Ethyl Acetate Extract Of Leaves Research Articles

Anticancer activity of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum. against MNU and testosterone induced prostate cancer in male Wistar albino rats

BackgroundNumerous Chinese herbal extracts have been proved to inhibit the development of prostate cancer. Zingiberaceae family is one type of plant used as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The genus Alpinia species of the Zingiberaceae family are well-known traditional herbal medicine for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-dermatophytic, anti-nociceptive, hepatoprotective, immune stimulatory and anticancer activities. In vivo anticancer activity of Alpinia purpurata were studied in MNU and testosterone induced prostate cancer rats. MethodsThe induction of prostate cancer by using Wistar strain rats. The animals were divided into five groups. Group 1- Control, normal healthy rats Group 2- Rats were induced prostate cancer by daily intraperitoneal injection of testosterone (T) (100 mg/kg bw) in 0.3 ml propylene glycol for 3 days. One day after the testosterone injection, all the rats received intravenous injection of N-methyl N-nitrosourea (MNU) (50 mg/kg bw) (dissolved in saline at 10 mg/ml), through the tail vein for a period of one week. One week after MNU administration, rats received daily intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg bw testosterone for 60 days. Group 3 - Rats were treated as group 2 along with Finasteride (25 mg/kg bw) supplemented throughout the entire experimental period of 2 months. Group 4 - Rats were treated as group 2 and simultaneously treated with daily dose of 200 mg/kg bw of the crude leaf ethyl acetate extract of Alpinia purpurata through oral gavage for 2 months. Group 5 - Rats were received daily dose of 200 mg/kg bw of crude, leaf ethyl acetate extract of Alpinia purpurata through oral gavage for 2 months. After the experimental period of 4 months, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under mild chloroform anesthesia. All biochemical parameters and histopathological studies were carried out. ResultsThe biochemical parameters such as total protein, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and membrane bound enzymes were decreased whereas LPO, tumor markers, nucleic acid constituents were increased in prostate and seminal vesicle tissues of cancer induced group. The hematological, lipid parameters were altered and prostate markers, renal markers and liver markers were increased in serum. Those levels were brought back to near normal upon treatment with ethyl acetate leaf extract of Alpinia purpurata and standard drug finasteride. No significant changes were observed on treatment with plant extract alone group which indicated that there is no toxic substance present in Alpinia purpurata which was confirmed by the histopathological analysis of organs liver, kidney, prostate gland and seminal vesicle. ConclusionOn the basis of our findings, it is concluded that Alpinia purpurata might be used as an anticancer agent for the management of carcinoma in future.

Antidiabetic potential of leaf extracts of Ecobolium linneanum Kurz in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Context: In a general context, the importance’s of several medicinal plants has been explored in treating diabetes mellitus. In this connection, the antidiabetic potentiality needs to be established for one of the medicinally emerging plants Ecbolium linneanum Kurz. Aims: To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of E. linneanum leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg BW) in male Wistar rats. Diabetic rats were treated orally with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of E. linneanum leaves at two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg BW/day) for 14 days. The blood glucose, lipid profile, serum enzyme levels, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), creatinine and serum urea levels were monitored. Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg BW) was used as a standard hypoglycaemic drug. Results: The methanolic leaf extract at 200 mg/kg BW showed increasingly substantial (p<0.001) antidiabetic activity on day 14 and also significantly reduced (p<0.001) SGOT, SGPT, TG, TC, VLDL, LDL, HbA1c and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GSH levels) increased significantly (p<0.001) compared to diabetic group. Renal parameters also decreased significantly (p<0.001) at both doses relative to diabetic control, but petroleum leaf extract and ethyl acetate leaf extract exhibited a less significant effect (p<0.05) compared to the methanol extract. All the extracts of leaves showed a protective effect on the oxidative status of the liver at tested concentrations (100 and 200 mg/kg BW). Conclusions: The present research findings revealed that E. linneanum leaf possesses significant anti-hyperglycaemic activity and encourages conventional use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus under the experimental conditions exposed in this study.

