Classical Translation Research Articles

Two flexible translation-based models for knowledge graph embedding

Knowledge Graph Embedding (KGE), which aims to embed the entities and relations of a knowledge gxraph into a low-dimensional continuous space, has been proven to be an effective method for completing a knowledge graph and improving the quality of the knowledge graph. The translation-based models represented by TransE, TransH, TransR and TransD have achieved great success in this regard. There is still potential for improvement in dealing with complex relations. In this paper, we find that the lack of flexibility in entity embedding limits the model’s ability to model complex relations. Therefore, we propose single-directional-flexible (sdf) models and multi-directional-flexible (mdf) models to increase the flexibility and expressiveness of entity embeddings. These two methods can be applied to the TransD model and its variant models without increasing any time cost and space cost. We conduct experiments on benchmarks such as WN18 and FB15k. The experimental results show that the models significantly surpasses the classical translation models in both tasks of triplet classification and link prediction. In particular, for Hits@1 of link prediction of WN18, we get 71.7% after applying our method to TransD, which is much better than 24.1% of TransD.

ПЕРЕКЛАДОВЕ ТЕРМІНОЗНАВСТВО В УКРАЇНІ: СТАНОВЛЕННЯ, ОСНОВИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The article focuses on the development of translation-oriented terminology as a separate convergent field of philological science in Ukraine, the actual date of which can rightly be considered 2020. It is stated that the impetus for its emergence was the limited reproductive (technique/transformational) approach of classical translation studies to the investigation of specialized translation. In addition to its object, subject and a number of tasks, the article identifies five conceptual positions of translation-oriented terminology, which significantly change the view on language and translation. Specifically, it posits that the main function of language and translation is creation rather than communication, whereas translation itself is a third-order simulacrum or hyperreality. Taking into account that the order cannot be born out of chaos, a creator, who relies on empirically verified language principles and laws, but not the observed facts, is an especially relevant figure in the field. The author distinguishes between translational, lexicographic, standard-related and situational areas of translation-oriented terminology research. The article provides a helpful list of resources for potential research in the German-Ukrainian direction, which could facilitate proper multidomain terminology regulation and standardization efforts. Based on the current needs of science and society, including the translation market, the outlined perspectives and tasks of translation-oriented terminology confirm its relevance and importance. It is noteworthy that translationoriented terminology offers a significant advantage compared to other fields due to the applicability of its findings and standardization achievements, which initially address national priorities and ensure the provision of high-quality specialized translations.

Kristina Landa. The poetics of joy in Dante’s Divine Comedy. The original text and the canonical translation

The book examines the ‘poetics of joy’ in Dante’s Divine Comedy across the disciplines of lexicography, language history, philology, and theology, with reliance on an extensive body of research and supplemented with numerous comments to the poem. The book consists of two parts. In the first, the author analyses the vocabulary used by Dante and other medieval authors to express the notion. Dante’s artistic world exists within a broader cultural and religious context of the period. The book’s second part is devoted to the means by which the vocabulary denoting joy is rendered in M. Lozinsky’s now classical translation of the Comedy. The addendum contains the author’s own translations of several cantos from the Paradiso as well as of Jacopone da Todi’s lauda on the meaning of joy. The book will certainly interest Dante scholars and a broader audience of readers who are keen to understand the Divine Comedy — a unique work of world literature that has roused profound curiosity for more than seven centuries.

Inn, hostelry, and tavern. Three Russian translations of ‘In taberna quando sumus...’

The article analyses two classical translations of the Medieval Latin song ‘In taberna quando sumus…’ from the collection Carmina Burana into Russian, made by L. Ginsburg and M. Gasparov. Comparing each of the translations with the original, the authors demonstrate the difference in the translators’ approaches. Fond of archaic vocabulary, Gasparov ended up with an effectively Slavicised translation, whereas Ginsburg, who relied on the German version of the poem, gave its translation a somewhat Germanised air. Examined in particular is the extent to which the translators succeeded in rendering the song’s parodying aspect. The authors point out with regret that the Biblical quotes and reminiscences incorporated in the song by its anonymous medieval author are almost entirely omitted. At the end of the article, the authors include their own Russian translation, which focuses on the song’s parodying reminiscences, supplied with a detailed historical and philological commentary.

