Ethyl Acetate Extract Of Leaves Research Articles

<em>In-vitro</em> wound healing potential of <em>Ziziphus oenoplia</em> (L.) Miller

Non-healing wounds are a global health problem. Substances that enhance cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and prevention of bacterial infections accelerate the wound healing process. In this study, the wound healing potential of Ziziphus oenoplia, is investigated for its ability in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and antibacterial potential. The potential of cell proliferation enhancement (mean percent wound closure) and angiogenic response (mean vascular index) of hexanes, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of leaf and bark of Z. oenoplia were evaluated by scratch wound assay (SWA) using Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, respectively. The antibacterial activity of these extracts was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by disc diffusion method. Enhanced cell proliferation was shown by the hexanes, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and the hexanes extract of bark. An enhanced angiogenic response was shown by the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and the methanol and hexanes extracts of bark. Dichloromethane extract of both leaf and bark showed considerable antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa which is less susceptible to common antibiotics. SWA-directed fractionation of the hexanes extract of the leaf has resulted in the isolation and identification of an active fraction showing mean percent wound closure of 86.4% (positive control 90.2%) and mean vascular index of 34.5 (positive control 48.6). This fraction contained lupeol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, hexacosanol, and octacosanol. The present study provides supportive evidence for the potential of wound healing enhancement of leaf and bark extracts of Z. oenoplia.

Phytochemistry and Antibacterial Assessment of Ethyl acetate Leaf Extract of Newbouldia laevis

A current trend in drug research is the desire to obtain novel antimicrobials with plant origins as an alternative therapy and a means to curb antimicrobial resistance. This study evaluated the phytochemistry and antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis. The leaf of Newbouldia laevis was cold extracted with Ethyl acetate. The extract was evaluated for it phytochemical constituents using standard methods and antibacterial effect against some clinical bacterial isolates using well diffusion technique. The study revealed the presence of some phytochemicals, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenol, anthraquinones and steroids in the plant extract, which were believed to be a contributing factor to the observed antibacterial effects. The test isolates' susceptibility to the crude extract was measured at 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL, 75mg/mL and 100mg/mL. The growth inhibition of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranges from 9.66±1.54 to 13.00±0.00, 10.00±1.00 to 11.00±1.00, 9.33±0.57 to 11.00±1.00, 14.00±0.00 to 17.33±1.52 and 9.33±0.57 to 10.66± 1.52 mm respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was observed at 25mg/mL, 12.5mg/mL, 25mg/mL,12.5mg/mL and 25mg/mL against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively while the Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations was at 50mg/mL, 25mg/mL, 50mg/mL, 25mg/mL and 50mg/mL respectively. The observed antibacterial effects were believed to be due to the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenol, anthraquinones and steroids detected in the extract. The results apparently justified the traditional use of this plant in treating bacterial infections whose causative agents are the organisms used in this study.

Antioxidative, Thrombolytic and Cytotoxic Potentials of Jatropha pandurifolia Stem bark and Syzygium reticulatum Leaf

The study attempted to illustrate the antioxidant, thrombolytic and cytotoxic properties of two different medicinal plants, Jatropha pandurifolia and Syzygium reticulatum. In vitro antioxidative activity was tested through qualitative and quantitative DPPH scavenging assay which revealed the radical scavenging activity. Methanolic stem bark extract of Jatropha pandurifolia (MSJP) and ethyl acetate leaf extract of Syzygium reticulatum (EALSR) showed moderate clot rupture activity, the value of which were 61.30 ± 2.35% (**P<0.01) and 63.81 ± 1.92% (**P<0.01) accordingly, whereas streptokinase showed 73.6 ± 0.76% clot lysis capability. IC50 value was 6.82 ± 0.99 μg/mL for butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) wherein MSJP and EALSR showed 8.1± 1.44 (***P<0.001); and 10.34±2.12 (**P<0.01) μg/mL accordingly. In Brine shrimp cytotoxicity, MSJP, EALSR and vincristine sulphate exhibited mild activity with LC50, the value of which were 5.73±2.85 (*P<0.05), 5.12±1.57 (*P<0.05) and 0.52 ± 0.18 μg/mL respectively. The results proved the presence of many bioactive compounds showing thrombolytic, antioxidative and cytotoxic activities. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(1): 97-103, 2023 (June)

Correlation Between Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities of Different Leaf Extracts of Entada rheedii

