Ethyl Acetate Extract Of Leaves Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant activity of extract of different parts of Adhatoda vasica

Adhatoda vasica, a traditionally vital medicinal plant, is used extensively in the treatment of cold cough, asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis and skin diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), free radical scavenging activity and Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of ethyl acetate extract of Adhatoda vasica leaf, stem and flower for the presence of some medicinally vital phytocomponents. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of extracts of leaf, stem and flower of Adhatoda confirms the presence of flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, aldehydes and ketones. The highest total phenolic content was obtained in extract of Adhatoda vasica stem followed by leaf and flower extracts and highest total flavonoid content was found in flower extract followed by leaf and stem extracts. The maximum inhibition of free radical scavenging activity was observed in the flower extract, followed by leaf and stem extract. In GC-MS profiling, different plant parts showed the presence of medicinally important compounds possessing antimicrobial, antitumour and anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, the present study provides an important source for the biological characterization and importance of the compounds identified in methanolic extract of Adhatoda vasica leaf, stem and flower.

Total Antioxidant and In-Vitro Cytotoxic of Abelmoschus Manihot (L.) Medik from palu of Central Sulawesi and Doxorubicin on 4T1 cells line and Vero Cells

Introduction: Use of chemical drugs often causes side effects that are very detrimental to the patient. Medicinal plants are one of the keys to cure many diseases and to use the Medicinal plants as a low toxicity agent, with chemotherapy agents, is an appropriate alternative to be developed. One of the medicinal plants that have the potential to be developed to the total antioxidant arrest activity of DPPH (IC50) and to evaluate the cytotoxicity agents is Abelmoschus Manihot (L.) Medik from Palu of Central Sulawesi as chemotherapy agents medicinal plants to prevent damage of vital system in the breast cancer process. Objective: The purpose of the study is suggested to the evaluate total antioxidant arrest activity DPPH (IC50) and evaluate potential activity to the test substances for the cytotoxicity against selected 4T1 cell lines and vero cell of Abelmoschus Manihot (L.) Medik extracts from Palu of Central Sulawesi. Methods: The study is to evaluate the total antioxidant arrest activity of DPPH (IC50) of Abelmoschus Manihot (L.) Medik and study the in-vitro cytotoxicity potential of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and N-Heksan leaf extracts of Abelmoschus Manihot (L.) Medik from Palu of Central Sulawesi were carried out against on 4T1 cell lines and vero cell, which use Doxorubicin as a Chemotherapy agents. Results: The results to the total antioxidant of Abelmoschus Manihot (L.) Medik from Palu of Central Sulawesi is 3,45 µg/ml and potentially to the cytotoxicity of the leaf with the increase in the concentration of leaf Abelmoschus Manihot (L.) Medik extracts. The N-Heksan leaf extract showed the highest percentage of growth inhibition CTC50 against 4T1 cell lines value is 185.06±0.12 µg/ml and don’t have potentially the cytotoxicity in Vero (normal) cell, where the cytotoxicity with value CTC50 = 200 µg/ml. Conclusion: The present study has potentially that the leaf of Abelmoschus Manihot (L.) Medik from Palu of Central Sulawesi, to the total antioxidant and have Potentially toxicity to breast cancer 4T1 cell lines, where can be used to prepare the natural antioxidant and to prepare the anti-breast cancer drug with proper standardization methods.

In Vivo Anti Diabetic Activity of Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract of Azima tetracantha Lam in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem and the incidence of DM is increasing at alarming rate all over the world. Many Indian medicinal plants have been reported to possess potential anti diabetic activity and could play important role in the management diabetes. The present study aimed to evaluate anti diabetic activities of ethylacetate extract of Azima tetracantha Lam leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in male wistar rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg b.wt.). The diabetic rats were administered orally with Azima tetracantha Lam leaf ethyl acetate extract at two different doses (150 and 250 mg/kg b.wt./day) for 18 days. At dose levels of 150 and 250 mg/kg, glucose levels were decreased by 24.8% and 29.9% at the 6th hour, respectively. Anti diabetic effect of the extract was slightly decreased at the 8th hour, but remained statistically significant. An overall reduction of 26% was observed on the 18th day by 50mg/kg administration (p<0.01). 52.5% reduction of glucose level in the serum absorbed at 18th day administration at dose level of 150 mg/kg (p<0.0001). 250mg/kg extract administration is more effective from 6th day onwards with a reduction rate of 18.9% (p<0.01) and maximum reduction of serum glucose level by 61.9% on the 18th day. Rats treated with higher doses of the extract (150 and 250 mg/kg) showed significant improvements in hepatic and renal function. Additionally, these two dose levels recovered the weight loss and low white blood cell count observed in Streptozotocin-diabetic rats while decreasing liver glycogen. Azima tetracantha Lam leaf ethyl acetate extract (150 and 250 mg/kg) also showed a protective effect on liver oxidative status. The results of present study showed that Azima tetracantha Lam leaf ethyl acetate extract possess significant antihyperglycemic activity and supports the traditional use of Azima tetracantha Lam leaf for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Effects of Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract of Carica papaya on Hematological Indices in Plasma of 5 - Fluorouracil Administered Male Wistar Rats

