Ethyl Acetate Extract Of Leaves Research Articles

Preclinical anticancer studies on the ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Datura stramonium and Datura inoxia

BackgroundCancer is a horrific disease relentlessly affecting human population round the globe. Genus Datura encompasses numerous species with reported medicinal uses. However, its potential as a source of natural anticancer agents is yet to be determined. Datura stramonium (DS) and Datura inoxia (DI) are the two species chosen for this study.MethodsTotal phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC) as well as antioxidant activity were assessed through colorimetric method. Polyphenolic quantification was done by RP-HPLC. Following extract standardization ethyl acetate leaf extracts of both species (DSL-EA and DIL-EA) were chosen for anticancer studies. In vitro cytotoxicity using various models including cancer cell lines was monitored. Following toxicity studies, benzene (0.2 ml) was used to induce leukemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Extracts were orally administered to preventive (100 and 200 mg/kg) and treatment (200 mg/kg only) groups. The antileukemic potential of extracts was assessed through haematological, biochemical, endogenous antioxidants and histological parameters.ResultsSignificant TPC and TFC were estimated in DSL-EA and DIL-EA. RP-HPLC quantified (μg/mg extract) rutin (0.89 ± 0.03), gallic acid (0.35 ± 0.07), catechin (0.24 ± 0.02) and apigenin (0.29 ± 0.09) in DSL-EA while rutin (0.036 ± 0.004) and caffeic acid (0.27 ± 0.03) in DIL-EA. Both extracts exhibited significant brine shrimp cytotoxicity (LC50 < 12.5 μg/ml). DIL-EA exhibited greater cytotoxicity against PC-3, MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 cell lines (IC50 < 3 μg/ml in each case) as well as higher protein kinase inhibitory action (MIC: 25 μg/disc) compared to DSL-EA. Leukemia induced in rats was affirmed by elevated serum levels of WBCs (7.78 ± 0.012 (× 103) /μl), bilirubin (7.56 ± 0.97 mg/dl), Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) (133.75 ± 2.61 nM/min/mg protein), decreased RBCs (4.33 ± 0.065 (× 106)/μl), platelets (344 ± 3.19 (× 103)/μl), total proteins (2.14 ± 0.11 g/dl), Glutathione S-transferases (GST) (81.01 ± 0.44 nM/min/ml), endogenous antioxidant enzymes levels and abnormal liver and kidney functionality in disease control rats. Both species revealed almost identical and significant (p < 0.05) alleviative effects in benzene induced leukemia.ConclusionComprehensive screening divulged the tremendous potential of selected species as potent source of natural anticancer agents in a variety of cancers particularly leukemia. Present study might provide useful finger prints in cancer research and mechanistic studies are prerequisite in logical hunt of this goal.

Cytotoxic effects of new bioactive compounds isolated from a Nigerian anticancer plant Melastomastrum capitatum Fern. leaf extract

The use of medicinal plants in human's health care delivery system in Nigeria exist for decades. Medicinal plants have been used to treat diseases such as malaria fever, cancers, hypertension, microbial infections, among others in Africa of which Melastomastrum capitatum is one of such plant. The plant has been used to cure many diseases notably cancer of the ovary in women by Fulani herdsmen. Hence, this study was carried out in order to isolate major bioactive compounds from the leaf of M. capitatum, and evaluate their cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines. Methanol extracted was partitioned successively with solvents of varying polarities in ascending order, bio-monitored by anticancer activities. Fractions with the most anticancer activity after 24 hours’ incubation were purified in a silica gel column chromatography. Isolated bioactive compounds from ethyl acetate leaf extract of M. capitatum were then characterized using GC–MS, while in vitro anticancer activity was determined by MTT bio-assay on MCF-7, HMVII and OV-7 cell lines. Five compounds which are mainly saturated fatty acid esters and phthalate acid derivatives were isolated. They include di-benzofuran, 3-nitro (Z, 211.0; RT, 14.08 min), di‑butyl phthalate (Z, 278; RT,14.09 min), 2,4,7-trioxabicydo (4.4.0)9-decene, 8(4-(4-pentylcyclohexyl) cyclohexyloxy)-3-phenyl (Z, 467; RT, 14.31 min), 9- octadecenoic acid E, oleic acid (Z, 294.45; RT, 15.94 min) and phthalic acid-di(2-propylpentyl) ester (Z, 390.56; RT, 19.44 min). The compounds were cytotoxic against breast cancer cell line MCF-7, woman vagina melanoma cell line HMVII and ovarian cancer cell line OV-7. Two of the compounds showed high selective indices on breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. Oleic acid, Di-benzofuran-3-nitro, 2,4,7-Trio-B (4.4.0)-9D..... and DiBP ester showed IC50 values of 2.12 ± 0.01 μg/mL, 24.13 ± 6.12 μg/mL, 6.03 ± 0.21 μg/mL and 31.01 ± 5.04 μg/mL respectively on OV-7 cell line which were better than the values shown on MCF-7 and HMVII cell lines in vitro. The results showed that M. capitatum leaf extract possessed compounds which are cytotoxic on cancer cells. The plant's leaf might be a source for the discovery of new anticancer drug.

