Background Of Fertilizers Research Articles

ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ КОРМОВ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СПОСОБОВ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ И ФОНОВ ПИТАНИЯ

In 2014–2016 in Zakame of the Republic of Tatarstan, a study was conducted to increase the productivity of corn (Mashuk 250 hybrid) for silage using various fertilizer systems (without fertilizers – control, NPK at 40 t/ha of green mass, PK - background, background + N40, background + N60 , background + N80, background + N100, background + N120) and tillage methods (plowing - control, tillage cultivation). The availability of phosphorus in the soil of the experimental plot was sufficient for the formation of the planned yield, therefore, phosphorus fertilizers were not added. The nitrogen content in the green mass of corn for plowing was 3.03 ... 3.85%, phosphorus - 0.45 ... 0.71%, potassium - 1.71 ... 1.98%, for non-dump processing, respectively - 3.01 ... 3, 83; 0.43 ... 0.69 and 1.69 ... 1.97%. Against an unfertilized background, the nitrogen content in the green mass of corn for plowing was equal to 3.03%, with the introduction of NK under the yield of 40 t/ha - 3.41%, K - 3.14%. In the variant with the use of anhydrous ammonia at a dose of 40 kg of active substance/ha against a background of potash fertilizers, the amount of nitrogen in the green mass was 3.34%, 60 kg - 3.41%, 80 kg - 3.43%, 100 kg - 3.76% and 120 kg - 3.85% (0.82% higher than unfertilized background). The maximum NPK removal in the experiment was observed by plowing in the background + N120 variant (1183; 218; 608 kg/ha, respectively), background + N100 (1114; 207; 584 kg/ha) and when fertilizing with a yield of 40 t/ha of green mass (1051; 206; 598 kg/ha). With subsurface processing, the take-off decreased, but the distribution of the first variants of this indi

INCREASING SOIL FERTILITY AS A RESULT OF THE ACCUMULATION OF NITROGEN BY LEGUMINOUS CROPS

Analysis of literary sources shows that legume-rhizobial systems annually fix nitrogen from the atmosphere in the amount of from 40 to 300 kg of per 1 ha of crop. Crops of legumes by Nitrogen fixation capabilities play an important role in saving and improvement of the natural soil fertility. It is known that in the process of the crop rotation with legumes the species composition of soil microorganisms is restored, as a result stable soil fertility rate is supported. Legumes plants are valuable siderata. Green legume fertilizer has a positive effect on increasing the productivity of plants, causes to the conservancy and increase of soil fertility. The plowing of the siderates leads to an increase in the humus content in the soil and the availability of phosphate treatment, a reduction in nitrogen gas losses from the soil. After decomposition and mineralization of leguminous siderata, the soil is replenished with nutritious macro- and microelements. Siderata is able to loosen heavy soils, improve their structure, and inhibit the growth of weeds that create water deficiency and reduce the content of minerals in the soil. Growing of peas leads to increased of the absorption efficiency of organic fertilizers by the following crops. The article approves the results of increasing the nitrogen-fixing ability of sowing pea with applying of the microbial preparation Bioinoculant and plant growth regulator Mars EL, and their role in increasing of biological nitrogen content for repair of soil fertility. It was established that the symbiotic activity of pea plants depends on the growth phase of the crop. The highest indexes of active nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of pea plants were found in the budding phase after pre-sowing seed complex treatment with Bioinoculant and growth regulator Mars EL. It was researched that he combined use of Bioinoculant and plant growth regulator Mars EL provided the increase of the mass of active nodules at the roots of the plant by 33% (phase of formation of 5-6 leaves), 38,8% (budding phase) and 22,8% (flowering phase) compared to the control. It was found that the use of inoculant and plant growth regulator with N30P30K30 fertilizer background leads to the greatest concentration of nodules on the main roots of the plants. The nodules had a pink color. In the technological process, the pre-sowing treatment of pea seeds with Bioinoculant and plant growth regulator Mars EL is an important perspective for improving the symbiotic activity of culture. This induces the reproduction of the soil's natural fertility. It is advisable to investigate the effect of inoculation and growth regulators with the different mechanism of action on the symbiotic activity of winter peas. Key words: soil fertility, legumes, siderata, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, inoculant, plant growth regulator

Management of the elements of technology for growing of sunflower in the Right-Bank Steppe of Ukraine

