–9.99 t/ha of fodder units, or 1.4–3.8 times. The most productive were agro phytocoenoses formed based on single-species sowing of lucerne and its mixtures with late-ripening meadow timothy (Phleum pratense) and intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), as well as medium-ripe awnless brome (Bromopsis inermis) and eastern fescue (Festuca orientalis), where the share of legume component (1%) was the largest. The introduction of 1.5 t/ha of lime into pre-sowing cultivation or P45K90 annually increased the productivity of lucerne and lucerne-cereal grasses by 5–9%, and with their combined use — by 12–14%. The best distribution of yield by slopes on different fertilizer backgrounds was characterized by lucerne and lucerne-cereal herbage with a share of 1st hay crop 45–50%, 2nd — 29–31%, and 3rd — 20–25%, and unevenness 23–28%. At the formation of the yield of the 1st hay crop, the increase in productivity of sown grasslands occurred before the flowering phase of the dominant components, the largest daily increases in dry weight (66–96 kg/ha), as well as net productivity of photosynthesis (2.58–3.52 g/m2 per day) achieved during the branching-budding phase of lucerne.

Scientifically based possibilities of conservation of natural soil fertility of black soils of contour-landscape agriculture of Orenburg region

The article outlines the problems of dry farming in the Orenburg region. The reasons for the degradation of chernozem soils leading to their complete destruction and ecological catastrophe are shown. The ways of solving and scientifically substantiated possibilities of preserving the soil fertility of the Orenburg chernozems, which increase productivity, reduce to a minimum the negative effect of drought. during the transition to contour-landscape agriculture, it was established that it was possible to obtain stable yields every year in all natural and climatic zones of the Orenburg region. Studied five-field crop rotations with various types of occupied and black fallow in relation to contour landscape agriculture (CLA). The average grain yield according to the experience was -16.1 centners, including spring wheat - only 18.6 centners per hectare. Grain output from 1 hectare of crop rotation -12.9 centners. The productivity of the experiment on the average of the steaming grass was 2.17 thousand feed units. The green mass of the cereal-legume mixture (barley + peas) in the green manure pair is 1.67 thousand fodder units. The production of the buffer strip amounted to 2.26 thousand fodder units of green mass of Sudanese grass per hectare

Deer Pasture Productivity and Crop Yield in Anabarsky Ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

This article presents the results of the research into the crop yield and productivity of deer pastures in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Currently, the policies aim to preserve and increase the headcount of local breeds of domesticated reindeer. Due to this, we researched the food resources of deer pastures in Anabarsky Ulus. Laboratory research and livestock analysis of the food resources of deer pastures were carried out at the clinical diagnostic research laboratory of the Arctic State Agrotechnological University. The analysis of soil was carried out at the laboratory of the Agricultural Service State Budget Company under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The authors prove that the crop yield of natural deer pastures reaches up to 41.3 dt/ha at the total power of 38.4 GJ/ha, 2891 fodder units, and 198 kg of raw protein. Day-long deer pasturing plays an important role in preserving pastures. This system stipulates that the herdsmen actively control the herd and change the pastures daily depending on the deer’s need in grazing and having rest and taking into account the weather conditions, as well as the availability and quality of fodder.

Продуктивність лучних травостоїв за різних способів поверхневого поліпшення

Goal. To study the effect of surface improvement of meadow agro phytocoenoses by strip sowing of legumes in the existing grasslands, as well as the influence of the long-term application of different doses of mineral fertilizers on their productivity. Methods. Field — to determine the interaction of the object of study with weather and agronomic factors, measuring — to determine the yield and productivity of grass, statistical — to determine the reliability of the results of research. Results. The results of research in ways to increase the yield of meadow grasslands depending on surface improvement are presented. Application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (P60K90) and sowing of legume components increased productivity by 29% on short-term and 21% — long-term haymaking compared to the option without fertilizers. The main crop of meadows of different ages was formed under the influence of nitrogen nutrition, the use of which provided 60–109% growth. The lowest productivity was under control without fertilizers and amounted to 4.16 t/ha of hay on the short-term (5–9 years) phylogenesis, 2.6 t/ha of f.u., on the long-term (42–46 years) — 4.62 t/ha of hay, 2.0 t/ha of f.u. The application of phosphorus and potassium (P60K90) fertilizers made it possible to increase the yield of meadow grasslands from 21 to 29%. Conclusions. Feeding short-term grass with a nitrogen fertilizer at a dose of N60 (N30 for the first 2 mowing cycles) contributed to productivity growth up to 7.40 t/ha of dry matter and 5.65 t/ha of f.u. Uniform application of slightly lower doses of nitrogen N50 (25+25), with 2 times mowing of grasses provided 6.82 t/ha of hay with an increase to control of 64%, the collection of fodder units was 5.13 t/ha. The highest productivity of long-term (42–46-year-old) grassland (6.80 t/ha of f.u. and 0.98 t/ha of digestible protein) was provided by the use of mineral fertilizer (N90(30+30+30)P60K90) with uniform distribution of nitrogen fertilizers and 3 times mowing of meadow grasses.