Evaluation of the protein cross‐link breaking effect of selected medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus

One of the strategies proposed for combating advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) and its devastating effects is the breaking of preformed AGEs‐protein cross‐links. AGEs are linked to the pathogenesis of late onset complications of diabetes mellitus, age‐related and neurodegenerative diseases.This study evaluated the AGEs‐protein cross‐link breaking effect of some medicinal plants used for managing diabetes mellitus. These plants, selected based on their blood glucose lowering property, include Sclerocarya birrea, Psidium guajava, Murraya koenigiiand Cinnamon cassia.Of the selected plants, the highest AGEs‐protein cross‐link breaking effect was observed with the hexane and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Psidium guajava.Methanol extracts of both Psidium guajava leaf and Sclerocarya birrea stem‐bark also showed high cross‐link breaking effect. Chemical screening tests for the presence of phytochemicals and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis for the detection and identification of the phytoconstituents in the extracts were also carried out.Compounds detected in the hexane leaf extract of Psidium guajava, using GC‐MS, include I‐(+)‐Ascorbic acid 2,6‐dihexadecanoate, Octadecanoic acid (Stearic acid), Vitamin E (D‐alpha‐tocopherol), Alpha‐Tocopherol‐beta‐D‐mannoside and 2,6,10,14,18,22‐Tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23‐hexamethyl‐, (all‐E) (Squalene). The hexane leaf extract of Psidium guajava was subjected to column chromatography. Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Infra‐red spectroscopy, the isolated compound from the hexane leaf extract of Psidium guajava was identified as a flavonoid.The results of the study indicate that present in these extracts are potent agents with the ability to break AGEs‐protein cross‐links which could be exploited for drug discovery.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidants investigations of Ethyl Acetate and Acetone Leaf Extracts of Thaumatococcus danielli

Phytochemical screening and antioxidants investigations of Ethyl Acetate and Acetone Leaf Extracts of Thaumatococcus danielli

Neuropharmacological Effects of Chassalia curviflora (Rubiaceae) Leaves in Swiss Albino Mice Model.

The current study aimed to investigate the neuropharmacological properties of ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Chassalia curviflora (C. curviflora) in mouse models. The neuropharmacological properties of this plant were studied on Swiss albino mice at dosages of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight in thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test, and at dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight in other tests. The extracts caused a marked reduction in the initiation and sleep length (P<0.05) in studies on thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time at dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg and a significant decrease (P<0.05) was found in terms of unconstrained locomotor and explorative activities in both hole crossing and open field tests at dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg. Furthermore, the extracts increased sleeping time with a dosage-dependent onset of action. The hole-board test extracts also reduced the number of head dips at dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg (P<0.05). It was found in this study that C. curviflora had the best neuropharmacological properties at a dosage of 200 ml/kg. Our findings also showed that all of the extracts from C. curviflora were experimentally active in an in vivo model. The study results suggested that the leaves had strong anti-depressant and hypnotic CNS properties that might be exploited for neuropharmacological adjuvant therapy in conventional medicine. However, pharmacological studies are warranted to explore the active substances and the mode of action.

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIDIABETIC EFFECTS OF SALACIA OBLONGA WALL LEAF AND ROOT EXTRACTS

The present study was framed out to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of S. oblonga Wall leaf and root ethyl acetate and toluene extracts in vitro and in vivo. The root ethyl acetate extract found significant inhibition of alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme functions in vitro. The in vivo studies are carried out according to the guide line of CPCSEA and IAEC. The acute toxicity test of the extracts resulted in the no effect on the animals. The ethyl acetate extract of root showed the increase in body weight of animals at the end of the experiment. The blood glucose levels of diabetic rats are significantly reduced after the treatment of root ethyl acetate extract. The leaf toluene and ethyl acetate extract exhibited average antidiabetic activity. We conclude that root extract exhibited good antidiabetic activity comparing to leaf extract.