The article presents the results of scientific research on the management of technology elements and the influence of factors on the productivity of sunflower in the Right-Bank Steppe of Ukraine. The studies were conducted in the fields of the Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe NAAS, which is located in the black earth zone of the Right-Bank Steppe of Ukraine. The level of sunflower productivity is determined by the conditions of water and nutrient conditions of soil. Water regime is formed by the weather conditions, the amount of soil moisture reserves, the amount and intensity of rainfall during the year, incl. during the growing season. The moisture reserves available to plants in the meter layer of soil before sowing, in the flowering phase and before harvesting were different during the years of research, varied in terms of sowing and depended on the density of standing plants. Of particular importance for sunflower plants is the content of available moisture in the 0–100 сm layer of soil after the formation of baskets. During this period, sunflower intensively consumes available moisture from deeper layers of soil. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium varied significantly over the years and under the influence of different fertilizer backgrounds. Application of nitrogen fertilizers in combination with phosphorus and potassium, N40P40K40 + PP and N40P40K40, improves soil nutrition and creates more favourable conditions for growing and developing sunflower plants and maintaining soil fertility. Under these conditions, the LG 55.82 hybrid with a plant density of 60 housand/ha formed the highest yield for the first sowing period – 3.85 t/ha. Considering the economic indicators, it is efficient to grow LG 54.85 and LG 55.82 hybrids for the first sowing period. Forward and LG 56.32 sunflower hybrids provide the highest economic performance for the third sowing period. Among the hybrids, it is most economically apropriate to grow LG 55.82 when sowing at soil temperature of 5–6°C and plant density of 60 thousand/ha. The net profit in this variant was 22043 UAH/ha, and the level of profitability was 224.1%. The energy efficiency ratio was the highest in the first sowing period of the LG 55.82 hybrid – 4.44.

Effect of fertilization system and tillage on weed infestation of sugar beet sowings in short crop rotations

Purpose. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of soil tillage method and fertilization system on the degree of weed infestation of sugar beet sowings in different crop rotation units under the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Methods. Field, statistical.Results. The study was carried out in the area of insufficient soil moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on the slightly saline chernozem in a long-term stationary experiment in the following short crop rotations: crop rotation system esparcet + Festuca pratensis and grain-hoed crop rotation. Fertilization for the experiment was organo-mineral, both in crop rotation and under sugar beet. The research results show that weed infestation was affected by all experimental factors, i.e. by tillage method, fertilization system, and crop rotation unit. Thus, in sugar beet sowings in the crop rotation unit with esparcet and fescue grass, at the time of leaf closure in rows, 33.4 plants/m2 of weeds were recordedin the unfertilized treatment, while in the fertilized treatment their number ranged between 16.7 and 24.0 plants/m2. In the grain − hoed crops rotation 56.0 plants/m2 of weeds were found in the treatment with ploughing and 69.6 plants/m2 in the treatment with combined tillage. The practice of the organic-mineral fertilization system in the crop rotation unit with bare fallow reduced the number of weeds to 16.7−23.6 plants/m2 with ploughing and to 37.0−49.0 plants/m2 with combined tillage.Conclusions. Weed infestation in the crop rotatory system on the background of organic-mineral fertilization was comparable with the grain − hoed crops rotation. In the grain − hoed crops rotation, segetal weeds were dominant in combined tillage. The use of fertilizers markedly reduces weed infestation. The most intensive weed infestation was observed in the treatment with straw + N140P90K90, 49.0 plants/m2 in combined tillage and 23.6 plants/m2 in ploughing. Monocotyledonous weeds were represented by Setaria glauca that was dominant in combined tillage, with 3.0−5.7 plants/m2 of weeds on the background of organo-mineral fertilization. In the treatments with organic-mineral fertilizers, of the dicotyledons, Amaranthus retroflexus was the dominant weed species, both in ploughing (7.0−16.6 plants/m2) and combined tillage treatments (19.6−23.6 plants/m2).

