Ethyl Acetate Extract Of Leaves Research Articles

Characterization and evaluation ethyl acetate extract of melochia corchorifolia leaf- anticancer antibiological and molecular docking studies on breast cancer estrogen receptor

The present work focused on Phytochemical screening, characterization, anticancer activity and antibiological activity of ethyl acetate extract of Melochia corchorifolia leaves followed by molecular docking studies have been carried out. The plant leaves have been collected, weighed, and extracted with the soxhlet apparatus by using ethyl acetate solvent and then extracted are subjected to phytochemical screening. Antibiological activity of plant leaves ethyl acetate extract has been tested against six bacterial and two fungal strains using agar well diffusion methodology. The characterization of phytoconstituents compounds has been carried out using various spectroscopy method such as GC-MS (Gas chromatography Mass spectroscopy), UV-visible and Fourier-transform infrared. Auto dock tool (4.2.0) is used for molecular docking studies. The phytochemical analysis of Melochia corchorifolia ethyl acetate leaves, reveals the existence of carbohydrates, glycosides, triterpenes flavonoids and alkaloids. Antimicrobial activity is effective against gram-positive bacterial strains namely Staphylococcus aureus (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16 mm), the gram-negative bacterial strains namely Salmonella typhi (15 mm) and E. coli (14 mm). Moreover, the extract is also found to be effective against Aspergillus Niger (18 mm) fungal species. The GC-MS and FT-IR analysis show bioactive compounds and their functional groups. UV-VIS analysis results reveal that the presence of phytoconstituents derivatives in the range between 206-350 nm. The cytotoxicity activity for the MCF-7 cell line shows that the drug efficacy IC50 value is 148.836 (μg/mL). Further, the predicted bioactive compounds are docked with the cancer estrogen protein receptor (PDB ID: 3s7s) with ligand martidin-15 one shows the highest binding affinity. The study reveals the potential of Melochia corchorifolia leaves ethyl acetate extract showed antibiological and anticancer activity.

ISOLATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES IN ALBIZIA CHEVALIERI USING COLUMN-CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES.

Plants have served human beings as natural source for treatments and therapies from ancient times to date; amongst them medicinal herbs which have gain attention because of its wide use and less side effects. Chromatographic techniques have significant role in natural products chemistry as well as contribute dramatically in the discovery of novel and innovative compounds of pharmaceutical and biomedical limportance. In the present study, phytochemical analysis of Albizia chevalieri was carried out for the three Arial parts of the plant extracted with three different solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane). This study also focused on step-by-step visual demonstration of fractionation and isolation of biologically active plant secondary metabolites in A.chevalieri using column-chromatographic techniques. Isolation of bioactive compounds using column-chromatographic involves: Preparation of sample; Packing of column; Pouring of sample into the column; Elution of fractions; and Analysis of each fractions using thin layer chromatography. Based-on the column-chromatographic technique, it was observed that in each fraction one band were detected. Qualitative analysis showed that methanol extracted almost all the secondary metabolites in all the three Arial parts of the plant. After quantification, it was observed that methanol Root extract was having the highest phenolic contents (44.83µg/GAE/g), followed by methanol leaf extract (38.89 µg/GAE/g), and methanol stem bark extract (22.00 µg/GAE/g). Root ethyl acetate extract (8.19 µg GAE/g), stem bark ethyl acetate extract (13.49 µg GAE/g), and leaves ethyl acetate extract (23.66 µg GAE/g), while n-hexane extracts were having a very low phenolic content with; n- hexane root (0.66 µg GAE/g), n-hexane stem bark extract (2.69 µg GAE/g), and n-hexane leaves extract (7.80 µg GAE/g). The presence of high amount of phytochemical compounds suggest that A. chevalieri plant has high medicinal value and can be carefully studied to extract the natural compounds which are beneficial to human beings and that could be commercialized for higher production than using synthetic drugs with side effects. However, depending on nature of research, compounds can be further purified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)spectral analyses.