Reception of Translated Classics of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Spanish-speaking World: A Survey of Seven Spanish Versions of Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic)

Previous studies on translations of Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) have focused on English versions; little attention has been given to non-English translations. The present study is the first investigation of the reception of the seven Spanish versions of Huangdi Neijing in terms of three parameters: collection records in libraries worldwide; book reviews and citation counts in international journals; and customer reviews on Amazon. The results revealed four features of Spanish translations and communication of Huangdi Neijing in terms of reception of academia, reception of general readers, the center of translation and communication, and the role of Chinese scholars. These factors demonstrate the marginal status of Spanish translations of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) classics. The implications are summarized in hopes of promoting the translation and communication of TCM classics in the Spanish-speaking world and to provide insights into the communication of TCM culture in the non-English-speaking world.

게일의 미출판 영역 시조의 계보학적 위상 고찰

This work explores the characteristics and establishes the historical significance of James Scarth Gale(1863-1937)’s unpublished English translations of Korean classical Sijo(時調). In the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library belonging to the University of Toronto, Canada lies unpublished translations of Korean classics; part of this collection is a typed unpublished book called Pen-Pictures of Old Korea(『朝鮮筆景』) and a manuscript called The Diary(『日誌』) which contains English translations of Korean classical Sijo. During Gale’s 40 year stay in Korea, he devoted 30 of those years to translating Sijo. Previous research shows Gale’s translations differ in demeanor and purpose by publication period. Specifically, the first series of translations, those published in The Korean Repository between 1895 to 1898, was translated with the English audience in mind. On the other hand, the second series of translations, those published in The Korea Bookman in 1922, strives to highlight the literary qualities of the source. The last series of translations, published between 1924 and 1927 in The Korean Mission Field, amalgamate qualities of the previous two in attempt to please a broader audience. The Pen-Pictures of Old Korea, which was set to be published in 1912 but remains unpublished, shows similar qualities to that of Gale’s first series of translations. Although the first series of translations encompasses a large and diverse array of media, judging by time and its attributes, The Pen-Pictures of Old Korea can effectively be categorized into his first series of translations. Assuming such, we arrive at the notion that Gale translated as a service to Western literature until the early 1910s. Regarding The Diary(『日誌』), previous research has unveiled its publication period as similar to that of The Korea Bookman, the second series of translations. The two works are similar in its originalist motivations, but there also exist points of distinctions. Considering these qualities, we can assume that The Korea Bookman was written prior to The Diary, and The Diary was written to supplement and expand the subject The Korea Bookman was based off of. Through the discovery of The Diary, as Gale emphasized in The Korea Bookman, we arrive at the conclusion that Gale paid respects to the Korean traditional culture and continuously attempted to publicize such to the Western society.

Analysis of Translation strategies of Culture Compensation in the English Version of the Analects of Confucius by Ku Hungming

In the context of implementing “Chinese Culture Exporting” strategy, it is difficult for Chinese translators of national classics to completely break down cultural barriers. For example, some high cultural context concepts such as “Li” (礼) cannot match the Western context, and classic translations are difficult to spread more widely. Ku's translation of ancient books is quite in line with the taste of the Western public, and is still widely spread. The translation strategies chosen to highlight the Chinese national culture have certain research value in the translation of Chinese classics and are of great help to the dissemination of Chinese culture. From the perspective of culture compensation, this paper classifies and analyzes the cross-cultural analogies in the Analects of Confucius translated by Ku, so as to extract the translator’s implicit translation strategies and good translator’s literacy, hoping to provide a solution to the problem of “culture barriers” in the translation of Chinese classical books.

Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre in Danish: An Analysis of Translators’ Practice

In this article the Danish translations of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847) are discussed, focusing on the two most often reprinted Danish translations from respectively 1850 and 1944, while treating in less detail the remaining five translations of Jane Eyre. The approach is analytical, and the aim is to provide original research by demonstrating that all the translators except the very recent ones have severely edited and abridged their translations and taken liberties unheard of in modern literary translation. Finally, a brief comparison with Danish translations of other Victorian classics is offered.