Fertility of slightly saline chernozem under the effect of long-term fertilization system and tillage method in short crop rotation

Purpose. To give a substantiation of the effect of the long-term fertilization system and methods of tillage on the fertility of slightly-saline chernozem in short crop rotation and to define optimal physicochemical and agrochemical parameters of the soil.Methods. Field, laboratory, and statistical.Results. On the slightly-saline chernozem, with the application of 6.25 t/ha of manure + N33.7P33.7K33.7, humus content in the arable soil layer increased by 0.20 % and reached 4.57 %. In the treatment with combined tillage, the values were 0.09 and 4.46 %, respectively. Under the application of 6.25 t/ha of manure + N33.7P33.7K33.7, the content of alkaline hydrolysed nitrogen in the arable soil layer increased by 16.0 mg/kg with ploughing and by 8.0 mg/kg with combined tillage compared to the beginning of the rotation, when the values were 135 and 135 mg/kg, respectively. Ploughing harvest residues into the soil + N33.7P33.7K33.7 resulted in the increasing mineral nitrogen content in the soil. Specifically, with ploughing, the nitrogen content increased by 5.7 mg/kg; in the under-ploughed soil layer by 6.7 mg/kg compared to the beginning of the crop rotation with the values of 23.9 and 20.0 mg/kg, respectively. In the treatment with 6.25 t/ha of manure + N33.7P33.7K33.7, 42.0 mg/kg of mobile phosphorus was determined in the ploughed soil layer with ploughing and 43.0 mg/kg with combined tillage. The content of exchange potassium on the background of the 6.25 t/ha of manure+ N33.7P33.7K33.7with both ploughing and combined tillage stabilized at 125 and 115 mg/kg, respectively.Conclusions. Application of 6.25 t/ha of manure + N33.7P33.7K33.7 ensured an increase in the content of humus in the arable soil layer with ploughing and combined tillage from 0.20 to 0.09 % and its stabilisation at 4.57 and 4.46 %, respectively. When applying only harvest residues on the background of mineral fertilizers, a positive balance of humus was observed, 4.55 and 4.51 %, respectively. With the application of6.25 t/ha of manure+ N33.7P33.7K33.7, the content of mineral nitrogen in the arable soil layer increased compared to the beginning of crop rotation by 7.5 mg/kg of soil, with combined tillage by 8.3 mg/kg or 48.0 and 52.8 %, respectively. The content of mobile phosphorus with 6.25 t/ha of manure+ N33.7P33.7K33.7 and ploughing stabilized at 42.0 mg/kg, with combined tillage 43.0 mg/kg. The amount of exchange potassium made up 125.0 and 115 mg/kg, respectively.

Поживний режим чорнозему вилугуваного та продуктивність зернової ланки за тривалого удобрення сівозміни

Goal. To study the effect of legumes predecessors and doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the nutritive regime of leached chernozem in agrocenose of winter wheat as well as grain chain productivity at long-term (over 50 years) application of different systems of organomineral fertilizing in conventional and alternative crop rotations. Methods. Long-term field and analytical. Results. Changes were fixed of the nutrient status of leached chernozem in agrocenose of winter wheat and productivity of grain link at the long-term application of organic and mineral fertilizers in crop rotation, as well as at introduction of different doses of nitrogen fertilizers under winter wheat, and its further cultivation after different legumes predecessors. The data were got concerning the content of mobile forms of nutrients in leached chernozem and their impact on the productivity of grain link. It was established that the fund of mineral nitrogen in soil depended mainly on the doses of nitrogen fertilizers which were entered under winter wheat, as well as on the legumes predecessor. The reserves of mobile phosphorus and potassium in leached chernozem depended on the duration and background of organic and mineral fertilizers which were used in crop rotation. Conclusions. The best conditions of the nitric mode of leached chernozem in agrocenose of winter wheat were formed for its cultivation after clover with the use of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N60P60K60. Fund of mobile phosphorus in the soil in agrocenose of winter wheat was formed mainly due to long-term (over 50 years) application of organic and mineral fertilizers in crop rotation. An annual application of 64 kg pf phosphorus (N43P43K43 + 8,3 t of manure for 1 ha of the area of crop rotation) with fertilizers (for 1 ha of crop rotation) had formed a high level of availability of soil phosphorus in the range of 309–323 mg/kg. That exceeded the control without fertilizer on 133–138 mg/kg of soil. Such a fertilizing system stabilized in crop rotation the content of mobile potassium in the soil at the level of 102–123 mg/kg. That corresponded to the average level of benefit and exceeded the control without fertilizers on 29–43 mg/kg of soil. The highest productivity of the grain crop rotation was achieved at the use of clover as the predecessor and long-term (50 years) entering of N43P43K43 + 8,3 tons of manure (or by-products) per 1 ha of crop rotation: yield of fodder units — 8.02 t/ha, the yield of grain — 3,33 t/ha of the link of crop rotation.