Chemical characterization of extracts from various parts of Salvia hispanica L. and their antibacterial activity

Plants have been an important source of phytomedicines for thousands of years. Salvia hispanica L. distributed in Central and Southern Mexico and Guatemala has potential medicinal properties. The current research focused on the chemical characterization of the plant extracts from leaf, seed, and flower parts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC MS) analysis and evaluating its antibacterial effects. Results of antibacterial tests proved that the crude extracts could be potentially utilized in controlling some bacterial strains. The highest zone of inhibition (14.6 mm) was observed against the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens at 50 µg/100 μL ethyl acetate flower extract. GC-MS analysis confirmed the occurrence of 49 and 34 different compounds in the ethyl acetate flower and leaf extract respectively. Many of them are used in industry for various applications like flavour and fragrance agent, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor etc. These plant extracts which proved to be potentially effective can be used as natural alternative preventives to control food poisoning diseases and preserve foodstuff avoiding health hazards of chemical antimicrobial agent applications.

Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Novel Antidiabetic Compounds from Leaves of Momordica balsamina Linn and Leptadenia hastata (Pers) Decne.

The antihyperglycemic effect of the polyherbal combination of the leaves of Momordica balsamina Linn (MB) and Leptadenia hastata (pers) Decne (LH) have been reported in our previous study in addition to its documented dietary usages. However, the bioactive principles are yet to be fully elucidated. In the present study, bioactive antidiabetic compounds from the leaf extracts of Momordica balsamina Linn and Leptadenia hastata (pers) Decne were isolated and characterized. The plant leaves were fractionated with solvents in ascending order of polarity (hexane-chloroform-ethylacetate-methanol) using microwave assisted extraction method. The ethylacetate (MBE) and methanolic (LHM) leaf extracts of MB and LH, having the highest antihyperglycemic effects were purified by column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. The antihyperglycemic activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and the structures of the most bioactive compounds were elucidated by 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in comparison with reported literature. A pentacyclic triterpenoid (H3) and an isoflavone (LH2b) isolated from MBE and LHM with significant (p < 0.05) antihyperglycemic effects were identified as betulinic acid and 5-methyl genistein respectively. Our study isolated for the first time a triterpenoid and an isoflavone with potential antidiabetic effects from these indigenous antidiabetic plants. This further validates the traditional multi-therapeutic usage of the combination for the management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and its complications.

Isolation and identification of metabolites from ethyl acetate leaf extract of Solenostemma argel

Isolation and identification of metabolites from ethyl acetate leaf extract of Solenostemma argel

Phytochemical Screening and Bioactivity Determination of Ethyl Acetate and Methanolic Extracts of Leaf and Bark of the Plant Nyctanthes arbortristis L.

The present study targeted to evaluate the phytoconstituents of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn., and its biological activity. By solvent extraction procedure, a total of four extracts were designated from the leaf and bark of the plant using two solvents (leaf extract in ethyl acetate and methanol: NALE &amp; NALM; bark extract in ethyl acetate and methanol: NABE &amp; NABM). Phytochemical screening was conducted by qualitative analysis and thin-layer chromatography. Parallelly, antioxidant property (by DPPH free radical scavenging method) and antimicrobial activity (by disk diffusion method) were also investigated to determine bioactivity. The presence of alkaloids and glycosides was detected by qualitative phytochemical assay of the extracts. Furthermore, TLC successfully observed the versatility of the compound's presence, such as phenolic compounds, different alkaloids, and glycosides. In DPPH assay, methanolic extracts are highly capable of scavenging the radicals than the ethyl acetate extracts. Surprisingly, IC50 for NABM (1.69 µg/ml) is less than ascorbic acid (3.58µg/ml), which is an exploration of the excellent antioxidant potential of the plant. But any extracts showed no positive result in the antimicrobial test against gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, even against yeast.