The main aim of this study was to determine Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content, terpenoid content, steroid content and analyze the antioxidant activity of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii. Correlation between antioxidant activities and total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, terpenoid content and steroid content were also analyzed. The total phenolic content in E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts were found to be 10.16 mg GAE/g, 24.73 mg GAE/g, 26.11 mg GAE/g, and 24.85 mg GAE/g sample dry weight respectively. The Total flavonoid content of E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts was found to be 8.433 mg QE/g, 8.730 mg QE/g, 8.607 mg QE/g, and 8.545 mg QE/g respectively. Hexane extract showed the highest steroid content at 32.75 g/mL, followed by ethyl acetate extract at 31.37 g/mL. The methanol extract and aqueous extract had the lowest steroid content at 22.2 g/mL and 21.21 g/mL, respectively. Terpenoid content was the highest in hexane extract with 62 mg/100 mg of dry extract, followed by the ethyl acetate extract with 45 mg/100 mg dry extract. The total content of terpenoids in the methanol extract was 25 mg/100 mg dry extract and the total content of terpenoids was lowest in the aqueous extract with 18 mg/100 mg dry extract. In 1-1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazine Free Radical Scavenging (DPPH) Assay, the methanol extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 173.581 μg/mL while the hexane extract showed the lowest activity; with IC50 value of 389.13 μg/mL. Reducing power assay was evaluated and aqueous extract was shown to possess the highest reducing power. Evaluation of total antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum assay indicated that methanol extract had the highest antioxidant capacity. Significant correlations were also found between Total Phenol Content, Total flavonoid Content, and antioxidant activities of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii.

Integrating Computational Methods in Network Pharmacology and In Silico Screening to Uncover Multi-targeting Phytochemicals against Aberrant Protein Glycosylation in Lung Cancer.

Glycoproteins are an underexploited drug target for cancer therapeutics. In this work, we integrated computational methods in network pharmacology and in silico docking approaches to identify phytochemical compounds that could potentially interact with several cancer-associated glycoproteins. We first created a database of phytochemicals from selected plant species, Manilkara zapota (sapodilla/chico), Mangifera indica (mango), Annona muricata (soursop/guyabano), Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit/langka), Lansium domesticum (langsat/lanzones), and Antidesma bunius (bignay), and performed pharmacokinetic analysis to determine their drug-likeness properties. We then constructed a phytochemical-glycoprotein interaction network and characterized the degree of interactions between the phytochemical compounds and with cancer-associated glycoproteins and other glycosylation-related proteins. We found a high degree of interactions from α-pinene (Mangifera indica), cyanomaclurin (Artocarpus heterophyllus), genistein (Annona muricata), kaempferol (Annona muricata and Antidesma bunius), norartocarpetin (Artocarpus heterophyllus), quercetin (Annona muricata, Antidesma bunius, Manilkara zapota, Mangifera indica), rutin (Annona muricata, Antidesma bunius, Lansium domesticum), and ellagic acid (Antidesma bunius and Mangifera indica). Subsequent docking analysis confirmed that these compounds could potentially bind to EGFR, AKT1, KDR, MMP2, MMP9, ERBB2, IGF1R, MTOR, and HRAS proteins, which are known cancer biomarkers. In vitro cytotoxicity assays of the plant extracts showed that the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol leaf extracts from A. muricata, L. domesticum and M. indica gave the highest growth inhibitory activity against A549 lung cancer cells. These may help further explain the reported cytotoxic activities of select compounds from these plant species.

In vitro evaluation of the composition and acaricidal efficacy of Urtica fissa leaf ethyl acetate extract against Sarcoptes scabiei mites.

In veterinary medicine, natural products provide an alternative to chemical agents for mite management. Inthe present study, the acaricidal efficacy ofUrtica fissa leaf ethyl acetate extract against Sarcoptes scabiei mites was examined. The chemical composition ofthe extract was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The ethyl acetate extract was found tobe extremely toxic tomites ataconcentration of100mg/ml (m/v), killing all S.scabiei within two hours. The median lethal time (LT50) values for ethyl acetate extract concentrations of25, 50, and 100mg/ml against S.scabiei were 1.706, 1.204, and 0.750h, respectively. Themedian lethal dosage (LC50) for S.scabiei was 19.14mg/ml attwo hours. The chemical composition oftheethyl acetate extract was evaluated using LC-MS, showing that the major components were schaftoside (8.259%), carnosol(6.736%), prostaglandinA2 (5.94%), 13(S)-HpOTrE (4.624%), nandrolone (4.264%), 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde (4.138%), 9-oxoODE (3.206%), and stearidonic acid (2.891%). Inconclusion, these findings indicate that Urtica fissa contains promising new acaricidal compounds capable ofsuccessfully controlling animal mites.