Efficacy of different herbicide combinations for weed control in irrigated maize silage

Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy of herbicide combinations between Tender EC and Titus + Magneto SL, and Wing P and Mistral Opti applied in a field of maize under the conditions of mixed irrigation. The study has been carried out with maize cultivated on meadow-cinnamon soil at the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute – Stara Zagora for the period 2014-2016. The research was conducted with a mid-grade hybrid corn LG35.62 with the same background of fertilization and irrigation with the following variants: 1) Control (without herbicides); 2) Wing P – 4000 ml/ha and Mistral Opti – 210 ml/ha, and 3) Tender EC – 1500 ml/ha and a mixture of Titus – 40 g/ha + Magnet SL – 1200 ml/ha. Increasе of maize yield by 41.6% (on average) in comparison with the control variant and by 28.9% compared to the variant Wing P and Mistral Opti was found.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ АГРОФИЗИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ВЫЩЕЛОЧЕННОГО ЧЕРНОЗЕМА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ МИНИМИЗАЦИИ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ

The possibility of minimizing the main tillage in crop rotation, the use of a fertilizer system in order to develop methods for increasing productivity and improving agrophysical characteristics on leached chernozem of the Republic of Tatarstan is investigated. The stationary field experience in crop rotation was laid in 2016 on a busy pair (vetch-oat mix), where various systems of primary tillage were studied: annual dump plowing - control option; dump plowing, planar loosening, longline plowing, chisel loosening - in subsequent years by surface peeling. The data obtained in field experiments indicate that, using various primary tillage and fertilizer systems, agrophysical properties can be regulated, and conditions can be created for the conservation and reproduction of soil fertility of leached chernozem. The organic and mineral fertilizer system contributed to an increase in the moisture content in the meter soil layer by 2.1-16.1 mm compared to the mineral fertilizer system. Studies have shown that the introduction of manure at a rate of 60 tons per hectare before rotation of the crop rotation in 2016 contributed to a decrease in bulk density in the 0-40 cm layer compared to the LSG to 0.04 g/cm3. The water permeability of the soil depended on the depth and system of tillage, its moisture content and the crop grown. The use of a tiered soil cultivation system contributed to an increase in wheat yields for both fertilizer backgrounds by 0.8 tons per hectare (OMSU) and 0.7 tons per hectare (MSU), respectively, in comparison with the control variant. Calculations showed that the use of longline plowing in combination with small-scale processing using the organic-mineral fertilizer system ensured a reduction in the cost of main products compared to traditional waste processing to 12%, a net income growth from 1 ha to 15% and a profitability level to 22% .

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПРЕДШЕСТВЕННИКОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ИНТЕНСИФИКАЦИИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ЗЕРНА В УСЛОВИЯХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article presents the results of a long-term analysis of the organization of the crop rotation system, saturated to varying degrees with grain crops in comparison with the permanent cultivation of winter wheat, barley and also permanent clean fallows on the gray forest soil of Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan. Crop rotations with clean and occupied fallows were studied: pure fallows-winter rye - spring wheat; vetch-oat mixture - winter rye - spring wheat; peas for grain - winter rye - spring wheat. The accounting area of the plots was 800 m2. The experiment was repeated three times; the options were randomized. The experience is based on two backgrounds of fertilizers: medium and high. Fertilizers were calculated by the calculation and balance method for a given yield. For the average background, the given pea yield per grain was 2.0 tons per hectare, vetch-oat mixture per green mass - 20.0 tons per hectare, winter rye - 2.5 tons per hectare. For an increased background, pea yield per grain was set at 3.0 tons per hectare, vetch-oat mixture per green mass - 28.0 tons per hectare, winter rye - 3.0 tons per hectare. A relatively high yield (3.7-3.9 tons per hectare) of pure steam on calculated fertilizer backgrounds was achieved due to uniform seed placement (91.9%), good field germination (85.4-88.4%) and more intensive growth and development of winter rye. However, it should be emphasized that the yield of winter rye in occupied pairs is not inferior to the yield in pure fallows in years with optimal moisture.