Isolation and Structural Studies on Chemical Constituents from Catharanthus roseus Leaf Ethyl Acetate Extract

Isolation and Structural Studies on Chemical Constituents from Catharanthus roseus Leaf Ethyl Acetate Extract

PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANALGESIC, ANTIPYRETIC AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF PSIADIA PUNCTULATA GROWING IN YEMEN

Background: Psiadia punctulata growing in Yemen is used traditionally for different medicinal purpose, such as in casts of broken bones and for relief of pain, fever and abdominal pain.&#x0D; Objective: To determine the chemical composition and to assess the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity of P. punctulata leaf extracts.&#x0D; Method: Phytochemical screening of P. punctulata ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts were performed using chemical tests and thin layer chromatography. An acute oral toxicity study was conducted in rats by administering oral ethanol leaf extract of up to 5000 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts (200, 400 mg/kg) and diclofenac (20 mg/kg) were evaluated using a formalin-induced inflammation rat model. The analgesic activity of orally administered ethyl acetate and ethanol leaf extracts (100, 200, 300mg/kg), compared to diclofenac (20 mg/kg) were evaluated by a formalin-based test as well. The antipyretic activity of oral ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts (400 mg/kg) versus paracetamol (150mg/kg) was assessed in Baker’s Yeast-induced pyrexia rats.&#x0D; Results: The phytochemical analyses indicated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids, phenolic compounds/tannins, phytosterols, saponins, gum and mucilage. The ethanol extract of the plant was apparently safe in rats at doses as high as 5000 mg/kg body weight. Time- and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity of the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) were clearly observed in rats. The results showed that both extracts exerted significant analgesic and antipyretic effects.&#x0D; Conclusion: Psiadia punctulata possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities with a wide safety margin.&#x0D; Peer Review History: &#x0D; Received: 22 September 2020; Revised: 7 October; Accepted: 26 October, Available online: 15 November 2020&#x0D; UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.&#x0D; Received file &#x0D; &#x0D; Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10&#x0D; Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10&#x0D; Reviewer(s) detail:&#x0D; Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, gehankandeel9@yahoo.com&#x0D; Ahmad Najib, Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemystry Universitas Muslim Indonesia-Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id&#x0D; &#x0D; Comments of reviewer(s): &#x0D; &#x0D; Similar Articles:&#x0D; ESTIMATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY AS WELL AS APOPTOTIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF CROCUS SATIVUS&#x0D; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF BAPHIA NITIDA&#x0D; PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL EVALUATIONS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF COCOS NUCIFERA (L.) LEAVES&#x0D; PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC OF PRUNUS DULCIS (ALMOND) MEDICINAL PLANT LEAVES USED IN FOLK MEDICINE FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND BURNS IN HUFASH DISTRICT AL MAHWEET GOVERNORATE–YEMEN

English

Diabetes mellitus is the fourth killer disease globally. The available management strategies are quite expensive and sometimes unsafe. This necessitates the need for bio-active drugs from medicinal plants. Although Salvia officinalis (sage) is used in herbal medicine, the scientific validation for anti-diabetic effects of various extracts has been elusive. The present study aimed to determine and compare the anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy of methanolic, hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous leaf extracts of Salvia officinalis in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed presence of flavanone, sterols, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and triterpenes. The extracts were subjected to preliminary in vivo bio-assays at dosage levels of 400 mg/kg for 7 days through oral administration. The aqueous extract demonstrated significant hypoglycaemic effect, p˂0.05 hence subjected to further hypoglycaemic studies for 15 days. There was a significant decrease in blood sugar levels of groups treated with aqueous extract at 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg doses from 452.00 &plusmn; 11.13 mg/dL and 431.00 &plusmn; 10.65 mg/dL to 256.33 &plusmn; 5.12 mg/dL and 256.67 &plusmn; 8.74 mg/dL. Weight gain improved significantly from 28.05 &plusmn; 0.39 g and 27.38 &plusmn; 0.52 g to 29.32 &plusmn; 0.42 g and 28.55 &plusmn; 0.38 g respectively compared to controls, p˂0.05. Histopathological studies revealed no significant changes in liver and kidney tissues. Besides, no significant cytotoxic effect was reported. Results from this study indicate that aqueous extract of Salvia officinalis is a potential anti-hyperglycaemic and can be used in modulating blood glucose levels. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Salvia officinalis, aqueous extract, hypoglycaemic effect, phytochemicals. &nbsp