AN ANALYSIS OF XU YUANCHONG’S ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF ZHANG XIAN’S “BUDDHIST DANCERS” FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF TOURY’S TRANSLATION NORM THEORY

<p>Since the 1980s, descriptive translation studies have come into being. Influenced by the polysystem theory of Zohar, a representative of the descriptive school, Toury proposed the translation norm theory, which includes preliminary norms, initial norms and operational norms. Xu Yuanchong is a great translator of Chinese classics, and his translations are of high artistic quality and great appreciation value. Based on Toury’s translation norm theory, this paper analyses Xu Yuanchong’s English-translated Song Ci “<em>Buddhist Dancers: missing my lord, I lean on railings of the tower</em>” from three normative categories, which is conducive to strengthening the depth and breadth of research in its field and promoting the spread of excellent traditional Chinese culture.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0333/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Henrician Homer: English Verse Translations from the Iliad and Odyssey, 1531–1545

Verse translations from the Iliad and Odyssey embedded in Thomas Elyot’s Gouernour, Roger Ascham’s Toxophilus, and Nicholas Udall’s Apophthegmes might seem the poor cousins of longer and better-known Homer translations by poets such as George Chapman. But this article, which pays close literary-critical attention to Elyot’s, Ascham’s, and Udall’s Homer translations, argues that they play an important and mostly untold part in a larger story concerning the translation of Homer into English, not to mention the vernacular translation of ancient Greek literature in England in the sixteenth century. These fragmentary translations reveal that early Tudor writers had a wider array of options in their methods of classical translation than has hitherto been appreciated. They also call for more nuanced consideration of the diverse intellectual, political, and literary contexts that spurred poetic innovation in late Henrician England.

량스추(梁實秋)의 『셰익스피어 전집』 번역 의미에 관한 연구

This paper tries to discuss what kind of translation values Liang Shiqiu used to translate Shakespeare’s Complete Works. This study finds that Liang Shiqiu’s Shakespeare’s Complete Works is an example of a vibrant and accessible literary translation, exhibits many developments in translation methods, and is a great example of Chinese translation history. He worked on translation with the belief that various personalities in Shakespeare’s literature created a powerful psychological insight into the human condition. To this end, he carefully analyzed the original text before translating, and found ways to improve its fidelity and readability. He paid attention to the original artistry of the drama, and tried to preserve the structure of the original as much as possible, so that readers could experience a text that is similar to the original. He also attempted to promote the development of modern Chinese literature by absorbing new ideas, vocabulary, and idioms into his translation practices. This paper reveals how, in doing so, he firstly implicitly recognized the culture of foreign countries by translating familiar images that would reflect the social customs of foreign countries or the psychology or emotions of the people. Second, he improved readers’ understanding by annotating background knowledge on idioms or shapes with complex cultural implications. Third, he showed the characteristics of a so-called “Europeanized translation” methodology, in which exact phrase formats in the original text are replicated. Fourth, he enhanced the connotation and elegance of Shakespeare’s sentences with a classical translation that demonstrates the advantages of traditional Chinese characters.

서양 고전 번역 출판에 관한 고찰

The need to read classics is growing day by day. It is necessary to check once in a while how faithfully translated and disseminated the 'World Literary Collection', which has spread like a fad in the publishing world. In this thesis, readers' translation criticism was attempted on Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther, which is a classic literary work common to all world literature collections in Korea. Checking the translation from the point of view of a reader who does not know the foreign language of the starting text is a criticism about the publisher's publication of the translated book. Therefore, unlike the existing translation criticism method, the translation status was reviewed targeting the same works of five publishers publishing world literature collections based on ‘readability’ and ‘consistency’, ‘omission error’ and ‘notation error’. As a result, all translations of the five publishers are incomplete, so it seems urgent to prepare a countermeasure for the translation of Western classics. The solution is a world-class translation project led by the state. Another way is to expand and reorganize the Korean Classics Translation Institute into the World Classics Translation Institute. As history proves, the promotion of the humanities is achieved through translation projects.