Effects of Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract of Carica papaya on Hematological Indices in Plasma of 5 - Fluorouracil Administered Male Wistar Rats

Cytotoxic Activity of Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extract of Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) against Cervical Cancer Cell Line (HELA)

Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent cancer that occur among reproductive women in the world. The main modality of treatment is chemoradiotherapy and surgery. But, its wide-ranged success therapy and various side effects are still remaind the issues. To solve this problem, ethanol extract of kenikir leaves (EEKL) and kenikir leaves ethyl acetate extract of kenikir leaves (EAKL) have been thought to contain various substrate that could promote anticancer activities. This study comprised qualitative and quantitative test. Qualitative test consists thin layer chromatography and phytochemistry analysis while the quantitative test, MTT assay was used. MTT assay has done by using eight variety of concentrations of EEKL and EAKL on HeLa cells. Qualitative test showed that EAKL and EEKL has at least 5 compounds, which are flavonoid, tanin, steroid, alkaloid, dan glycoside. MTT assay revealed that EEKL and EAKL has strong cytotoxicity activity with IC50 17, 46 ppm dan 6, 31 ppm, respectively. In addition, each extract exhibited significant difference in some variants of concentration.

Comparative study of antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the methanol and ethyl acetate extract of leaf and stem bark of Semecarpus anacardium Linn.

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PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND CONSTITUENTS OF HEXANE EXTRACT OF MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM L

Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and 50 % aqueous methanol extracts of leaf, flower and fruit of Melastoma malabathricum were screened for the presence of different classes of phytochemicals. In phytochemical screening, ethyl acetate, methanol and 50 % aqueous methanol extracts showed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. Glycosides were found only in the 50 % methanol extract of fruit. Free radical scavenging activity of methanol extract of leaf, flower and fruit was determined using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Total phenolic content was measured spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoids content by using aluminum chloride and total sugar content by using anthrone reagent. Gallic acid was used as a standard for the calibration of phenolics, catechin for flavonoids and glucose for carbohydrates. The highest amount of phenolic was found in the 50 % methanol extract of leaf (242.88 ± 3.52 mg GAE/g extract), the highest amount of flavonoids was found in the ethyl acetate extract of leaf (127.41 ± 6.33 mg CE/g extract). Total sugar in 50 % methanol extract of fruit was found to be 151.12 ± 8.79 mg GE/g extract. Methanol extracts of flower showed the strongest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 17.23 μg/ml. Silyl derivative of hexane extracts were prepared by using N-methyl-N-(trimetylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide for gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) analysis. The GC-MS analysis of hexane extract allowed the identification of 17 phyto-constituents by comparing the fragmentation pattern of each component in mass spectrum with the standard NIST mass spectral database.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF FRACTIONS FROM ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACTS OF GARCINIA FRUTICOSA LAUTERB. LEAVES

Objective: This study aimed to fractionate the antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate leaf extract and to characterize the most active fractionsaccording to compound groups.Methods: The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated with column chromatography using a gradient elution system. Fractions were first screenedqualitatively for antioxidant activity before active fractions were quantified with respect to in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The compound groups were identifiedfollowing separation by thin-layer chromatography.Results: Fraction 11 exhibited the greatest DPPH radical-scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 6.58 μg/mL, while the fraction with the greatestantioxidant activity according to the FRAP assay was fraction 10, with a ferric ion equivalent antioxidant activity value of 1015.34 μmol/g.Conclusion: Compound group identification revealed that Fractions 10 and 11 contained flavonoids, with two common to both fractions, whilefraction 10 also contained one specific flavonoid.