In Vitro Assessment of Antiplasmodial and Antitrypanosomal Activities of Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate and Ethanol Leaf Extracts of Oedera genistifolia

The high resistance evolution of protozoans to the existing antiparasitic drugs has necessitated the quest for novel and effective drugs against plasmodium and trypanosome parasites. As a result, this study aimed to assess the antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal potentials of chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol leaf extracts of Oedera genistifolia. Standard biochemical procedures were explored for the plant extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) was used to identify the bioactive compounds in the crude extracts. The cytotoxic effects of the crude extracts were assessed against human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa cells) and their antiparasitic activities were investigated against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. GCMS analyses of the crude extracts revealed the bioactive compounds that could be responsible for the biological activities. The extracts had no cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells and demonstrated good antiplasmodial activity (chloroform extract: IC50 = 11.6 µg∙mL−1, ethyl acetate extract: IC50 = 3.3 µg∙mL−1 and ethanol extract: IC50 = 3.7 µg∙mL−1). Likewise, they showed excellent antitrypanosomal activity with IC50 = 0.5 µg∙mL−1 for chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts and IC50 = 0.4 µg∙mL−1 for the ethanol extract. Findings from the present study indicated that O. genistifolia could be a good source of strong antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal agents.

Phytochemical Fingerprinting and Activity of Extracts from the Leaves of Dolichos kilimandscharicus (Fabaceae) on Jurkat-T Cells.

Plants are a source of over a quarter of the prescription drugs currently in use worldwide. Zimbabwe has a rich plant biodiversity with only a limited number reported for the treatment of cancer. The leaf extracts of Dolichos kilimandscharicus were selected for the screening of their antiproliferative efficacy and cytotoxicity effects. This plant has increasingly been used by local folk as a treatment for cancer or cancer-related symptoms though its bioactivity has not been scientifically determined. This investigation also sought to identify constituent compounds in the crude extract preparations responsible for their antiproliferative efficacy. The antiproliferative effects of six-leaf extracts on Jurkat-T in vitro were investigated using the Trypan blue exclusion assay. The extracts were tested with increasing concentration, using chlorambucil as a standard anticancer drug. Cytotoxicity of extracts was determined against RAW 264.7 cells using a colorimetric tetrazolium-based assay. In additionthe ability of the extracts to induce apoptosis was determined for the most potent leaf extracts. The order of potency of the leaf extracts of D. kilimandscharicus against Jurkat-T cell line was found to be MeOH < Ethyl Acetate < DCM: MeOH < EtOH with IC50s of 33.56, 30.44, 22.93, and 21.59 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the most potent extracts exhibited very low cytotoxicity against all the tested cells. D. kilimandscharicus leaf extracts induced apoptosis in the Jurkat-T cells as was shown by DNA fragmentation. UPLC-MS analysis of crude extracts led to the identification of 23 compounds from the ethanol extract and these may be responsible for the observed antiproliferative effects. Rutin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, hispidulin, kaempferol derivatives, as well as caffeoylquinic acid are some of the compounds identified in the extracts. The results of this study showed that the ethanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of D. kilimandscharicus have antiproliferative activity against Jurkat-T cells and may act by inducing apoptosis.. The current findings offer supporting evidence for the use of these plant species in the treatment of cancer in ethnomedicinal practices.