The Sources of Income and the Dynamics of Heavy Metals in the Soil of Different Agro-Ecosystems with Their Long-Term Agricultural Use

In the present work, an attempt was made to determine the dynamics of the content of gross forms of heavy metals in long (50 years) field experiments of various agroecosystems on various fertilizer backgrounds. In the ecosystem of the field five-field grain-crop crop rotation, the dynamics of the content of heavy metals was more clearly expressed due to their higher removal due to a higher yield of crops entering the crop rotation, as well as more significant inflows of heavy metals to the soil with mineral fertilizers and manure at a dose of 20 tons / ha per rotation sowing volume. The main sources of heavy metals in the soil are the mineral and especially organic fertilizers. Introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers, even in moderate doses for 10 rotations has contributed to the content of heavy metals in the ploughed layer typical black earth and resulted in exceeding the concentrations of individual elements (Pb, Cd ), having high background values.

Application of mineral fertilizers and bacterial preparations under sunflower on ordinary chernozem

The results of field experiments to study the effect of mineral fertilizers and bacterial preparations on the yield and quality of sunflower seeds are presented. The studies were carried out in 2011–2014 in the Rostov region on medium-power ordinary chernozem. The object of research was a hybrid of sunflower Patriot. The predecessor is winter wheat. Ammonium nitrate, ammophos and potassium chloride in various doses were used as mineral fertilizers, according to the experimental scheme. Fertilizers were introduced before sowing, before the main tillage and pre-sowing cultivation. Bacterial preparations were represented by associative nitrogen fixers of the strains Mizorin, Flavobacterin, PG-5 and 17-1 produced by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Pushkin. In the field experiment, variants of the joint application of mineral fertilizers and presowing treatment of seeds with bacterial preparations were also studied. The control was the variant without the application of mineral fertilizers and bacterial preparations. The Patriot sunflower hybrid seed yield in the control variant on average for 3 years amounted to 1.61 t/ha. A significant increase in the yield of sunflower seeds and oil gathering was established in the variant with pre-sowing application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N40P50. The increase compared to the control variant was 0.53 t/ha, or 34.2%, and in the oil gathering in the crop - 226 kg/ha, or 36.4%. The application of biologics of associative nitrogen fixers contributed to an increase in the yield of sunflower seeds. Inoculation of sunflower seeds with a strain of the biological preparation PG-5 was more effective. The increase in the yield of sunflower seeds amounted to 0.44 t/ha, or 28.6% compared to the variant without the application of fertilizers. The increase in the oil gathering in the crop was by 29.3%. The application of bacterial preparations under sunflower against a background of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers was ineffective.

THE EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF AMINO ACIDS ON THEIR CONTENT AND COMPOSITION IN WINTER WHEAT GRAIN

Field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University (54º52′ N, 23º49′ E) in Lithuania. Winter wheat was grown on the background of N150P90K90 mineral fertilization and was additionally foliar-fertilized with different concentrations of amino acid solutions (0.5-3.0%) at stem elongation and heading stages. The study was aimed to establish protein content as well as quantitative and qualitative distribution of amino acids in winter wheat grain as influenced by fertilization with different concentrations of amino acids. Experimental evidence showed that solutions with different concentrations of amino acids applied at winter wheat stem elongation and heading stages increased grain protein content and total amino acids contents. Plants, fertilized with amino acids solutions at stem elongation stage accumulated higher protein content by on average 4.8%, at heading stage by 4.5% compared with the grain protein content of plants that had not received amino acids fertilization. The total amino acids content in winter wheat grain in response to amino acids applied at stem elongation stage increased by on average 2.0 g kg-1, at heading stage by 5.3 g kg-1. Nonessential and essential amino acids content in winter wheat grain was significantly increased by 2.5 and 3.0% amino acids solutions, applied at stem elongation stage by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5% amino acids solutions applied at heading stage. Winter wheat fertilization with amino acids solutions at stem elongation stage mostly increased the content of glutamic acid, at heading stage mostly increased the contents of glutamic, aspartic, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, methionine, threonine and lysine acids.

Effects of Sulfur and Manganese Micronutrients on the Yield of Soybean Varieties

In this article, it is given about lengthening of praxis period, stem and leaf growth, leaf surface, number of stems and weight than the control variant soybean varieties, and the yield and grain quality of soybean varieties are significantly higher when the three types of sulfur and manganese on background of mineral fertilizers are applied in suspension in the condition of meadow-swamp soil. In the soybean varieties, mineral fertilizers were used in the variant with an additional yield of around 5 - 12 c/ha compared to the control. According to the norms of the manganese element, around 7 - 20 c/ha; when using sulfur, the yield in soybean varieties is around 8.0 - 18.0 c/ha. On the background of mineral fertilizers, grain quality has changed due to micronutrients. Protein content in the “Orzu” variety increased by 3.1% - 8.4% when manganese and sulfur elements were used; in the “Nafis” variety, the protein content was found to increase by 6.1% - 8.5%.