Cytotoxic activity of Cantigi leaf extract (Vaccinium varingiaefolium Blume Miq.) on HeLa cervical cancer cells and A549 lung cancer cells

Background: Cervical and lung cancer cases in 2018-2020 have increased worldwide and in Indonesia. Cancer treatment often involves multidisciplinary approaches and is uncomfortable. Therefore, alternative medicine from natural ingredients is needed. Previous studies showed that the Cantigi leaf ethyl acetate extract has cytotoxic activity categorised as very strong on L1210 leukaemia cells (IC50 of 8.29 ppm) and strong on MCF-7 cells (IC50 of 75.23 ppm) and T47D cells (IC50 of 88.89 ppm), but no reports exist on HeLa and A549 cells. Objective: To determine the cytotoxic activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Cantigi leaf on HeLa cells and A549 cells. Methods: Powdered dry young Cantigi leaves were macerated with hexane, then ethyl acetate. After vacuum evaporation, the dry extract was characterised and tested for its cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells and A549 cells using the MTT method. Results: The ethyl acetate extract colour was dark green with a distinctive Cantigi odour; it had a water content of 4.3% and an acidic pH of 2.87. It showed functional groups of O-H, C-H (aliphatic), C-H (hydrocarbon), C=N, C=O, and C=C. Finally, the IC50 of the ethyl acetate extract on A549 cells was 74.74±5.29 ppm, while on the HeLa cells, it was 79.69±2.54 ppm. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract of Cantigi leaves showed potent in vitro cytotoxic activity on HeLa cervical cancer cells and A549 lung cancer cells.

Nephroprotective mechanisms of Ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.) leaf extracts in adriamycin mediated acute kidney injury model of Wistar rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAmbrette (Abelmoschus moschatus Medik., Family: Malvaceae) is a common Ayurvedic herbal medicine used in the treatment of kidney-related diseases, in the forms of tea, medicated oil, medicated wine, etc., however, its nephroprotective mechanisms remain unexploited. Aim of the studyTo investigate the mechanisms by which the hexane (A-HE), ethyl acetate (A-EE), butanol (A-BE), and aqueous (A-WE) leaf extracts of Ambrette protect against the adriamycin-mediated acute kidney injury in Wistar rats. Materials and methodsA-HE, A-EE, A-BE, A-WE, and fosinopril sodium were administered at therapeutically effective doses (55, 75, 60, 140, 0.09 mg/kg) to adriamycin-induced (5 mg/kg, ip) Wistar rats for 28 consecutive days. ResultsOral administration of the selected extracts of A. moschatus resulted in amelioration of kidney injury as observed by the significant changes of biomarkers of kidney function in serum and in urine, biochemical parameters of oxidative stress, and inflammation in kidney homogenates (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the administration of plant extracts caused a significant reduction in total kidney injury scores in H and E stained kidney sections (p < 0.05). The immunohistochemical expression of the inflammatory marker, COX-2, and the pro-apoptotic marker, Bax, were attenuated and the expression of the anti-apoptotic marker, BCL-2, was increased. A-HE exerted superior nephroprotective effects over the other three extracts and the drug reference standard. ConclusionsThe findings revealed that Ambrette exerts promising protective effects against adriamycin-mediated acute kidney injury through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis pathways. A-HE might serve as a potential candidate for the development of therapeutic drug leads that will be beneficial in the treatment of acute kidney injury.

GC- MS Analysis of Ethylacetate extract of leaves of Clitoria ternatea Linn

Clitoria ternatea is a twing perennial herb and very common garden flower plant all over india.it is a good-looking herb showing different varieties. Clitoria ternatea plant materials have been extensively used in the indigenous system of medicine. The present study shows the ethylacetate extract of leaf of Clitoria ternatea subjected to GC –MS analysis to detect the presence of various phytoconstituents in the plant.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of extracts from Leucosidea sericea