GC\u2013MS analysis of phytoconstituents from Amomum nilgiricum and molecular docking interactions of bioactive serverogenin acetate with target proteins

Amomum nilgiricum is one of the plant species reported from Western Ghats of India, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, with ethno-botanical values, and is well-known for their ethno medicinal applications. In the present investigation, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of A. nilgiricum were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to identify the important functional groups and phytochemical constituents. The FTIR spectra revealed the occurrence of functional characteristic peaks of aromatic amines, carboxylic acids, ketones, phenols and alkyl halides group from leaf and rhizome extracts. The GC–MS analysis of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from leaves, and methanol extract from rhizomes of A. nilgiricum detected the presence of 25 phytochemical compounds. Further, the leaf and rhizome extracts of A. nilgiricum showed remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities at 100 mg/mL. The results of DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay recorded maximum antioxidant activity in A. nilgiricum methanolic leaf extract. While, ethyl acetate leaf extract exhibited maximum α-amylase inhibition activity, followed by methanolic leaf extract exhibiting aldose reductase inhibition. Subsequently, these 25 identified compounds were analyzed for their bioactivity through in silico molecular docking studies. Results revealed that among the phytochemical compounds identified, serverogenin acetate might have maximum antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties followed by 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane and (1,3-13C2)propanedioic acid. To our best knowledge, this is the first description on the phytochemical constituents of the leaves and rhizomes of A. nilgiricum, which show pharmacological significance, as there has been no literature available yet on GC–MS and phytochemical studies of this plant species. The in silico molecular docking of serverogenin acetate was also performed to confirm its broad spectrum activities based on the binding interactions with the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant and antidiabetic target proteins. The results of the present study will create a way for the invention of herbal medicines for several ailments by using A. nilgiricum plants, which may lead to the development of novel drugs.

Assessment of antibacterial potential of methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform Moringa oliefera leaf extracts

Bacterial infections and their increasing resistance to common antibiotics is posing serious threat to global public health. To this end, finding new alternatives and evaluating their antibacterial efficacy is always desirable. Therefore, in the present study we used methanol (MeOH), n-hexane (n-Hex), ethyl acetate (ETAC) and chloroform (CHCl3) to prepared four different types of extracts from Moringa oleifera (M. oliefera) leaves aiming to inhibit five selected bacteria. Initially, agar well diffusion methods was used, and zones of inhibition were measured as an indicator of bacterial susceptibility. MeOH, n-Hex, ETAC and CHCl3 leaf extracts showed highest zone of inhibition against E. coli, B. cereus, S. pyogenes, S. aureus and S. enterica, respectively. Moreover, highest zones of inhibition were observed at lowest incubation (24hr) and lowest zones were observed at highest incubation period (72hr) for all tested concentrations. Later, macrodilution method was used to access the antibacterial susceptibility in liquid medium. Results confirmed the susceptibility of all test bacteria with different level of IC50 values ranging from 7.07 ± 0.44 to10.91 ± 0.10 mg/ml for MeOH extract, 1.66 ± 0.08 to 2.11 ± 0.11 mg/ml for n-Hex extract, 2.58 ± 0.13 to 3.84 ± 0.21 mg/ml for ETAC extract and 3.73 ± 0.75 to 8.36 ± 0.20 mg/ml for CHCl3 extract. Interestingly, none of the tested bacteria showed resistance against any of the tested extract in well diffusion or macrodilution method expressing the M. oliefera leaves extracts as potent candidates to kill bacteria in semisolid or in liquid medium to fulfill medical needs in future. Keywords: Bacteria; M. oleifera; Macrodilution method; Zones of inhibition http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90207

Study of Phytochemicals, Toxicity, Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract Extract (Paperomiapellucida L)