Reduce the Risk of Oxidation and Pathogenic Bacteria Activity by Moringa oleifera Different Leaf Extract Grown in Sudan

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) used in this study to identified Polyphenol constituents of Moringa oleifera leaf extract by different methods (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform), it contain gallic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Catechin, Coffeic acid, Rutin, Pyro catechol, Coumaric acid, Vanillin, Ferulic acid1, Naringenin, Propyl Gallate, 4`,7-Dihydroxyisoflavone, and Cinnamic Acid at conc. (µg/15 mg) in all extracts. Ellagic acid gave the highest concentration when extracted by ethyl acetate Caffeine gave the lowest concentration. in all different extract, The effect of moringa (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) leaf extracts against four different pathogenic bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus, were examined using Mueller Hinton Agar and measuring inhibition zone (diameter mm), were found that, there were a significant different of all moringa leaf extracts against bacteria. The study was conducted to determine the polyphenol constituents of Moringa oleifera aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform leaf extract. The effect of Moringa oleifera (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) leaf extracts against four different pathogenic bacteria.

Phytochemical profiling and evaluation of bioactivities of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Marsdenia tenacissima leaves

ABSTRACT The in vitro antioxidant properties, brine shrimp lethality bioassay, in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diarrheal potentiality of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf of Marsdenia tenacissima were examined. The solvent extracts tested positive for the presence of bioactive constituents alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and saponins. Methanol extract had higher total phenolic, total flavonoid content as well as total antioxidant activity and also demonstrated more potent DPPH, NO, H2O2, and •OH scavenging activity, cupric reducing and reducing power assessment than ethyl acetate extract. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the methanol extract demonstrated a better effect. The methanolic extract also demonstrated better analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diarrheal activities than the ethyl acetate extract. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds including benzoic acid, gallic acid, pyrogallol, salicylic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and vanillic acid in the leaf extract of M. tenacissima.

English

Leaves and barks of Ficus platiphylla are used in traditional medicine in western Africa for treating bacterial infections. The aim of this work was to screen the biological activities of extracts of the plant. Three common bacterial strains were used in this study. The antiradical and antibacterial activities were assessed respectively by spectrophotometric and agar diffusion methods. The bark and leaves are very rich in dry matter, ash and as well as proteins and carbohydrates. Ethyl acetate was the best solvent to extract polyphenols (4.77-5.01 g/100 g) and flavonoids (1.97-3.32 g/100 g). Similarly, ethyl acetate extracts showed the best anti-free radical activity with IC50 = 5.10 and 5.22 µg/ml for bark and leaves respectively. The aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts displayed the highest antibacterial activity on the Escherichia coli, with an inhibition diameter (ID) of 11.50 ± 0.50 mm. On Salmonella typhi, the most active antibacterial agents were found in leaf ethyl acetate extracts with ID = 15.33 ± 0.58 mm. These extracts have the same efficacy as the commercial antibiotic ciprofloxacin (positive control) which displayed an ID of 15.33 ± 0.76 mm. Finally, S. aureus was highly sensitive to ethyl acetate extracts of the barks: ID = 15.50 ± 1.32 mm (p-value = 4.10E-6 < 0.05). The richness in secondary metabolites associated with the antiradical and antibacterial activities justify use of F. platiphylla in traditional medicine. This study shows that F. platiphylla could be a valuable medicinal plant for the management of common bacterial infections. Key words: Ficus platiphylla extracts, phytochemical screening, antiradical activity, antibacterial activity.