Summary Introduction: Leucosidea sericea finds applications in the treatment of herpes and HIV. Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and determine the total flavonoid contents (TFCs) and total phenolic contents (TPCs) of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol crude extracts obtained from leaves and stem-bark of L. sericea. Methods: Maceration and hot solvent extraction methods were used to obtain various crude extracts. DPPH and ferric reducing power assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Colorimetric aluminium chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu methods were used to determine the TFCs and TPCs, respectively. Results: The methanol leaf extract showed highest radical scavenging activity of 82.00±0.93% at a concentration of 3000 µg/ml followed by ethyl acetate leaf extract and methanol stem-bark extract with 79.40±5.21 and 75.16±1.15%, respectively. Acetone stem-bark extract showed highest ferric reducing power of 0.539±0.004 at 700 nm at a concentration of 100 µg/ml followed by hexane leaf extract and hexane stem-bark extract with 0.474±0.014 and 0.437±0.013 at 700 nm, respectively. Ethyl acetate stem-bark extract showed highest TFCs of 655.6±0.1111 mg QE/g of DW of the extract followed by acetone stem-bark extract with 450.0±0.00711 mg QE/g of DW of the extract. Acetone stem-bark extract showed highest TPCs of 891.9±0.657 mg TAE/g of the DW of extract followed by methanol stem-bark extract with 878.3±0.029 mg TAE/g of DW of the extract. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts from leaves and stem-bark of L. sericea was evaluated. L. sericea could be a source of potent antioxidants.

Bioprospecting Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.; a traditional medicinal plant for antioxidant, cytotoxic, antidiabetic and antimicrobial potential

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. is an ethnomedicinal plant that has been extensively used for the treatment of gout, rheumatism and pain. Current study was undertaken to mine its antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antidiabetic potential. Chromogenic assays were employed to establish plant’s multimode antioxidant profile whereas HPLC fingerprinting was performed to quantify polyphenols. Standard brine shrimp lethality, MTT and SRB assays proved its cytotoxicity potential. Among all the extracts (flower, leaf, stem and root), maximum extract recovery (22% w/w), gallic acid equivalent total phenolic content (20.11 ± 0.11 ug GAE/mg DW), ascorbic acid equivalent total antioxidant capacity (22.5 ± 0.07 µg/mg DW) and total reducing power (31.1 ± 1.13 µg/mg DW) were recorded in the distilled water + acetone extract of leaf. The acetone extract of leaf showed maximum quercetin equivalent total flavonoid content (4.78 ± 0.13 µg/mg DW). HPLC-DAD analysis revealed significant amount of rutin, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, gentisic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, apigenin and myricetin in the different plant parts. Maximum scavenging potential was exhibited by methanol + ethyl acetate stem extract (IC50 = 23.8 µg/ml). The highest antibacterial potential was found in flower (85.7%) and root (71.4%) extracts. The ethanol + ethyl acetate (1:1) leaf extract showed noteworthy toxicity against brine shrimps (LC50 = 95.46 µg/ml) while a notable antiproliferative activity against THP-1 (IC50 = 3.4 µg/ml) and Hep G2 (IC50 = 20 µg/ml) cell lines was shown by ethanol + ethyl acetate extracts (1:1) of stem and root, respectively. A moderate inhibition of α-amylase enzyme was observed in all parts of the plant. The results of the present study suggest D. viscosa as a potential source of antioxidant, anticancer and α-amylase inhibitory phytochemicals.

Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Activities of Medicinal Plants against Salmonella gallinarum Isolated from Chickens.

Medicinal plants have been the good source of treatment for different ailments of humans as well as animals for centuries. However, in Tanzania, few plants were investigated for their efficacy against various diseases of chickens. In the present study, four medicinal plants were investigated against Salmonella gallinarum isolated from chickens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution methods and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) were used to evaluate the activities of plants against chicken salmonellosis. For the safety of chickens against the toxicity of plants, the cytotoxicity assay was determined using a brine shrimp lethality test. Aloe secundiflora leaf ethyl acetate (ALEA), Aloe rabaiensis leaf methanolic (ArM), Aloe rabaiensis leaf ethyl acetate (ArLEA), and Punica granatum leaf ethyl acetate (PGLEA) extracts exhibited the highest MIC (0.3906 mg/mL) and MBC (3.125 mg/mL), respectively. The Dolichos kilimandscharicus tuber ethyl acetate (DTEA) and Dolichos kilimandscharicus tuber pet ether (DTPE) extracts displayed MIC of 1.563 mg/mL and 12.50 mg/mL and MBC of 12.50 mg/mL and 25.50 mg/mL, respectively. The highest LC50 values exhibited in Dolichos kilimandscharicus ranged from 7.937 × 10−4 mg/mL to 7.242 × 10−2 mg/mL for pet ether and methanolic extracts, respectively, while ALEA extract exhibited LC50 of 7.645 × 10−3 mg/mL. Generally, the extracts with MIC 0.3906 mg/mL and MBC 3.125 mg/mL demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity with low toxicity efficient to manage chicken salmonellosis. Dolichos kilimandscharicus, which exhibited higher toxicity, warrants further investigation on insecticidal and anticancer agents.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Mimosa pudica L. extracts

Antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaf, stem and root of Mimosa pudica L. was observed through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay. Five concentrations (12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 100.0 and 200.0µg/ml) were taken for each extract as well as the standard and the absorbances were measured at 517nm using a spectrophotometer against methanol blank. The activity was increased by the increment of concentrations of the extracts. In case of leaf, the highest scavenging percentage was found in chloroform extract (86.40%) at 200.0µg/ml concentration. But for stem and root, the highest scavenging percentages were found in ethyl acetate extracts (73.72% and 83.79% respectively) at same concentration. The ethyl acetate extracts showed the highest activity among all the extracts where the IC50 values were 65.152µg/ml, 76.036µg/ml and 65.000µg/ml and the lowest was found in petroleum ether extracts where the IC50 values were 130.129µg/ml, 147.891µg/ml and 186.449µg/ml for leaf, stem and root respectively and that was for ascorbic acid (standard) was 18.012µg/ml.

Antilipase, antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities of Moringa oleifera extracts

Pancreatic lipase is critical for the catabolism of lipids in the intestine, making it a prime target for obesity management. Acetylcholinesterase is an important enzyme that hydrolyses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It inhibition is paramount in enhancing systemic acetylcholine level. Side effects of conventional drugs lead to continued search for alternative anti-obesity and anticholinesterase agents. The present study assessed lipase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition, as well as antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera extracts. The inhibitory activities of the extracts on lipase and acetylcholinesterase were dose dependent. Aqueous leaf extract (IC50 = 3.26 ± 0.26 mg/ml) and hexane root extract (IC50 = 0.08 ± 0.00 mg/ml) exhibited the highest antilipase and antiacetylcholinesterase activity respectively. Aqueous extracts of root and leaf (IC50 of 1.43 ± 0.03mg/ml and 1.86 ± 0.10 mg/ml respectively) had the highest N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine dihydrochloride radical scavenging activity, while ethyl acetate leaf extract had the highest nitrite scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.20 ± 0.06 mg/ml). Compared to other extracts, methanol leaf extract exhibited the highest ferric reducing power. These findings suggest that M. oleifera possess promising antilipase, antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant potentials. Therefore, may be employed as food additive for the management of obesity, Alzheimer and other degenerative diseases.

Nematicidal activity of leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. against Haemonchus contortus and Nacobbus aberrans.

In the present study, the nematicidal activity of a Moringa oleifera ethyl acetate leaf extract against the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Nacobbus aberrans, nematodes of agricultural importance, was evaluated. The experimental design for the evaluation of the effects against both nematodes consisted of eight treatments (n = 4). Distilled water, Tween (4%) and a commercial anthelmintic agent (ivermectin, 5 mg/mL) were used as controls, and for treatments 4-8, the concentrations of the extract were 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. Readings were taken at 12 h and 24 h for N. aberrans and 48 h and 72 h for H. contortus post-treatment under an optical microscope (10× and 40×). The data obtained were analysed by analysis of variance through a completely randomized factorial design using the SAS V9 program. The results show that, for H. contortus egg hatching, 85.88% inhibition was obtained at a concentration of 20 mg/mL at 48 h, while for third-stage larva (L3) mortality, the highest percentage was 68.19% at 1.25 mg/mL at 72 h. In the case of N. aberrans, the greatest inhibition of egg hatching was 90.69% at 5 mg/mL at 12 h post-treatment, and for larval mortality, it was 100% at 10 mg/mL at 24 h post-treatment. The main major compounds identified by qualitative analysis and by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-, n-hexadecanoic acid and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and the minor compounds included phytol, γ-sitosterol and α-tocopheryl acetate. It was demonstrated that the ethyl acetate leaf extract of M. oleifera Lam. shows great potential for combating agricultural nematodes.

Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf, Stem and Root Extracts of Hemidesmus indicus Against Aquatic Pathogens

The present study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus against aquatic pathogens. Hemidesmus indicus is a twining shrub with lactiferous branches that produces numerous bioactive compounds. Plant parts are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases. A comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and water extracts of leaf, stem ad root of the Hemidesmus indicus was tested against the aquatic pathogens including bacteria and fungi by standard agar well diffusion method. The results indicated that all the plant parts exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial properties. However, among the selected parts the highest antimicrobial property was shown by root against the bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae (16 mm), Streptococcus iniae (12 mm), Aeromonas hydrophila (20 mm), Vibrio cholera (21 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19 mm), and the fungus Aspergillus niger (19 mm) and Candida albicans (15 mm). Whereas the ethyl acetate fractions of the leaf showed maximum inhibitory activity against aquatic pathogens next to the root and the aqueous extract of the stem exhibited strong inhibition against Vibrio cholera. The study confirmed that the ethyl acetate extract of the Hemidesmus indicus root has high antibacterial activity against fish pathogens meanwhile the ethanol extract exhibited high antifungal activity. The present investigation confirmed the efficacy of Hemidesmus indicus as a natural alternative to synthetic antibiotics making promising contributions to the field of drug discovery and tremendous scope in the field of aquaculture.

Isolation of bioactive constituents from the ethylacetate leaf extract portion of Gmelina arborea (Verbenaceae)

The medicinal value of plants has assumed important dimension in the past few decades owing mainly to the discovery that extracts from plants contain not only minerals and primary metabolites but also a diverse array of secondary metabolites with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. In Nigeria (West Africa), the decoction of the leaf extract of Gmelina arborea mixed with trona is taken as a remedy for Malaria fever, Typhoid as well as an antibacterial agent. The main objective of the present research was to carry out preliminary phytochemical and antimicrobial evaluation of the ethyl acetate portion of the leaf extract of Gmelina arobrea using standard protocols. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Phenolic compounds, Triterpenes and Steroids. Compound 1 isolated was determined as 2-(2,4- dihydroxy-5-prenylphenyl)-5,6- methylenedioxybenzofuran, while compound 2 was determined as 5,7,2&#39;,4&#39;-tetrahydroxy-8-lavandulyl-5&#39;- methoxy flavone. Determination of the antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate portion on some isolates was conducted. The zone of inhibition from the antibacterial activity from the ethyl acetate portion was found to be fairly good against gram (+) bacteria e.g Staphlococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and gram (-) bacteria e.g Klebsiela pneumonia and Escherichia coli. The antifungal activity of the ethyl acetate portion was found to be active against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium oxysorum. This study supports the folkloric claims for the use of Gmelina arborea against some bacterial caused infections.

A Novel Antibacterial Component and the Mechanisms of an Amaranthus tricolor Leaf Ethyl Acetate Extract against Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli.