Suruhan Leaf (Paperomiapellucida L) is a weedy plant that is used by rural communities as herbal medicine. In this study, phytochemical tests have identified compounds contained in the ethyl acetate extract, then the toxicity test was carried out by the Brint Shrimp LethallytyTocycity (BSLT) method using Artemia Salina Leach shrimp larvae, an antibacterial activity test for bacteria: Bacillus cereus (ATCC) 11778), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), E. coli (ATCC 25922), S. saprophytic (ATCC 49907), Catsobacterfrendi (ATCC 18090), P.acne (ATCC 27853), Epidermis (ATCC 12228) with diffusion methods, various of concentration 1; 5; 10; 25% as control used chloramphenicol 30 mcg, the highest inhibitory zone at a concentration of 25% showed a strong antibacterial succession of 20.7; 11.1; 29.7; 15; 13.5; 10; 17.3 mm. The results of the identification of compounds in ethyl acetate extract are alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins. The toxicity of LC50 is 71.28 ppm (toxic).

Phytochemical Evaluation, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Various Extracts from Leaves and Stems of Bryophyllum pinnatum

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different extracts (methanol and ethyl acetate) of leaf and stem of Bryophyllum pinnatum were studied. The screening for the secondary metabolites was carried out using the standard methods. The antioxidant capacities of the different extracts were assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) while the antimicrobial activity of the extracts obtained were screened against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella spp., Vibrio cholerae, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) using Agar well diffusion method. Both extracts obtained from leaf and stem of Bryophyllum pinnatum contained most of the phytochemical compounds tested for. However, anthocyanins and anthraquinone were not detected in leaf extracts while coumarin was absent in stem extracts. Quantification of bioactive compounds showed that both extracts contained the highest concentration of polyphenols (34.49 ±0.47 mg GAE/g and 32.32 ±1.2 mg GAE/g for methanol leaf and stem extracts respectively) while the least concentration was recorded for alkaloids (0.03±0.02 mg/g for methanol stem extract). Results revealed that the extracts showed dose-dependent scavenging of DPPH as well as the ability of the extracts to reduce FeCl3 solution, with methanol extracts exhibiting the highest scavenging and reducing capacity. However the leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum had greater antioxidant activity than the stem by DPPH and ferric reducing assays, with IC50 values ranging from 3.147µg/ml to 3.80µg/ml for DPPH and 331.9 - 451 µg/ml for FRAP assays. The antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts of leaf and stem reveal that microorganisms exhibited different sensitivities towards these extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Methanol leaf extract showed no activity against Escherichia coli while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was insensitive to ethyl acetate leaf extract. For stem extracts, Aspergillus niger, Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to methanol extract while Aspergillus niger, Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant towards ethyl acetate stem extract. The results obtained in this study showed that Bryophyllum pinnatum is a reservoir of bioactive compounds and both extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.

Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial studies of &lt;I&gt;Lannea egregia&lt;/I&gt; Engl. &amp; K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) extracts and chromatographic fractions

Screening ‘new’ medicinal plants of traditional importance for bioactive components is a sure way of discovering novel therapeutic agents to treat diseases. This study, therefore investigated the presence of phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial components of the extracts of Lannea egregia. Phytochemical screening was done by standard methods. Antibacterial activity of the extracts of Lannea egregia was determined by agar well diffusion method while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution method. The antioxidant capacity of the crude extracts was determined through the evaluation of total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, ferric reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl. The phytochemical screening of the different parts of this plant revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, emodins, phlobatannins, anthocyanins, coumarins and phenolics. Phlobatannins was observed to be absent in the stem bark. The crude extracts obtained from the leaves, stem bark and roots of this plant exhibited good antibacterial activity against typed strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The diameter of the zone of inhibition ranged from 9.0 to 26.0 mm at 100 mg/mL for all the plant parts. The ethyl acetate leaf extract of this plant possessed the highest antibacterial activity with MIC and MBC values of the range of (3.125 to ˃50 mg/mL) and (12.5 to ˃50 mg/mL) respectively. The zone inhibition of the chromatographic fractions of both plants ranged 15-23 mm. Antioxidant study of the extracts of the leaf of L. egregia revealed that the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts have good antioxidant potentials comparable to that of ascorbic acid control. This study has revealed that the extracts from different parts of L. egregia possess good antibacterial and antioxidant activities which could be a function of the various phytochemicals detected in the plant.&#x0D; Keywords: Lannea egregia, Phytochemical, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Column chromatography.