Genotoxicity, acute toxicity and chronic toxicities of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. spp mexicana, on fasciolicidal efficacy

In this study, the in vitro fasciolicidal efficacy of Artemisia ludoviciana extract (ALE) was assessed. Based on the results obtained from the genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity tests of the A . ludoviciana extract in CD-1 mice, it is concluded that the extract is not toxic at concentrations lower than 1,000 mg/kg. • The extract of Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. spp mexicana , showed good efficacy against newly excysted Fasciola hepatica, in vitro. • The acute toxicity tests of the extract in CD-1 mice, it was determined that the LD 50 is 3750 mg/kg. • The sub-chronic toxicity test or repeated doses it was shown that there is no damage on rodents.

Identification of effective plant extracts against candidiasis: an in silico and in vitro approach

BackgroundGlobally, millions of people suffer from repeated fungal infections affecting the skin, keratinized tissues, and mucosal membranes. Approximately 1.7 million cases result in death with an elevated incidence rate among immunocompromised people that may later result in severe infections. Among the causative agents, Candida albicans are the most prevalent fungi inducing subcutaneous to invasive candidiasis. Although they are commensals in human body alteration in gut or prolonged treatments results in candidiasis. Several virulence proteins of C. albicans are involved in infections and secreted aspartic proteases2 (SAP2) plays an important role among them by causing damage to the reconstituted human epithelium. In the present study, phytochemicals from Heliotropium indicum, Grona triflora, Ziziphus mauritiana, Atalantia racemosa, Coccinia grandis, Caryota urens, Aristolochia bracteolata, Evolvulus alsinoides, Pyrus communis and Commelina benghalensis were studied against SAP2 with the help of bioinformatic tools to understand their binding efficiency.ResultsThe phytochemical structures were retrieved from PubChem database and the target protein structure was retrieved from PDB database with ID:3PVK. ADME profiling for phytochemicals was performed with Qikprop module, followed by docking with protein using Schrodinger software. Docking studies showed that Indicine-N-Oxide from H. indicum scored the significant glide score of − 5.54 kcal/mol. Finally, antifungal studies against C. albicans were conducted using several extracts of plants containing phytochemicals with considerable glide scores on docking studies. The Ethyl acetate leaf extract of H. indicum prominently inhibited the fungal growth when compared with the control.ConclusionIdentification of effective therapeutic candidates for the treatment of fungal infection is facilitated by the potential of H. indicum to hinder fungal growth and the interaction of their phytocompounds with fungal targets paves a way for developing a novel drug.

Comparative Evaluation of the Phytochemical Contents, Antioxidant and some Biological Activities of Khaya grandifoliola Methanol and Ethyl Acetate Stem Bark, Root and leaf Extracts

Khaya grandifoliola extracts have been conventionally found to be effective in the treatment of wounds and ulcers. This study assessed the phytochemical content of K. grandifoliola methanol and ethyl acetate extracts and used in vitro bioassays for bioactivity testing to confirm the ethnomedicinal uses. Phytochemical content and bioactivity of K. grandifoliola ethyl acetate and methanol extracts; (stem bark, root, leaf) were assessed using spectrophotometric analysis with standard calibration curves for respective phytochemicals and in vitro bioactivity assays including MTT, free radical scavenging activity, lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages assay for cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The polyphenolic content of methanol extracts (37.49±1.40 -53.57±1.50 mg GAEQ/100 mg) was the highest phytochemical content measured. The methanol root extract had the highest terpenoid concentration (35.78±2.14 mg LIN EQ/100 mg). Methanol stem bark and root extracts exhibited anti-inflammation activity at 200 μg/mL, potent antioxidant activity (IC50; 38.68±5.09 µg/mL and 46.34±9.56μg/mL), and growth inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC; 1 and 2 mg/mg). Ethyl acetate root and leaf extracts inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes (MIC; 0.25 mg/mL). In conclusion, the high phenolic and terpenoid content of extracts which correlated positively with their biological activities could be the contributing factor to the biological effects such as wound healing of the extracts.