In vitro anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant activities and intestinal glucose uptake evaluation of Endiandra kingiana extracts

Abstract Optimal control of postprandial hyperglycemia is essentially important in the management of diabetes mellitus. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant properties and intestinal glucose uptake inhibition of Endiandra kingiana (E. kingiana) extracts. Previously, our group has identified and characterized the bioactive compounds of E. kingiana extracts, which had discovered several polyketides; endiandric acids and kingianins. Here, the inhibitory potential of bark-ethyl acetate (BEA), bark-methanol (BM), leaf-ethyl acetate (LEA), and leaf-methanol (LM) extracts of E. kingiana against carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes with their mode of inhibitions were evaluated. Further, the antioxidant activities and inhibitory potential on glucose uptake in Caco-2 human intestinal cell monolayers were determined. Our finding showed that BEA extract exhibited the most potent inhibition activities against α-amylase (IC50 = 2.32 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.83 μg/mL) by following inhibition mode of competitive and non-competitive manners, respectively. Meanwhile, BM extract exhibited notable antioxidant capabilities, as evidenced by strongest free radical scavenging (IC50 = 1.18 μg/mL) and reducing power effect (118.53 mM Fe2+ equivalent/g extract) in couple with highest total phenolic contents (10.17 mg GAE/g extract) compared to other extracts. Mechanistically, both BEA and BM extracts of E. kingiana significantly inhibited glucose uptake in Caco-2 cell monolayers under sodium-dependent condition. Collectively, these findings suggest that BM and BEA extracts of E. kingiana exert in vitro anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant properties, which can be further utilized as a potential candidate for treatment of hyperglycemia–induced oxidative stress conditions.

Antifungal activity of Ethyl-acetate Leaf Extract and Terpenoid-Rich Fraction from Hyptis spicigera Lam

a peer-reviewed, open access online international journal which publishes original research papers. The journal welcomes submission from scholars and experts for possible publication from all over the world. The scope of the journal includes: Pharmaceutical research, chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds, biological evaluation of crude extracts, ethnomedicine, traditional and complementary medicine, ethnopharmacology, biomedical research, Biotechnology, Evaluation of natural substances of land and sea and of plants, microbes and animals, pharmacognosy, bioavailability, clinical, pharmacological, toxicological studies and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals, Isolation and characterization of compounds, structure elucidation, synthesis and experimental biosynthesis of natural Product as well as developments of methods in these areas are welcomed in the journal.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LIANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LIANOID AND ARBOREAL SPECIES OF SCHEFFLERA FROM SOUTHERN INDIAANOID AND ARBOREAL SPECIES OF SCHEFFLERA FROM SOUTHERN INDIA

Objective: The genus Schefflera belongs to the family Araliaceae. The secondary metabolites of Schefflera include triterpene glycosides, oleanolic acid, and benzyl glycosides with proven biological activities. The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial potentials of lianoid and arboreal Schefflera spp., from southern India.&#x0D; Methods: Schefflera venulosa, Schefflera stellata, and Schefflera racemosa were collected from the natural forests of Kodagu and Mysore regions of southern Karnataka. The plant parts such as stem bark, leaves, and inflorescence were dried, powdered and known quantity was subjected to Soxhlet extraction based on the solvent polarity. The solvent extracts from each of the species were subjected to preliminary antibacterial screening against five test bacterial strains, namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Klebsiella pneumoniae by agar disc diffusion method and the inhibition zones were measured. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC’s) were calculated for the positive extracts and represented.&#x0D; Results: Of the 30 solvent extracts tested, six solvent extracts showed antibacterial activity. The ethanol and ethyl acetate solvent extracts of all three plants showed positive results for antibacterial activity. The zone of inhibition against the bacterial test pathogens ranged from 6.00±0.00 to 15.00±0.00 mm against B. subtilis, E. aerogenes, S. pyogenes, and K. pneumoniae. The highest zones of inhibition were observed for S. racemosa leaf ethanol extract against B. subtilis, E. aerogenes, and S. pyogenes (10.00 mm to 15.00±0.00 mm). The MIC values of the positive extracts were 5.0 mg/ml in the leaf, flower ethanol, and stem bark ethyl acetate extracts of S. venulosa, leaf ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of S. stellata and the leaf ethanol extract from S. racemosa, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Schefflera spp. from southern India possesses antibacterial potentials, which can be exploited pharmaceutically for potential health benefits against bacterial infections.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TOTAL PHENOL AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS IN ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS (JACKFRUIT) BARK AND LEAF EXTRACTS AND LIPOXYGENASE INHIBITION