Heneicosane—A novel microbicidal bioactive alkane identified from Plumbago zeylanica L

Today the quick advancement of multi drug resistance in microorganisms is expanding worldwide and the related medical issues for the treatment of infectious diseases that researchers claim could return to the stage of the pre-antibiotic era. Medicinal plants possess a potential holistic role for the provision of drugs to cure microbial infections. The present work, has aimed to isolate and analyze the new bioactive molecule and to test their antimicrobial activities from the Plumbago zeylanica L leaf extracts. For analyzing the phytochemistry and microbicidal activities of the herb, extracts with various solvents have been used. The various crude leaf extracts with antimicrobial activity was treated against pathogenic microorganisms such as two Gram positive, two Gram negative, one acid fast staining bacteria and one fungus using agar well method. New bioactive molecule was isolated via GC–MS, TLC, HPLC, FTIR and NMR spectrum. Current study had used ethyl acetate leaf extract and exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity compared with other extracts and conventional drugs. The ethyl acetate extract was analyzed by GC–MS which was detected in fifteen compounds, followed by TLC analysis to elucidate the ten compounds with ten fractions. Among the active fractions, a single compound was detected using HPLC analysis. The identified bioactive molecule Heneicosane was used for measuring the antimicrobial activity. Depending on the results obtained, it was verified that heneicosane exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 31 ± 0.64 mm and Aspergillus fumigatus 29 ± 0.86 mm respectively at 10 μg/ml concentrations. Hence this study derives its novelty in isolating the bioactive molecule with pronounced microbicidal role from the herbal source mentioned.

Antifungal potentials of Luffa cylindrica (Roem) ethyl acetate leaf extract

Background: Plants remain as an untapped reservoir of potentially useful chemical compounds. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vivo antifungal activities, bioautographic profile and in vitro mechanism of action. Methods: The in vivo antifungal activity was investigated against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum in Wistar rats. Thin layer bioautographic profile of the ethyl acetate extract was assessed using agar overlay method. The possible in vitro mechanism of action of the crude ethyl acetate extract was assessed by the sorbitol protection assay and release of cellular materials assay. Results: The bioautographic profile showed the presence of three active spots having retardation factors of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.92 and diameter zone of inhibition, 15.0 – 30.0 mm. The in vivo antifungal (dermal) activity of the crude ethyl acetate extract, revealed a gradual healing of the infected rats skin upon treatment with the extract formulation, with no visible clinical signs of toxicity to the skin. In vivo systemic antifungal evaluation of the crude extract at a dose of 1500 mg/kg produced the strongest systemic antifungal activity with a total kill of all the fungal isolates at day 3 of treatment in rats however, histopathological examination after oral administration revealed signs of toxicity to vital organs (kidney, liver and lungs). Conclusion: The good in vivo activity supports its ethno-botanical use in the treatment of skin diseases.

Identification of Chemical Profiles and Biological Properties of Rhizophora racemosa G. Mey. Extracts Obtained by Different Methods and Solvents.