Antidiabetic and cytotoxic activities of ethyl acetate extract of Piper betle Leaves

Antidiabetic and cytotoxic activity examination of ethyl acetate extract of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) has been done. The antidiabetic activity test was performed in vitro by investigating the inhibition of the extract against the activity of a-glucosidase enzyme. The IC50, of the ethyl acetate extract of betel leaves against the a-glucosidase were 48.42 ppm. The cytotoxic activity of ethyl acetate extract was carried out by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Data analysis was done with Probit Analysis, it was found that ethyl acetate extract of betel leaf had high cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 3.92 ppm and its standard error of 0.42 ppm.

The Ethyl Acetate Extract of Leaves of Ugni molinae Turcz. Improves Neuropathological Hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease in Female APPswe/PS1dE9 Mice Fed with a High Fat Diet.

The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by impairment in cognitive performance in aged individuals. Currently, there is no effective pharmacological treatment that cures the disease due to the lack of knowledge on the actual mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis. In the last decades, the amyloidogenic hypothesis has been the most studied theory trying to explain the origin of AD, yet it does not address all the concerns relating to its development. In the present study, a possible new preclinical treatment of AD was evaluated using the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of leaves of Ugni molinae Turcz. (synonym Myrtus ugni Molina Family Myrtacea). The effects were assessed on female transgenic mice from a preclinical model of familial AD (APPswe/PS1dE9) combined with a high fat diet. This preclinical model was selected due to the already available experimental and observational data proving the relationship between obesity, gender, metabolic stress, and cognitive dysfunction; related to characteristics of sporadic AD. According to chemical analyses, EAE would contain polyphenols such as tannins, flavonoid derivatives, and phenolic acids, as well as pentacyclic triterpenoids that exhibit neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. In addition, the treatment evidenced its capacity to prevent deterioration of memory capacity and reduction of progression speed of AD neuropathology.

Investigation of bioactivities of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Dioscorea pentaphylla leaf along with its phenolic composition

The present study was performed to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant properties, brine shrimp lethality bioassay, and antimicrobial activity and in-vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiarrheal potentiality of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Dioscorea pentaphylla (D. pentaphylla) leaf along with determining the bioactive phenolic compounds by HPLC analysis. Standard methods were used to investigate the aforementioned bioactivities. Methanol extract showed higher total phenolic activity, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activities, whereas ethyl acetate extract showed better activities in total flavonoid and total antioxidant capacity assays. Dose-dependent moderate reducing capacity was observed for both extracts in cupric reducing and reducing power capacity assays. The methanol extract was found to be more potent than ethyl acetate extract according to brine shrimp lethality bioactivity test. Both extracts exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in the disk diffusion method. In tail immersion test, at 1000 mg/kg dose, both extracts of D. pentaphylla showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in pain sensation. Ethyl acetate extract has significantly (p < 0.05) decreased writhing of the tested mice which were induced by acetic acid. The number of licks in formalin-induced paw licking test was markedly (p < 0.05) lessened in both extracts administration. Ethyl acetate extract revealed better anti-inflammatory activities than methanol extract in two well-known anti-inflammatory models (Xylene-induced ear edema, Cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation). Methanol extract displayed potent anti-diarrheal activity. HPLC analysis confirmed the existence of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin) in the leaf extract of D. pentaphylla. These phytochemical constituents might have the role in the observed activities.

Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell: Extracts inhibit Shewanella spp. growth and prevent fish spoilage

Shewanella spp. are major causes of fish spoilage. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) extracts were investigated for their ability to inhibit Shewanella spp. growth. Leaf and fruit extracts displayed potent growth inhibitory properties against all Shewanella spp. The methanolic leaf extract was a particularly potent inhibitor of S. putrefaciens (DD MIC 93; LD MIC 73 μg/mL), S. baltica (DD MIC 104 μg/mL; LD MIC 85 μg/mL), S. frigidimarina (DD MIC 466 μg/mL; LD MIC 391 μg/mL) and S. loihica (DD MIC 95 μg/mL; LD MIC 55 μg/mL) growth. The aqueous and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were also potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values generally substantially <1000 μg/mL. Treatment of Acanthopagrus butcheri Munro fillets with methanolic Kakadu plum extracts significantly inhibited bacterial growth for 15 days at 4 °C. All Kakadu plum extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay. LC-MS analysis identified several compounds which may contribute to the inhibition of Shewanella spp. growth.

Modulatory effects of Viola odorata flower and leaf extracts upon oxidative stress-related damage in an experimental model of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity.