Objective: Inflammation is a localized reaction in the tissue in response to injury wherein mediators such as leukotrienes are produced as protectiveresponse leukotrienes are synthesized during the metabolism of arachidonic acid by lipoxygenase and they increase capillary permeability andleukocyte adhesion. Artocarpus heterophyllus is used in many medicines due to its natural anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to usethe bark and leaf extracts of A. heterophyllus to obtain the most active fraction that could inhibit lipoxygenase and to investigate the total phenol andflavonoid levels in these extracts.Methods: Barks and leaves were extracted by a multistage reflux method. An in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition assay was performed by measuring thetotal phenol and flavonoid contents for each fraction.Results: Ethanol extract was found to be the most active extract in each fraction. IC50 values obtained in the two most active fractions were 31.82μg/mL in the ethyl acetate of bark extract and 46.61 μg/mL in the ethyl acetate of leaf extract. This value was higher than that of apigenin standardwhich has an IC50 value of 2.08 μg/mL. The highest phenol content was present in the ethanol leaf extract with 404.903 mg gallic acid equivalent/gextract. Meanwhile, the highest flavonoid content was found in the ethyl acetate of bark extract with 372.362 mg QE/g extract.Conclusion: The bark and leaf extract tests showed that the increase in the total phenol or flavonoid content was proportional to the increase in theenzyme inhibitory activity.

Antimicrobial activities of extracts from Urtica urens

The antibacterial and antifungal activities of various extracts from Urtica urens were evaluated against selected microorganisms using agar hole-plate diffusion method. A total of ten extracts namely U. urens hexane leaf extract (HLE), chloroform leaf extract (CLE), ethyl acetate leaf extract (ELE), methanolic leaf extract (MLE), hexane stem-bark extract (HSB), chloroform stem-bark extract (CSB), ethyl acetate stem-bark extract (ESB), methanolic stem-bark extract (MSB), chloroform root extract (CRT) and methanolic root extract (MRT) were prepared. These extracts were evaluated against two Gram-positive bacteria viz. Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, four Gram-negative bacteria viz. Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli (wild strain) and Escherichia coli (O157:H7) and two fungal isolates viz. Candida albicans and Penicillium digitatum. The inhibition zones of these extracts were found to be in the range of 9.0±0.0 to 40.5±0.7 mm against bacterial isolates and 16.0±4.2 to 17.5±4.9 mm against C. albicans. However, all these extracts exhibited no visible zone of inhibition against P. digitatum. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these extracts were also determined and were found to be in the range of &lt;31.25 to &gt;1000 µg/mL against both bacterial and fungal isolates. From this study, we concluded that ELS, MLE, CRT and MRT showed promising antimicrobial activities.

GC-MS Analysis and Screening of Anti-Proliferative Potential of Methanolic Extract of Garcinia cowa on Different Cancer Cell Lines

Introduction: Garcinia cowa (Clusiaceae) is popular among integrative medicine in several communities. This study undertook to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity on cancer cells and its cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Here we are reporting for the first time the metabolomic profiling of G. cowa leaf. Methods: Anti-proliferative potential of ethyl acetate and methanol extract of Garcinia cowa leaf assessed by MTT assay. Metabolomic profiling obtained by GC/ MS analysis. Nuclear morphology visualized by DAPI staining. Caspase activation analysed through spectrophotometric assay. Results: The study reveals, that the methanolic extract is more potential in inducing anti-proliferative activity than ethyl acetate extract. Robust antiproliferative activity of the methanolic extract evidenced in lung cancer cell line, A549 followed by MCF–7, HepG2, MOLT – 4, MDA-MB-468 cells. The anti-proliferative effect was negligible in normal PBMC. Further, a dose-dependent increase of nuclear fragmentation visualized in A549 cells treated with the methanolic extract. Post methanolic extract treatment upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 also evidenced in A549 cells. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of phytoconstituents of different phytochemical groups comprising of 3.45% diterpenoid, 5.45% triterpenoid, 11.24% steroid, 2.03% phytosterol, etc. in methanol extract, as well as 4.53% diterpenoid, 2.88% triterpenoid, 1.09% steroid, 2.11% phytosterol, etc. in ethyl acetate extract with considerable biological importance. Conclusion: This is the maiden report of the metabolomic profiling of leaf extracts of Garcinia cowa which possess a good repository of potentially bioactive molecules that holds a great promise as a future therapeutic agent in combating lung cancer.

