Abstract
Medicinal plants have been the good source of treatment for different ailments of humans as well as animals for centuries. However, in Tanzania, few plants were investigated for their efficacy against various diseases of chickens. In the present study, four medicinal plants were investigated against Salmonella gallinarum isolated from chickens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution methods and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) were used to evaluate the activities of plants against chicken salmonellosis. For the safety of chickens against the toxicity of plants, the cytotoxicity assay was determined using a brine shrimp lethality test. Aloe secundiflora leaf ethyl acetate (ALEA), Aloe rabaiensis leaf methanolic (ArM), Aloe rabaiensis leaf ethyl acetate (ArLEA), and Punica granatum leaf ethyl acetate (PGLEA) extracts exhibited the highest MIC (0.3906 mg/mL) and MBC (3.125 mg/mL), respectively. The Dolichos kilimandscharicus tuber ethyl acetate (DTEA) and Dolichos kilimandscharicus tuber pet ether (DTPE) extracts displayed MIC of 1.563 mg/mL and 12.50 mg/mL and MBC of 12.50 mg/mL and 25.50 mg/mL, respectively. The highest LC50 values exhibited in Dolichos kilimandscharicus ranged from 7.937 × 10−4 mg/mL to 7.242 × 10−2 mg/mL for pet ether and methanolic extracts, respectively, while ALEA extract exhibited LC50 of 7.645 × 10−3 mg/mL. Generally, the extracts with MIC 0.3906 mg/mL and MBC 3.125 mg/mL demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity with low toxicity efficient to manage chicken salmonellosis. Dolichos kilimandscharicus, which exhibited higher toxicity, warrants further investigation on insecticidal and anticancer agents.
Highlights
Salmonella spp. is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae [1].e bacterium is zoonotic, affecting both chickens and humans [2]. e management of chickens with salmonellosis makes human the most affected individual than any other species [3]
Plant Materials Collection. e plant materials were collected from August to September 2020. e leaf of Aloe secundiflora var sabolifera was obtained from Makuyuni, Arusha (3.1919 S, 36.5518 E, at altitude 1090 M), Aloe rabaiensis was obtained around Lake Jipe in Mwanga, Kilimanjaro (3.34882 S, 37.44202 E at altitude 718 M), Punica granatum leaf, fruit peel, and seed were obtained from Ngurdoto, Arusha (3.1919S, 36.5518 E, at altitude 1332 M), and Dolichos kilimandscharicus tuber was obtained from Moshi, Kilimanjaro (3.21 S, 37.2 E, at altitude 1220 M)
Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from A. secundiflora Engl var sabolifera, A. rabaiensis Rendle, D. kilimandscharicus Taub, and P. granatum Lin was evaluated against Salmonella gallinarum isolated from village chickens
Summary
Salmonella spp. is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae [1]. E bacterium is zoonotic, affecting both chickens and humans [2]. E management of chickens with salmonellosis makes human the most affected individual than any other species [3]. E poultry sector alone accounts for up to 50% of salmonellosis outbreaks in humans [9]. E fact is that medicinal plants are the primary source of bioactive compounds potential for the development of nutritional and pharmaceutical drugs [11, 12]. Different from antibiotics, bioactive compounds from medicinal plants can simultaneously disrupt the cellular membrane of a pathogen, stimulate the immune system of the host, protect intestinal mucosa from. Is observation demonstrates how bioactive compounds from medicinal plants promote beneficial bacteria, which later outcompete pathogens in resources and turn to improve the immune system of the host against diseases [18]. Erefore, the study investigated the antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities of four Tanzanian medicinal plants, namely, Aloe secundiflora var sabolifera, Aloe rabaiensis, Punica granatum, and Dolichos kilimandscharicus against Salmonella gallinarum isolated from village chickens
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