Ethanol is the most widely abused drug in the world and its long-term use induces oxidative stress in the liver tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate protective effect of Viola odorata against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rat. Animals were divided into 9 groups as follows: control (normal saline), ethanol (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), ethanol with 3 doses (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) of ethyl acetate flower and leaf extracts, and positive control (vitamin E 80 mg/kg). Animals were gavaged 30 min before ethanol injection for 28 days. Then, animals were killed and the livers were separated. Oxidative stress parameters, including reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyl as well as glutathione content, were evaluated. Also, histopathological examination was performed and assessment of blood alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total antioxidant capacity were evaluated. Ethanol significantly increased oxidative stress markers in liver. Interestingly, administration of both extracts significantly decreased oxidative stress markers in liver tissue and biochemical parameters in the plasma. In addition, abnormal pathological features were improved after treatment with flower and leaf extracts. These results suggested that V. odorata can be considered a candidate for improving conditions due to ethanol-induced tissue oxidative damage because of its antioxidant activity.

BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF RASAMALA (ALTINGIA EXCELSA NORNHA) LEAVES AS C-MYC PROTO ONCOGENE EXPRESSION SUPPRESSOR OF HUMAN TONGUE CANCER CELL IN VITRO

Background : Tongue cancer is a common neoplasm found in oral cavity. It is characterized by aggressive cell growth, poor prognosis and being the cause of mortality. Objectives : to discover bioactive compounds of Rasamala leaves which possess an activity to inhibit SP-C1 human tongue cancer cell proliferation by reducing the expression of c-Myc proto oncogene. Methods : This is an experimental laboratory study using SP-C1 human tongue cancer cell. Separation of bioactive compounds from Rasamala leaves ethyl acetate extract was using various chromatography techniques guided by antiproliferative assay. Results : Two compounds were produced consisting of kaempferol (1) and quercetin (2). Compound 1 and 2 were tested to assess antiproliferative activity of kaempferol and quercetin upon SP-C1tongue cancer cell. IC 50 values obtained from antiproliferative assay of each compound were 0.72 and 0.70 ug/ml respectively. Data analysis using ANCOVA test attained a significant value of α=0.05 and proceeded for probit analysis. The activity of compound 1 and 2 was tested on c-Myc proto oncogene and it was acquired that compound 1 and 2 can suppress c-myc proto oncogene expression. Conclusion : Rasamala compounds consist of kaempferol (1) and quercetin (2) which possess an activity as tongue cancer cell proliferation inhibitor by reducing c-myc proto oncogene expression.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities of the Leaf Extracts of Luffa cylindrica

Introduction: Luffa cylindrica have been used traditionally in the treatment and management of several disease conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of leaf extracts of the plant, and identifying some of its phytoconstituents.&#x0D; Methods: The crude ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts were evaluated for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and paw-fluid displacement methods, respectively. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity using the agar well diffusion and agar dilution methods. The ethyl acetate leaf extract of the plant was further subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis for the identification of the bioactive compounds.&#x0D; Results: The ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of L. cylindrica showed average antioxidant properties at 100 µg/mL, with inhibitions of 53.31% and 54.73% respectively. The ethanol extract displayed significant anti-inflammatory activity at 50 mg/Kg with an inhibition of 31.1% compared to 39.7% recorded for the control (diclofenac). The ethyl acetate extract produced an inhibition of 15%. In the antimicrobial evaluation, the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. Typhi and B. subtilis. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against the test isolates compared to the ethanol extract. HPLC-DAD analysis of the ethyl acetate extract suggested the presence of two flavonoid compounds - luteolin and apigenin as key components of the leaf extract of L. cylindrica. These compounds are known to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.&#x0D; Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the leaf extracts of L. cylindrica possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

Activity of Fractions from Garcinia latissima Miq. Leaves Ethyl Acetate Extract as Antibacterial Against Bacillus subtilis and Antioxidant

Activity of Fractions from <i>Garcinia latissima</i> Miq. Leaves Ethyl Acetate Extract as Antibacterial Against <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and Antioxidant

Solid-liquid extraction of bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential from Alternanthera sesillis (red) and identification of the polyphenols using UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS

Alternanthera sessilis (red) (ASR) is an edible herbal plant with many beneficial health effects. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant components and antioxidant activities of the edible leaves and stems of ASR extracted using solvent of varying polarities namely water, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. ASR leaf extracts showed higher in both antioxidant components and activities than the stem extracts. Among the antioxidant components, the ethanol leaf extract showed higher phenolic (77.29 ± 1.02 mg GAE/g extract) content while the ethyl acetate leaf extract was rich in flavonoids (157.44 ± 10.19 mg RE/g extract), carotenoids (782.97 ± 10.78 mg BE/g extract) and betalains (betanin: 67.08 ± 0.49 mg/g extract; amaranthin: 93.94 ± 0.68 mg/g extract and betaxanthin: 53.92 ± 0.88 mg/g extract). Nevertheless, the ethanol leaf extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity. It also exhibited highest ferric reducing activity among all the extracts. Four polyphenolic compounds from ASR leaf, namely ferulic acid, rutin, quercetin and apigenin, were identified and quantified using ultra high performance liquid chromatography. The existence of these compounds was further verified using tandem mass spectrometry. These current results indicate that ASR leaf particularly the ethanol extract has the potential to be exploited as a source of natural antioxidants.