Acute dysfunctional status of hepatorenal tissues of rats administered with leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae)

Background: Given the vast medicinal properties of Ocimum gratissimum, the present study evaluated, in comparative terms, the acute dysfunctional status of hepatorenal tissues of Wistar rats administered with petroleum ether (PE) and ethyl acetate (EA) leaf extracts of O. gratissimum.&#x0D; Methods: Grouping of the experimental rats was assigned according to the treatments given, in which graded doses {200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)} of PE and EA fractions of O. gratissimum leaf extract were administered to the rats by oral gavage on a daily basis for a period of 21 days. Serum levels of hepatorenal tissues biomarkers were measured using standard spectrophotometric methods. The organ-to-body weight ratio of the rats was measured on the 21st day of the experiment.&#x0D; Results: Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (i.e. AST/ALT) of the experimental rat groups was found to be within the range of 0.919 – 1.022 unit. The experimental rat groups administered with PE and EA fractions of O. gratissimum leaf extract showed dose-dependent increasing levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Likewise, rat groups administered with the herbal extracts exhibited increasing serum total bilirubin, urea and creatinine concentrations, in a dose-dependent manner. At the end of the 21-day treatment period, all the experimental rat groups showed increase in body weight, ranging from 0.79 – 1.98% increase. The liver weight and kidney weight to body weight ratios were within the range of (0.0468 0.02 – 0.0981 0.04) unit and (0.00245 0.002 – 0.01968 0.007) unit, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results showed that doses of PE and EA fractions of O. gratissimum leaf extract greater than 400 mg/kg b.w. induced dose-dependent hepatorenal toxicity, with the EA fraction provoking greater toxicity than the PE fraction of O. gratissimum leaf extract.

Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract and Its Promising Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect with Typhoid Fever Vaccine in Immunized Mice

Abstract Typhoid fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi has maintained a high morbidity and mortality profile around the globe especially in developing countries. Though currently licensed vaccines are efficacious in prevention of the infection, their potency is ephemeral; hence, they require a boost by employing adjuvants that are safe and instrumental in achieving a better prolonged protective immune defense outfit. In this work, Moringa oleifera ethyl acetate leaf extract was evaluated for its possible adjuvant property to a heat-killed ST vaccine. Mice were vaccinated with typhoid vaccine and subsequently, daily weight of mice was measured. Also, post-vaccination microbial colony counts were enumerated after challenging the mice with Salmonella typhi cells. From the blood culture results, MO extract demonstrated an excellent synergistic antimicrobial effect as the mice group administered our formulated vaccine-MO extract combination had the lowest microbial load (12.25 ± 4.86) colony forming units following microbial challenge, when compared to the mice groups administered the vaccine alone (37.25 ± 4.5) and the MO extract alone (31.25 ± 9.43). Furthermore, assessment of the mice body weight of treated groups showed a growth pattern that did not deviate significantly from those of the control group. In conclusion, MO extract demonstrated a promising synergistic antimicrobial effect on coadministration with the typhoid fever vaccine against S. typhi and did not lead to adverse side effects in mice.

Studies on the Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Constituents of Albizia chevalieri's Leaf, Root and Stem bark

A plant serves as a natural source of treatments and therapies for human beings as from prehistoric times to date; amongst them medicinal herbs is the best because of its extensive use and fewer side effects. In the present study, phytochemical analysis of Albizia chevalieri was carried out as this plant may be among one of the imperative medicinal herbs for the treatment of ailments like malaria, diabetes, diarrhea, and dysentery. Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the three Arial parts of the plant extracted with three different solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane). Qualitative analysis showed that methanol extracted almost all the secondary metabolites in all the three Arial parts of the plant. After quantification, it was observed that methanol Root extract was having the highest phenolic contents (44.83µg/GAE/g), followed by methanol leaf extract (38.89 µg/GAE/g), and methanol stem bark extract (22.00 µg/GAE/g). Root ethyl acetate extract (8.19 µg GAE/g), stem bark ethyl acetate extract (13.49 µg GAE/g), and leaves ethyl acetate extract (23.66 µg GAE/g), while n-hexane extracts were having a very low phenolic content with; n- hexane root (0.66 µg GAE/g), n-hexane stem bark extract (2.69 µg GAE/g), and n-hexane leaves extract (7.80 µg GAE/g). The presence of high amount of phyto-constituents suggest that A.chevalieri may have high medicinal value and it can be carefully studied in order to extract the natural compounds present, which may be beneficial to human beings and that which may be commercialized for higher production than using synthetic drugs with side effects.