Demographic aging in the aspect of gender problems in modern Russia

The purpose of the research is to identify the features of demographic aging in terms of gender problems in modern Russia. The most significant demographic transformation of the current century is the process of population aging. It is established that the distinctive characteristics of the demographic dynamics in our country are: changing age structure of the population against the background of low fertility connected with the second stage of depopulation in Russia; a significant lagging behind not only economically developed but also several developing countries in life expectancy for both women and men; prevailing demographic asymmetry by gender; low indicators of healthy life expectancy, which are calculated without taking into account the gender component; burden of age-related diseases accumulated by the age of 65. It is shown that in Russia the number of elderly and old women exceeds the number of their male coevals by more than 15 million. Social, technological, and demographic transformations impact the dynamics of social roles. The most important change is the growth of women in paid work throughout the world, including in Russia. And women of retirement age have a high risk of social isolation. For many Russian pensioners with low per capita income and no savings the main strategy is that of survival. So now the most topical problem is changing the stereotype of women’s old age, associated with such concepts as lack of development, untidy appearance of a person without gender and desires that causes physical rejection.

Вплив тривалого застосування систем основного обробітку та удобрення на структуру ґрунту

The results of researches of influence of the protracted application of the different systems of basic till of soil and fertilizer are presented on basic conformities to law and parameters of changes of the structural state that took place in an arable layer. It is educed that on a background a organic-mineral fertilizer for 20 years place improvement of structuralness of arable layer on 4,5-6,0 % by the greatest index for the moldboard systems. On a background a mineral fertilizer for this period the decline of amount of structuralness aggregates is marked from 0,1 % and chisel systems to 0,6 % and moldboard. In middle for 20 replacement of ploughing nonmoldboard tills on a background a organic-mineral fertilizer resulted in the decline of structuralness of arable layer on 2,0–8,0 %. On a background a mineral fertilizer a tendency was kept, though with some more subzero values, and to the organic-mineral background declines folded 0,1–3,7 %. Amount agronomical valuable aggregates in soil depended on the amount of debrises, evenness of their placing on an arable layer and from intensity of loosening. From time of sowing to the harvest the structuralness of soil got better with the greatest positive effect in sowing of mustard white, some more subzero, - to soy and most subzero - wheat winter-annual and at permanent advantage of background of organic-mineral fertilizer above mineral.

The effect of nutritional backgrounds on the formation of leaf surface and yield and green mass of corn

The leading branch of agriculture in Tatarstan is animal husbandry. In animal husbandry, the main direction is the production of milk and cattle meat. In the diet of dairy cows, corn is an integral component. The share of fodder corn in the total cultivated areas is on average 30–35 %. A limiting factor in the cultivation of corn is the lack of macronutrients in the soil. To obtain stable high yields of green mass of corn, it is necessary to choose the right combination of NPK, based on soil indicators. In this regard, it is necessary to improve the mineral nutrition systems of highly productive adaptive maize hybrids. The effect of fertilizers on leaf surface growth and photosynthetic potential in maize crops was studied in the field on gray forest soils of the Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan. A significant increase in the yield of green mass was found due to the increased level of mineral nutrition of plants. The fertilizer provided an increase in leaf area by 2.6–9.82 thousand m2/ha on the option N60P54K168 and 4.85–14.56 thousand m2/ha in N180P154K294. The maximum value of this indicator was obtained from the Newton hybrid for the interphase period of flowering-milk ripeness on fertilized variants was between 9.79 and 10.23 thousand m2/ha, against 7.07 thousand m2/ha on the control variant. The photosynthetic potential was the highest hybrids (1924.91 and 1956.91 thousand m2 x day/ha for the option of N60P54K168 and 2039.84 and 2066.31 thousand m2 x day/ha for the N180P154K294). Consequently, the planned yields of green mass were obtained on crops of hybrids Flint-200 and Newton 42, 9 and 43.9 t/ha with the introduction of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers at 50 t/ha and 62.6 and 65.3 t/ha against the background of mineral fertilizers at 70 t/ha. Based on the calculations of economic efficiency, it follows that the cultivation of the Newton hybrid against the background of making NPK at the highest cost (28151.5 RUB/ha) and the lowest cost of 1 ton of green mass of corn (431.1 RUB) provides a greater net income (11028.5 RUB/ha) with the best level of profitability (39.2 %).