A potent bioactive fraction against colon cancer from Plectranthus vettiveroides.

This study was designed to investigate the anticancer efficacy of the organic leaf extracts of the plant, Plectranthus vettiveroides (P. vettiveroides), and to analyze the molecular mechanism of the anticancer activity. The leaf extracts were prepared by polarity-graded serial extraction of the dried leaf powder. The cytotoxic effect of the extracts was analyzed by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The most active ethyl acetate extract was subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation by column chromatography, which yielded a cytotoxic fraction designated as the P. vettiveroides fraction (PVF). The anticancer property of PVF was confirmed further by clonogenic assay. The mechanism of PVF-induced cell death was analyzed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Additionally, the effects of PVF on apoptotic and cell survival pathways were analyzed using western immunoblot analysis. A bioactive fraction PVF, was isolated from the ethyl acetate leaf extract. PVF showed significant anticancer activity against colon cancer cells, whilst normal cells were comparatively less affected. PVF induced strong apoptotic stimuli in colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT116, involving both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Investigation into the molecular mechanism of anticancer activity of PVF in HCT116 cells revealed that the fraction activates the pro-apoptotic pathway via tumor suppressor protein 53 (p53) and inhibits the anti-apoptotic pathway by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. The findings of this study demonstrate, with mechanism-based evidence, the chemotherapeutic potential of a bioactive fraction PVF, derived from the leaves of the medicinal plant P. vettiveroides against colon cancer.

Polyphenolic Profiles and Cytotoxic Effect of Iraqi Morus alba leaves Ethyl Acetate Extract.

Morus alba, member of the Moraceae family, is a perennial tree utilized in folk medicine, preparing the modern drug, and considered the main food for silkworms. However, data on chemical content in the leaves is still limited; the main objective of this study is to detect the presence and determine the concentration of different polyphenolic constituents in the leaves of the Morus alba plant by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and evaluate the cytotoxic effect of ethyl acetate extract of this plant on human breast cancer (AMJ-13) cell line. Phytochemical analysis of the Morus alba leaves ethyl acetate extract led to identifying and quantification of six polyphenolic constituents designated as phenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic, and p-coumaric acid), catechins (epicatechin) and flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin) in which p-coumaric acid exhibited the highest concentration follow by luteolin (identified for the first time), chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, apigenin and epicatechin as the least. According to estimates, the ethyl acetate extract with a high concentration of polyphenolic constituents gave the best findings as cytotoxic against breast cancer AMJ-13 cell line with an IC50 value of 129.5 µg/ml.

Larvicidal Activity of Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Against Aedes aegypti

Aegle marmelos leaf contains secondary metabolites that have bioinsecticidal effects. This study aimed to analyze phytoconstituents of the ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos leaves, its larvicidal activity, and its effects on histopathological changes of the midgut of Aedes aegypti larvae. The ethyl acetate extract was obtained from the concentrated maceration of the leaf powder and analyzed with GCMS. The instar III or IV larvae were used and divided into six groups where each group was exposed to an extract with a concentration of 1%; 4%; 8% and 16%, and one other control group without exposure to such extract. The histopathology of larval midgut was prepared, stained with Hematoxyllin-Eosin, and observed using light microscopy. GC-MS analysis revealed that the extracts contain 8 compounds, Oleic acid, 9-Hexadecenoic acid, Cis-1,3-Eicosenoic acid, Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester), Digitoxin, Z-(13,14-epoxy)tetradeg-11-en-ol acetate; 2,3-dimethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1-phen-1,4-diol, ethyl iso-allocholate. Probit test revealed that the LC50 value of ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos leaves was 3.917% and histopathological results are damage to brush borders, nucleus and nucleolus, epithelial cells, and hypertrophy of the gastric caeca. The leaf ethyl acetate extract from Aegle marmerlos can be considered as a probable natural insecticide to kill Aedes aegypti. Aegle marmelos can be applied as natural insecticide to eradicate the population of Ae. aegypti.

Flavonoids from the Borneo Plant Species: Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn

A new flavonoid, 7,3ˊ-dihydroxy-3,5,4ˊ-trimethoxyflavone, along with two known flavonoids,7-hydroxy-5,4ˊ-dimethoxyflavone and 7-hydroxy-3,5,4ˊ-trimethoxyflavone were isolated from the leaves ethyl acetate extract of Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. (Lauraceae). Structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, IR, and Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry.