Antioxidant and apoptotic effects of Callistemon lanceolatus leaves and their compounds against human cancer cells

Callistemon lanceolatus (Myrtaceae) has been utilized in folk medicine and its pharmacological properties are widely studied. Phytochemicals are effectively recognized as bases of pharmacologically potent drugs for the development of anticancer therapeutics. The free radical scavenging potential of numerous extracts of C. lanceolatus leaves, Hexane leaf extract (HLE), Chloroform leaf extract (CLE), Ethyl acetate leaf extract (ELE), Methanol leaf extract (MLE), and Aqueous leaf extract (ALE)) were determined by Biochemical assay. We evaluated the anticancer activity of C. lanceolatus leaves extracts against different human cancer cell lines viz liver cancer cells (HepG2), breast cancer cells (MCF7), and normal human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cell line. The ELE and MLE extracts of C. lanceolatus leaves showed potential antiproliferative effects on HepG2 cells. On the basis of free radical scavenging potential and cytotoxicity studies, ELE and MLE extracts of C. lanceolatus leaves are further evaluated in detail for numerous biological activities. ELE and MLE extracts reduced the cell growth, ROS generation, lowering the potential of cell migration and inhibits the metastatic activity in HepG2 cell lines. ELE and MLE extracts treated HepG2 cells showed down-regulation of STAT3 and up-regulation of p53 and inhibition of cdk2 and cyclin A activity. Phytochemicals analysis have shown that the ELE and MLE possess some anticancer compounds like 4-Fluoro-2-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, neopentyl ester; fumaric acid, di(pent-4-en-2-yl) ester; 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 2-Furancarboxaldehyde,5-(hydroxymethyl). Molecular docking results demonstrate that interactions of compounds present in ELE and MLE extracts with the SH2 domain of STAT3, might be responsible for their inhibitory effects. We have further concluded that the ELE and MLE extracts of C. lanceolatus arrests the cells at S and G2/M phase and subsequently induced cell death by regulating the DNA damage in HepG2 cells.

Analysis of the Active Constituents and Evaluation of the Biological Effects of Quercus acuta Thunb. (Fagaceae) Extracts.

We evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of hexnane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, ethanol, and water extracts of the Quercus acuta leaf. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and total phenolic content. Antibacterial activity was assessed against general infectious pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates. The methanolic extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content, while the reducing power was the highest in the water extract. The ethyl acetate extract showed the best antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Additionally, it displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus KCTC1928, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341, Salmonella typhimurium KCTC 1925, Escherichia coli KCTC 1923, and eight MRSA strains. These results present basic information for the possible uses of the ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts from Q. acuta leaf in the treatment of diseases that are caused by oxidative imbalance and antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Six active compounds, including vitamin E, which are known to possess antioxidant and antibacterial activity, were identified from the extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the chemical profiling and antibacterial effects of the various QA leaf extracts, suggesting their potential use in food therapy or alternative medicine.

Bioactivity of Clusia palmicida Rich. ex Planch. & Triana (Clusiaceae) Leaf and Fruit Extracts Against Cowpea Bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

This is the first report of a Clusia species assessment for Callosobruchus maculatus management and provides reference information for future research. n-Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from the fruits and leaves of Clusia palmicida were evaluated at 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 62.5 ppm for contact mortality and oviposition deterrent activities against C. maculatus adults infesting dried Cajanus cajan seeds. Ethyl acetate leaf extract was most toxic (LC50 = 1289.74 ppm) at a corresponding median lethal time (LT50) of 64.89 h, while the n-hexane leaf extract exhibited the lowest LT50 value of 32.35 h. Methanolic leaf extract was most effective at reducing egg laying with 50% oviposition occurring after 38.77 h at 1000 ppm. All C. palmicida leaf and fruit extracts displayed contact mortality and oviposition deterrence against C. maculatus. The results suggest that leaves are more effective as a natural insecticide against C. maculatus than fruits.