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the active ingredients in Amaranthus tricolor L. leaves and develop a biological pesticide. Organic solvent extraction, column chromatography, liquid chromatography, ODS-C18 reverse elution, Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration, H spectrum, and C spectrum were used to isolate the pure product for an assessment of the agricultural activity and bacteriostatic mechanisms. The results showed that the activity of the crude extract following carbon powder filtration was 1.63-fold that of the non-filtered extract. Further isolation was performed to obtain two pure products, namely, hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and benzo[b]furan-2-carboxaldehyde (BFC), and their molecular formulas and molecular weights were C7H6O3 and 138.12, and C9H6O2 and 146.12, respectively. Our study is the first to determine that HBA has bacteriostatic activity (MIC 125 μg/mL) and is also the first to isolate BFC from A. tricolor. The ultrastructure observation results showed that HBA caused the bacteria to become shriveled, distorted, and deformed, as well as exhibit uneven surfaces. After HBA treatment, 70 differentially expressed metabolites were detected in the bacteria, of which 9 were downregulated and 61 were upregulated. The differentially expressed metabolites were mainly strigolactones, organic acids and derivatives, fatty acids, benzene and substituted benzene derivatives, amino acids and associated metabolites, and alcohols and amines. Among all of the downregulated differentially expressed metabolites, MEDP1280 was the most critical, as it participates in many physiological and biochemical processes. The enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed metabolites mainly participate in tyrosine metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. Additionally, HBA was found to disrupt cell membrane permeability and integrity, causing the leakage of substances and apoptosis. The physiological and biochemical test results showed that HBA could increase the pyruvate levels in bacteria but could decrease the activities of respiratory enzymes (malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and NADH oxidase) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX)). Inverse molecular docking was used to study the binding between HBA and respiratory and antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that HBA could bind to MDH, NADH oxidase, SOD, and GSH-PX, suggesting that these enzymes may be the effector targets of HBA. Conclusion: The optimal active ingredient in A. tricolor that can inhibit Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli was identified as HBA. HBA mainly disrupts the cell membrane, damages the metabolic system, and inhibits respiration and antioxidant enzyme activity to control bacterial growth. These results provide a reference for the further development of biological pesticides.

HPLC-DAD Based Polyphenolic Profiling and Evaluation of Pharmacological Attributes of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.

The current study was intended to explore the phytochemical profiling and therapeutic activities of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Crude extracts of different plant parts were subjected to the determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and protein kinase inhibitory potential by using solvents of varying polarity ranges. Maximum phenolic content was notified in distilled water extracts of the stem (DW-S) and leaf (DW-L) while the highest flavonoid content was obtained in ethyl acetate leaf (EA-L) extract. HPLC-DAD analysis confirmed the presence of various polyphenols, quantified in the range of 0.02 ± 0.36 to 2.05 ± 0.18 μg/mg extract. Maximum DPPH scavenging activity was expressed by methanolic extract of the stem (MeOH-S). The highest antioxidant capacity and reducing power was shown by MeOH-S and leaf methanolic extract (MeOH-L), respectively. Proficient antibacterial activity was shown by EA-L extract against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Remarkable α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition potential was expressed by ethyl acetate fruit (EA-F) and n-Hexane leaf (nH-L) extracts, respectively. In case of brine shrimp lethality assay, 41.67% of the extracts (LC50 < 50 µg/mL) were considered as extremely cytotoxic. The test extracts also showed mild antifungal and protein kinase inhibition activities. The present study explores the therapeutic potential of P. roxburghii and calls for subsequent studies to isolate new bioactive leads through bioactivity-guided isolation.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate and Cream Formulation of Coleus atropurpureus leaves Against Staphylococcus aureus

Infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) bacteria reaching 70% of cases in Asia and can attack and survive in epithelial cells including endothelial cells. Attempts to overcome the infection caused by Sa by giving antibiotics, which work as antibacterial. Myana (Coleus atropurpureus L. Benth) leaves contain several active compounds that might act as antibacterial agents. This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial activity of Coleus Extract in vitro and to evaluate the formulation of the extract cream against the bacteria causing infection, Sa. Coleus leaves ethyl acetate extract contains alkaloids and tannins, the absorbance of Sa at the 3rd hour was getting smaller, from 0.668 to 0.552, this showed that the longer the incubation time of the extract against bacterial inoculation, the more bacteria died. Our cream formulation with criteria: the pH value, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, and protection power. Our cream formulation results were then evaluated based on the standard, with criteria: the pH value, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, and protection power. It seems that our cream is per the cream standards. It is semi-solid, brownish-white in color, smells typical of Coleus, and pH 6. Moreover, the cream is homogeneous with 5 cm of spreadability, 7 seconds for adhesion, and colorless. Moreover, we found that Coleus extract cream has better antibacterial activity than positive control with a wound closure time of 7-14 days for extract while more than 14 days for positive control.