Ефективність удобрення в технології вирощування соняшнику

An important place among the factors that ensure a high yield of sunflower is occupied by plant nutrition conditions throughout the growing season and technological measures aimed at realizing the genetic potential of sunflower in some regions of Ukraine. It to Deeply study the potential of domestic hybrids under different growing conditions is necessary to identify their competitiveness and promotion, which will increase the quality and yield of the crop as a whole. Introduction and application in the production of new complex microfertilizers on the background of basic fertilizers, which can increase the efficiency of plant nutrients of mineral fertilizers and soil, is one of the ways to increase crop yields and quality of agricultural products. Despite the importance of sunflower as one of the traditional crops of Ukraine, the technology of its cultivation in the Steppe zone today has many unsolved problems. Among the technical measures aimed at increasing the yield of sunflower, an important place is occupied by the choice of optimal rates of fertilizer application and micronutrient fertilization in critical periods of crop development. The purpose of the research was to establish the influence of fertilizers and selection of high-yielding hybrids (NK Diamantis, SI Kupava, NK Neoma) for specific soil and climatic conditions through the formation of their productivity. Field research was conducted during 2018–2019 on typical low-humus chernozems. As a result of research, it was found that the use of twice foliar fertilization on the background of the main fertilizer Ecoline Bor, Nertus Bor, Bast Bor in phase 4 and 8 leaves of 1 L_ha stimulated the formation of leaf surface, contributed to the accumulation of dry matter and high yields sunflower hybrids. Maximum indicators of the leaf surface area were formed in the flowering phase of sunflower plants, which under the influence of fertilizer variants changed in the following range: in plants of the hybrid NK Diamantis from 37.6 to 48.7 thousand m2_ha, SI Kupava was 41.1 - 52.39 thousand m2_ha, NK Neoma - 36.5- 47.6 thousand m2_ha. The highest indicator of leaf area was formed by plants of the SI Kupava hybrid on the variant with application of N36P56K108S28 + N23 + Ecoline Bor ”( 4 and 8 leaves), which amounted to 52.39 thousand m2_ha.

The influence of traditional and bioadaptive fertilizer systems on energy efficiency of sugar beet cultivation

Purpose. To study the effect of mineral fertilizers, alternative organic fertilizers and intensification of fertilizer system on the energy efficiency of sugar beet growing technology.Methods. Field, analytical and statistical.Results. The results of studies on the influence of mineral and alternative with elements of intensification organic-mineral fertilizer systems on the energy efficiency of sugar beet cultivation under conditions of unstable moistening on the medium-loam leached black soil are presented. It was found that the combined application of mineral fertilizers, winter wheat straw and intensification elements (microfertilizers and growth regulator) provided the maximum energy capacity of sugar beet yield and was accompanied by a decrease in energy efficiency (Kee).Conclusions. The Romul hybrid has been found to be more energy efficient than the Zluka hybrid for growing both on a natural fertility background and for applying fertilizers. The maximum coefficient of energy efficiency was obtained in the control without fertilizers: for the Romul hybrid – 6.8, Zluka – 6.4. The application of 5 t/ha of straw + N50 maintained the high energy efficiency of agricultural technology: Kee decreased slightly by 0.1–0.2 compared to control without fertilize. The application of mineral fertilizers significantly increased the energy capacity of the sugar beet crop, but reduced the energy efficiency of agricultural technology. For fertilizer doses of N100Р100K100, the energy capacity of the crop compared to the control without fertilizers increased for the Romul hybrid – by 104 GJ/ha, Zluka – by 102 GJ/ha, by absolute values of 297 and 275 GJ/ha, and was accompanied by a decrease in the energy efficiency coefficient by 1.5–1.6. The application of chelate microfertilizer Maximus and growth regulator “NanoMineralis” to the foliar feeding was determined to be an effective measure of increasing energy efficiency of sugar beets growing on mineral and organic-mineral fertilizer backgrounds. The highest energy efficiency was achieved with applying N100Р100K100 + Maximus + "NanoMineralis" for the Romulus agrocenosis: yield energy – 319 GJ/ha, energy consumption – 59.3 GJ/ha, Kee – 5.6.