Productivity of natural phytocenoses of the Namsky agrolandscape in Yakutia under organic and mineral nutrition regimes

The results of the study of the productivity potential of natural phytocenoses of different species composition in the Namsky agrolandscape of the middle taiga subzone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are presented. The research was conducted in 2009-2016. The soils of the experimental plot are permafrost soils with a thin humus layer. The effect of mineral and organic fertilizers on the productivity of steppe meadows was studied. On herb-grass, wheatgrass, steppificated phytocenoses the following practices of organo-mineral nutrition of plants were used: control (no fertilizer); humus 20 t/ha; humus 20 t/ha once every 4 years + N60P60K60 annually; N30P30K30 annually; humus 20 t/ha annually. The optimum rates of organic and mineral nutrients to improve the productivity potential of natural steppe meadows have been established. The highest productivity potential in the Namsky agrolandscape was obtained with the combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers (humus 20 t/ha once every 4 years + N60P60K60 annually). On herb-grass and wheatgrass phytocenoses hay yield reached 23.0-24.1 c/ha. Yield per 1 ha of metabolizable energy was 27.0-22.4 GJ, fodder units 1472-1663, crude protein 336-371 kg. The content of digestible protein in 1 fodder unit in herb-grass was 92 g, in wheatgrass - 102 g. The annual application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of 60 kg/ha of the active substance provided a 2-fold increase in the productivity of natural phytocenoses, depending on agroclimatic conditions of the growing season. The influence of mineral fertilizers and their joint application with organic fertilizers on the yield of natural phytocenoses is statistically reliable, which indicates the possibility of regulating the productivity of steppificated phytocenoses.

ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ЯЧМЕНЮ ЯРОГО В КОРОТКОРОТАЦІЙНІЙ СІВОЗМІНІ ЛІВОБЕРЕЖНОГО ЛІСОСТЕПУ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД СИСТЕМИ УДОБРЕННЯ

The article analyzed the research results for 2016–2020 in a long-term stationary experiment, which was established in 2001 on typical chernozems with unstable humidity of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, namely, on the Panfil research station National Science Center "Institute of Agriculture NAAS". The research results convincingly showed that 4-field crop rotations with 100 % saturation with grain crops (peas–winter wheat–maize for grain–spring barley) under different fertilization systems, such as control (without fertilizers), mineral (with the application of N60P60K60), organo-mineral (NPK + by-products of the predecessor), organic (by-products of the predecessor) fertilization systems, are most rational for highly specialized farms the in this area. The grain yield of spring barley, depending on the fertilization system, was in the range of 4.18–5.54 t/ha. Productivity of crop rotation area in a 4-field crop rotation for harvesting spring barley per 1 ha was: grain – 5.50–7.69 tons, fodder units – 7.48–10.47; digestible protein – 0.60–0.84 tons. The economic efficiency of growing spring barley in short-term crop rotation depending on the fertilization systems is: relatively net profit – 14.2–20.7 thousand UAH/ha, profitability – 122.6–197.0 %. Balanced short-term crop rotations with an optimal set and ratio of crops have been studied and introduced into production. Under market conditions, these crop rotations will ensure the production of competitive products and the preservation of soil fertility. Key words: crop rotation, rotation, fertilizers, productivity, yield, grain, fodder units, digestible protein, economic efficiency.