In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activities of leaf extracts from Sonchus arvensis L.

BackgroundMalaria continues to be a global problem due to the limited efficacy of current drugs and the natural products are a potential source for discovering new antimalarial agents. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate phytochemical properties, cytotoxic effect, antioxidant, and antiplasmodial activities of Sonchus arvensis L. leaf extracts both in vitro and in vivo.MethodsThe extracts from S. arvensis L. leaf were prepared by successive maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, and then subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis using standard methods. The antimalarial activities of crude extracts were tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain while the Peter's 4-day suppressive test model with P. berghei-infected mice was used to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. The cytotoxic tests were also carried out using human hepatic cell lines in [3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay.ResultThe n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic extracts of S. arvensis L. leaf exhibited good in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values 5.119 ± 3.27, 2.916 ± 2.34, and 8.026 ± 1.23 μg/mL, respectively. Each of the extracts also exhibited high antioxidant with low cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract showed in vivo antiplasmodial activity with ED50 = 46.31 ± 9.36 mg/kg body weight, as well as hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities in mice infected with P. berghei.ConclusionThis study highlights the antiplasmodial activities of S. arvensis L. leaf ethyl acetate extract against P. falciparum and P. berghei as well as the antioxidant, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities with low toxicity. These results indicate the potential of Sonchus arvensis L. to be developed into a new antimalarial drug candidate. However, the compounds and transmission-blocking strategies for malaria control of S. arvensis L. extracts are essential for further study.

In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Hexane and Ethyl acetate Extracts of Leaf, Petiole and Rhizome of Petasites japonicus

The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of different solvents on extraction yield, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of extracts from Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. P. japonicus, widely distributed in Korea, Japan and China, is used as a culinary vegetable and a traditional medicine for asthma, migraines and tension headaches, and allergic rhinitis. In this study, twelve extracts from leaves, petioles and rhizomes of P. japonicus were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against AGS, HepG2, HCT-116, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Plant extracts were fractionated using hexane, EtOAc, BuOH and distilled water, after which the antiproliferative activity was measured by MTT assay. Cell viability decreased in a dose dependent manner in response to the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts for all cell lines, with a significant decrease in cell viability being observed for 100 μg/ml and 75 μg/ml in the AGS and HepG2 cancer cell lines (p < 0.05). The leaf extract appeared to be more potent against HepG2, as indicated by IC50 values of 4.31 μg/ml for approximately 2.5- and 6.3-fold compared with rhizome and petiole extracts, respectively. The IC50 values of hexane extracts from leaves and rhizomes against AGS, HepG2, and MCF-7 human cell lines were greater than those of other extracts, while ethyl acetate extracts from petioles showed higher significant effect for all cell lines. Hexane and EtOAc extracts exerted their antiproliferative activity in four cancer cell lines. Overall, the results indicate that P. japonicus has the potential to be developed into selective anticancer nutraceutical and/or pharmaceutical treatments with low cost.

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Leaves of Avicennia marina

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Leaves of Avicennia marina

The Protective Effect of Lasia spinosa (Linn.) Dissipates Chemical-Induced Cardiotoxicity in an Animal Model.

Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites is a medicinal plant of enormous traditional use with insufficient scientific evidence. This research screened the antioxidative effect of L. spinosa extracts by measuring the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity, Iron-chelating activity, and Ferric reducing power followed by an evaluation of in vivo cardioprotective effect in doxorubicin-induced Wistar Albino rats. Phytochemical characterization was made by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopic analysis. L. spinosa showed an excellent antioxidative effect while methanol leaf extract (LSM) was found to be more potent than ethyl acetate leaf extract (LSE) in scavenging the free radicals. Intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin caused a significant (P < 0.001) increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK-MB), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Cardiac troponin I. Pretreatment with orally administrated (LSM100 and LSM200 mg/kg b.w.) daily for 10days showed a decrease in the cardiac markers, lipid profiles, especially triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and an increase of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to the disease control group. LSM200 was found to significantly (P < 0.05) decrease the levels of CK-MB and LDH. It also restored TC, TG, and LDL levels compared to the doxorubicin-induced cardiac control group. The protective role of LSM was further confirmed by histopathological examination. This study thus demonstrates that L. spinosa methanol extract could be approached as an alternative supplement for cardiotoxicity, especially in the chemical-induced toxicity of cardiac tissues.