Acute and 28-Day Repeated-Dose Oral Toxicity Assessment of Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. in Healthy Wistar Rats.

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. (family: Malvaceae) has a long history of being used as a folk medicine in Sri Lanka. Despite the therapeutic use of this plant in traditional medicine, leaves of A. moschatus have not been subjected to scientific evaluation of toxicity/adverse effects in vivo. Thus, the present study was aimed to assess the acute and 28-day repeated-dose oral toxic effects of hexane (55 mg/kg), ethyl acetate (75 mg/kg), butanol (60 mg/kg), and aqueous (140 mg/kg) leaf extracts of A. moschatus in Wistar rats. Furthermore, identification of phytochemical constituents and determination of in vitro total antioxidant activity of the selected leaf extracts of A. moschatus were carried out. Repeated-dose oral administration of hexane and aqueous plant extracts produced no significant changes in the hematological profile and in selected biochemical parameters compared to the untreated healthy rats (p > 0.05). The administration of ethyl acetate and butanol extracts resulted in significant changes in some of the hematological parameters (p < 0.05), whereas biochemical parameters were not changed (p > 0.05). No significant changes in the relative organ weight of treated rats were observed (p > 0.05) except in the kidneys of Wistar rats treated with the ethyl acetate extract of A. moschatus (p < 0.05). Normal morphology with no signs of hemorrhages, necrosis, or inflammatory cell infiltrations was observed in the vital organs selected during the assessment of histopathology on H and E-stained tissue sections upon the treatment of selected extracts. Alkaloids were absent in the selected leaf extracts excluding the health risk for harmful alkaloids. The highest total antioxidant activity was reported in the butanol extract. In conclusion, the hexane and aqueous extracts of A. moschatus were completely nontoxic, whereas butanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed statistically significant changes in some hematological parameters and in relative organ weight of kidneys in healthy Wistar rats.

Isolation, characterization, and antibacterial assay of friedelin from Garcinia latissima Miq. leaves

The purpose of this study is to isolate G. latissima Miq. leaves ethyl acetate extract and to understand its activity against B. subtilis. The isolation was performed by open column chromatography, recrystallization, preparative thin layer chromatography and the isolate antibacterial assay by microdilution method. Compound characterization using spectroscopy. The isolated compound was white crystal, soluble in chloroform and insoluble in n-hexane, ethyl acetate. The melting point of the isolated compound was 262-264oC. IR spectrum showed strong signals for C-H stretching of methyl groups and carbonyl oxygen (C=O). The based on NMR data, the chemical shifts of chemical compounds from the isolate was compared with the literature showed that the isolate was friedelin. The MIC of friedelin against B. subtilis was 2,500 ppm.

In vitro antibacterial effect of the leaf extract of Murraya koenigii on cell membrane destruction against pathogenic bacteria and phenolic compounds identification

IntroductionDifferent parts of Murraya koenigii are traditionally used for treating various infections. Multidrug-resistant bacteria is considered one of the most significant threats to public health and urgent attention is needed to address this pressing problem. The aim of this study was to examine the antibacterial effect of the leaves and stems of the plant to identify and screen for phenolic compounds and to explore whether the potent plant extract had a destructive effect on the cell membrane. MethodsLeaf and stem extracts extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) of the plant were screened using micro broth dilution methods. Nine strains of bacteria were used in this study. The identification of phenolic compounds was performed using UPLC, and the membrane destruction was observed using SEM. ResultsThe ethyl acetate extract of the leaves gave the lowest MIC value (15.63 μg/mL) against S. aureus, E. coli 0157:H7. V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus and Y. enterocolitica. Among the tested compounds, the least MIC value of 31.25 μg/ml was observed from myricetin and quercetin against Y. enterocolitica (ATCC 23715). The two major peaks matched with quercetin and myricetin aglycons at the retention time of 3.853 and 4.160 min and two myricetin and quercetin derivatives at the retention time of 4.162 and 4.406. The alteration of the cellular morphology of the bacteria which comprises alteration in their arrangement, rigidity and destruction of the membrane was observed after treatment with plant extract. ConclusionsThe findings of this research establish the efficacy of ethyl acetate leaf extract of this plant in treating diseases associated with pathogenic bacteria.