Mangrove forests exemplify a multifaceted ecosystem since they do not only play a crucial ecological role but also possess medicinal properties. Methanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous leaf and bark extracts were prepared using homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), infusion and maceration (with and without stirring). The different extracts were screened for phytochemical profiling and antioxidant capacities in terms of radical scavenging (DPPH, ABTS), reducing potential (CUPRAC, FRAP), total antioxidant capacity and chelating power. Additionally, R. racemosa was evaluated for its anti-diabetic (α-amylase, α-glucosidase), anti-tyrosinase and anti-cholinesterase (AChE, BChE) activities. Additionally, antimycotic and antibacterial effects were investigated against Eescherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium ochrochloron and Penicillium verrucosum. Finally, based on phytochemical fingerprint, in silico studies, including bioinformatics, network pharmacology and docking approaches were conducted to predict the putative targets, namely tyrosinase, lanosterol-14-α-demethylase and E. coli DNA gyrase, underlying the observed bio-pharmacological and microbiological effects. The methanolic leave and bark extracts (prepared by both HAE and maceration) abounded with phenolics, flavonoids, phenolic acids and flavonols. Results displayed that both methanolic leaf and bark extracts (prepared by HAE) exhibited the highest radical scavenging, reducing potential and total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, our findings showed that the highest enzymatic inhibitory activity recorded was with the tyrosinase enzyme. In this context, bioinformatics analysis predicted putative interactions between tyrosinase and multiple secondary metabolites including apigenin, luteolin, vitexin, isovitexin, procyanidin B, quercetin and methoxy-trihydroxyflavone. The same compounds were also docked against lanosterol-14α-demethylase and E. Coli DNA gyrase, yielding affinities in the submicromolar–micromolar range that further support the observed anti-microbial effects exerted by the extracts. In conclusion, extracts of R. racemosa may be considered as novel sources of phytoanti-oxidants and enzyme inhibitors that can be exploited as future first-line pharmacophores.

Preclinical anticancer studies on the ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Datura stramonium and Datura inoxia

BackgroundCancer is a horrific disease relentlessly affecting human population round the globe. Genus Datura encompasses numerous species with reported medicinal uses. However, its potential as a source of natural anticancer agents is yet to be determined. Datura stramonium (DS) and Datura inoxia (DI) are the two species chosen for this study.MethodsTotal phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC) as well as antioxidant activity were assessed through colorimetric method. Polyphenolic quantification was done by RP-HPLC. Following extract standardization ethyl acetate leaf extracts of both species (DSL-EA and DIL-EA) were chosen for anticancer studies. In vitro cytotoxicity using various models including cancer cell lines was monitored. Following toxicity studies, benzene (0.2 ml) was used to induce leukemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Extracts were orally administered to preventive (100 and 200 mg/kg) and treatment (200 mg/kg only) groups. The antileukemic potential of extracts was assessed through haematological, biochemical, endogenous antioxidants and histological parameters.ResultsSignificant TPC and TFC were estimated in DSL-EA and DIL-EA. RP-HPLC quantified (μg/mg extract) rutin (0.89 ± 0.03), gallic acid (0.35 ± 0.07), catechin (0.24 ± 0.02) and apigenin (0.29 ± 0.09) in DSL-EA while rutin (0.036 ± 0.004) and caffeic acid (0.27 ± 0.03) in DIL-EA. Both extracts exhibited significant brine shrimp cytotoxicity (LC50 < 12.5 μg/ml). DIL-EA exhibited greater cytotoxicity against PC-3, MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 cell lines (IC50 < 3 μg/ml in each case) as well as higher protein kinase inhibitory action (MIC: 25 μg/disc) compared to DSL-EA. Leukemia induced in rats was affirmed by elevated serum levels of WBCs (7.78 ± 0.012 (× 103) /μl), bilirubin (7.56 ± 0.97 mg/dl), Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) (133.75 ± 2.61 nM/min/mg protein), decreased RBCs (4.33 ± 0.065 (× 106)/μl), platelets (344 ± 3.19 (× 103)/μl), total proteins (2.14 ± 0.11 g/dl), Glutathione S-transferases (GST) (81.01 ± 0.44 nM/min/ml), endogenous antioxidant enzymes levels and abnormal liver and kidney functionality in disease control rats. Both species revealed almost identical and significant (p < 0.05) alleviative effects in benzene induced leukemia.ConclusionComprehensive screening divulged the tremendous potential of selected species as potent source of natural anticancer agents in a variety of cancers particularly leukemia. Present study might provide useful finger prints in cancer research and mechanistic studies are prerequisite in logical hunt of this goal.