In vitro DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of α-Pyrones from Odontonema strictum (Acanthaceae).

An ethyl acetate leaf extract from Odontonema strictum has been reported to have potent antihypertensive activity by inhibiting coronary artery contractions in porcine heart. However, the phytochemistry of the active fraction was unknown. Here we report, for the first time, the isolation and characterization of four known α-pyrones from the active fraction. The antioxidant activity of umuravumbolide (IC50 = 55.7±0.027 µg/mL), deacetylumuravumbolide (IC50 = 0.24±0.0002 µg/mL), dideacetylboronolide (IC50 = 149±0 µg/mL) and deacetylboronolide (IC50 = 24±0 µg/mL) was evaluated in vitro against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control (IC50 = 1.73×10-3±0.3 µg/mL). The presence of 6-substituted 5,6-dihydro-α-pyrones and phenylpropanoid glucosides in the active fraction was suggested to be responsible for the antihypertensive activity. This is the first time that the antioxidant potential of these phytochemicals has been evaluated, and the results indicate that O. strictum has potential as an herbal medicine. Thus, further chemotaxonomic studies among the genera Odontonema and Tetradenia, a known source of α-pyrones, are recommended.

Antioxidant activity and identification of flavonoid compounds in Patat leaves (Phrynium capitatum) ethyl acetate extract

Flavonoids are the biggest compound from the phenolic group that has the function of antioxidants. One of the plants with flavonoids is patat (Phrynium capitatum), which is usually used as food wrapping material. This study aims to quantify total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and identify flavonoids from patat leaves ethyl acetate extract. Patat leaves sample cleaned, dried, and grinded. Grinded patat leaves were macerated gradually for 2 × 24 hours with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent. The extract undergoing total flavonoids test guided with AlCl3 and CH3COONa. Extract with the biggest flavonoids content proceed to antioxidant activity test by SOD (superoxide dismutase) method and analyzed for the flavonoid structure by UHPLC MS/MS (ORBITRAP HRMS). The biggest total flavonoids are ethyl acetate extract with 8.678 mg QE/g; then methanol extract with 5.296 mg QE/g; and n-hexane extract was not tested because of negative results in the qualitative test. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract of patat leaves is classified as inactive, with an Ic50 value of 488.299 ppm. The low antioxidant activity is due to the sample, which is still a matrix containing many compounds. The flavonoid compounds identified by its fragmentation pattern were kaempferide, formononetin, and pinostrobin.

In vitro ultra violet (UV) protection of curculigo latifolia extract as a sunscreen candidate

Curculigo latifolia is a local plant from the Amaryllidaceae tribe, which the community in empirical medicine has widely used. This study aims to determine the bioactivity of C. latifolia extract as a sunscreen carried out in vitro to obtain scientific data to be developed as a raw sunscreen material. The dried simplicia powder from the roots, stems, and leaves of C. latifolia was extracted by graded maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol (70% v/v) to obtain an extract. Each extract from plant parts was observed for the sunscreen profile in absorbing UVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) rays with a UV spectrophotometer. Each extract was tested for UV protection with several test parameters, i.e., the percentage of erythema, pigmentation transmission, and sun protective factor (SPF). The results of sunscreen profiles in absorbing UVB and UVA showed that hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts in roots, stems, and leaves could absorb UVB, and some of the extracts absorb UVA. Leaf hexane extract (LH) gave the highest UVB and UVA absorption of 1.192 and 1.804, respectively, compared to other extracts. The extract showed the ability to protect against erythema and pigmentation with the categories of fast tanning (root ethanol, stem ethanol, stem hexane, and root hexane extract), total block (root, stem, and leaf ethyl acetate extract), and regular suntan (leaf hexane extract). The results of SPF parameters showed that leaf hexane extract (LH), root ethyl acetate (REA), stem ethyl acetate (SEA), and leaf ethyl acetate (LEA) at a concentration of 250 ppm gave an ultra-protective effect with an SPF value of 23.65, 16.5, 22.5 and 23.03 respectively. The test results show that the extract of C. latifolia has the potential as a sunscreen with ultra-protection against UVA and UVB rays.