SCREENING OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND IN VITRO BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CANTHIUM DICOCCUM (GAERTN.) AND AMISCHOPHACELUS AXILLARIS (L.)

Objective: The objective of the study was to study the pet ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol leaf extracts of Canthium dicoccum and Amischophacelus axillaris for anthelmintic activity and antihypertensive activity.&#x0D; Methods: The antihypertensive activity was carried out by employing a colorimetric assay based on the hydrolysis of Histidyl-Hippuryl-Leucine and anthelmintic activity carried out against Indian earthworm Pheritimaposthuma.&#x0D; Results: The pet ether leaf extract both the plants exhibited the maximum antihypertensive activity with a percent inhibition of 64.82 for C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and 84.12 for A. axillaris (L.) as compared with Captopril showing percent inhibition 85.37 and for anthelmintic activity, it is found that ethanol extract of C. dicoccum and ethyl acetate extract of A. axillaris exhibited significant activity against the standard drug albendazole.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study investigated the potential of C. dicoccum and A. axillaris as a new source against the antihypertensive activity. The outcome of anthelmintic activity revealed that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts exhibited a considerable amount of anthelmintic activity, which is mainly due to the active phytoconstituents present in the extracts.

Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Ocimum americanum L extracts against pathogenic microorganisms

The aim of the present study is to assess the antimicrobial activities of various leaf extracts of Ocimum americanum were tested against pathogenic microorganisms. Preparation of different extracts viz., aqueous, acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol through soxhlet extraction method. Various extracts were investigated against MTCC strains of Bacillus cereus, Clostridium penfrigens, Klebsilla pnemoniae, Salmonella paratyphi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicindal Concentration (MBC/MFC) were determined through micro dilution method. Elucidation of phytochemicals and functional groups were observed by HPLC and FT-IR respectively. Ethyl acetate leaf extract of O.americanum showed significant antimicrobial activity against the all tested pathogens in agar well diffusion method in which B.cereus (17 mm) was observed high zone of inhibition. Whereas lowest inhibition was observed in aqueous extract against C.pentrigens (7 mm). The ranges of MIC values from 0.78 μg/ml to 50 μg/ml and MBC/MFC 1.56 μg/ml to 50 μg/ml were observed. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terepenes, phenolic compounds cardiac glycosides were detected. Saponinns, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds were observed in only ethyl acetate leaf extracts. Functional group of the leaf extracts was exhibited by FTIR and HPLC analysis of the ethyl acetate leaf extract was elutated at six peaks. Based on the results we concluded that ethyl acetate leaf extract of O.americanum has proved to be potentially effective than the other extracts. Therefore, ethyl acetate leaf extract of O.americanum could act as antimicrobial agent and further studies are recommended for isolation of compounds and toxicological studies.

Terminalia ferdinandiana Fruit and Leaf Extracts Inhibit Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Growth.

The development of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria has vastly depleted our repertoire of effective antibiotic chemotherapies. The development of multi-β-lactam-resistant strains are particularly concerning due to our previous reliance on this class of antibiotics because of their initial efficacy and broad-spectrum activity. With increases in extended-spectrum β-lactam-resistance and an expanded resistance to other classes of antibiotics, there is an urgent need for the development of effective new antibiotic therapies. Terminalia ferdinandiana is an endemic Australian plant known for its high antioxidant and tannin contents. T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts have strong antibacterial activity against a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. However, T. ferdinandiana extracts have not been tested against ESBL and MRSA antibiotic-resistant pathogens. An objective of this study was to screen T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts for bacterial growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion assay against β-lactam-sensitive and -resistant E. coli strains and against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was quantified by liquid dilution techniques. The fruit methanolic extract, as well as the methanolic, aqueous, and ethyl acetate leaf extracts strongly inhibited the growth of the MRSA, with MICs as low as 223 µg/mL. In contrast, the extracts were ineffective inhibitors of ESBL growth. Metabolomic fingerprint analysis identified a diversity and relative abundance of tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids, several of which have been reported to inhibit MRSA growth in isolation. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia nauplii and HDF toxicity assays, further indicating their potential for medicinal use.