Activation of growth and development of sugar beet at microstages 00-09 with application of nanoscale fertilizer elements

Purpose. Finding ways to activate the germination of sugar beet seeds, obtaining even and synchronous sprouts when applying fertilizer compositions with nanoscale elements.Methods. Vegetation and laboratory. The seeds of sugar beet were sown in prepared utensils with soil in accordance with the requirements of the methods for vegetation experiments. Fertilizers were introduced in the form of solutions with different ratios according to six microstages.Results. At 01 microstage on the BBCH scale (130 hours after sowing), an increase in the mass of beet fruits in all variants was observed - in the control variant by 9.78%; in the application of nanofertilizers - 20,4-23,7%. The diameter of the fruit varied similarly to changes in mass: in the control variant, the diameter change was 4.95%; in variants with application of nanofertilizers — 9.56-13.9%. Changes in the rate of sprout organs formation and their linear dimensions were noted in the various fertilization schemes. The length of the embryonic root at 05 microstage with uniform introduction of high norms of zinc and phosphorus, after 40 hours after sowing, was 0.540-2.671 mm. For other fertilizer combinations, the appearance of the germ root was noted only 44 hours after sowing. In 60 hours after sowing (07 microstage on the BBCH scale) there was a complete exit of cotyledons from the socket of the cluster with the introduction of nano chelate microfertilizers and only the beginning of the exit of cotyledons in the control variant. Due to the intensive processes of swelling and germination, the growth of the primary root of the sugar beet was accelerated.Conclusions. Uniform provision of seeds with zinc and especially phosphorus on the background of basic complex fertilizer with nanoscale elements contributed to the activation of seed germination and the intense formation of synchronously developed shoots. On average, the opening of the pericarp lid and the appearance of the root accelerated for 4 hours; 6 hours earlier there was an exit of cotyledons. With the introduction of nano chelate fertilizers, root growth and elongation of the hypocotyl at the first microstages of sugar beet sprouting were accelerated twice, due to which the sugar beet sprouts appeared 4-6 hours earlier. Nano chelate microfertilizers, promoting even and synchronous germination, development of sugar beet seedlings ensured synchronous emergence of seedlings and formation of predetermined sowing density without further reduction of plants.

Productivity of sugar beet and barley in short crop rotations as affected by fertilization and tillage

Purpose. To find out the dependence of sugar beet and barley productivity in short crop rotations on organo-mineral fertilizer system and soil tillage with the use of manure and harvest residues (straw of cereals and sugar beet tops).Methods. Field, laboratory, and statistical.Results. The study was carried out in the area of insufficient soil moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on the slightly saline chernozem in a long-term stationary experiment in the following short crop rotations: crop rotation system esparcet + Festuca pratensis and grain-hoed crop rotation in the link with bare fallow with the 25 % share of sugar beet. Fertilization for the experiment was organo-mineral, both in crop rotation and under sugar beet. Barley was grown after sugar beet against the background of the aftereffect of fertilizers applied to sugar beet. The ploughing of harvest residues of all the crops of the rotation into the soil against the background of mineral fertilization was not inferior to the use of manure and mineral fertilization system by the effect on the sugar beet and barley yields.Conclusions. Under the application of 25 t/ha of manure + N90P90K90, in the crop rotatory system, root yield and sugar yields were 37.6 and 6.56 t/ha, respectively. To compare, in grain-hoed crop rotation, these values were 38.3 and 6.62 t/ha, respectively. When ploughing the crop residues of all crops in the rotation into the soil + N90P90K90, root yield in both crop rotation systems was at the level of the treatment 25 t/ha of manure + N90P90K90. Sugar beet productivity under the combined tillage in the grain-hoed crop rotation and all fertilization systems was not inferior to ploughing. Under the application of 25 t/ha of manure + straw in both crop rotation systems, root yield was 36.4 and 34.2 t/ha, respectively, and sugar yield was 6.13 and 5.81 t/ha, respectively. Barley yield in both crop rotation systems under the aftereffect of fertilizers applied to sugar beet + straw + N90P90K90 had advantages in the link with bare fallow compared to the link esparcet + Festuca pratensis. Barley yield under the combined soil tillage was not inferior to ploughing.