The Translingual Ziran of Laozi Chapter 25: Global Laozegetics and Meaning Unbound by Language

Many scholars view translations of the Chinese classics as inevitably lacking fidelity to the “original,” asserting language difference as a fundamental impediment to cross-cultural understanding. The present study disputes this viewpoint by employing the perspective of Global Laozegetics. This notion affirms a fundamental continuity between the native Laozi or Daodejing commentarial tradition and its corresponding foreign translation tradition. Specifically, I will investigate a range of interpretations of the term ziran found in Laozi Chapter 25, including 16 traditional and modern Chinese readings and 67 translations in 26 languages. My broad investigation of this narrow topic will reveal a rich historical development of interpretation and translation, highlight the philosophical ramifications of different exegetical choices, deepen our understanding of the core Daoist concept ziran, and assist in confirming the basic premise of Global Laozegetics that language, even the original language of Chinese, is secondary to interpretive strategy when engaging with classical works.

A Study on the Translation of Cultural Classics Based on Deep Learning Methods

China’s cultural classics have high artistic and ideological values in the world, which implies China’s historical heritage and the inheritance of the cultural situation of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. At present, with the rapid development of China’s economy, especially in the development environment of cultural globalization, China’s traditional cultural classics have attracted worldwide attention along with historical and cultural treasures. In fact, other countries need to translate cultural classics out of their love for China’s cultural classics or academic research. However, there are a large number of cultural classics in China. According to relevant data, there are approximately 35,000 kinds of cultural classics, out of which only 0.2% are translated into foreign languages. In order to make China’s excellent cultural classics known to the world and let more people in other countries understand Chinese culture, this paper studies the translation of cultural classics through in-depth learning. Firstly, this paper introduces the basic concept of deep learning and proposes an algorithm that deeply studies the convolution layer and pool layer. Secondly, the algorithm establishes a deep learning model that calculates and counts the text information of ancient books through explicit intertextuality. Thirdly, the model carries out automatic text translation and lists the analysis process of cultural classics translation based on intertextuality, so as to study cultural classics translation. The obtained results can promote the development of cultural classics translation in China. For the translation of complex cultural classics, the effects of the three models are tested experimentally, of which the sequence model (seq) is the best. This model is fast and simple to extract the text of literary classics.

《聊斋志异》韩译本中山东方言词汇的翻译策略

Although Liaozhaizhiyi is written in classical Chinese, it does not make people feel obscure and difficult to understand. It is known as the “peak of classical classical Chinese short stories” in the history of Chinese traditional literature. The work also skillfully uses dialects, especially those in Pu Songling's hometown Zichuan, Shandong. As a special language variant, dialect is not only the specific manifestation of regional characteristics at the language level, but also has social and other language characteristics, which brings great challenges to translation. Based on the achievements of relevant papers on Liaozhaizhiyi dialect and reference books such as Shandong dialect research and Zichuan dialect chronicles, this paper extracts and counts the Shandong dialect vocabulary in Liaozhaizhiyi, and further uses the four dialect translation strategies summarized by Wang Baorong (2016) to explore the translation strategies of the extracted Shandong dialect vocabulary in the Korean translation of Jinhui Jing in Liaozhaizhiyi, This will have a certain reference significance for the translation strategy of dialect vocabulary and the selection of translation strategy of external translation of classics.

A Study on the Translation Strategies of The Nine Songs from the Perspective of Cognitive Construal: A Comparative Analysis of the Yangs’ and Waley’s Versions

The process of forming translations is closely related to the translators’ embodied cognition and experience. The translators’ different mechanisms of construal contribute to the formation of a variety of translation versions. Based on the theory of Cognitive Construal, this paper discusses in detail the differences and translation strategies between the Yangs and Arthur Waley’s English versions of The Nine Songs, Elegies of the South. The analysis shows that the Yangs’ version has a high degree of specificity, follows the figure-ground relation of the original, highlights the original metrical pattern, and adopts the translation strategy of foreignization by translating the poem from the perspective of the original author. However, Waley’s version has more expressions of lesser specificity, does not follow the figure-ground relation of the original text completely, and changes the metrical pattern of the original poem. He interprets the poem from the perspective of the target language reader and adopts the translation strategy of domestication. The study shows the different translation poetics between Chinese translators and sinologists, hoping to provide references for the translation of Chinese classics.

A Study on the Korean Variant Characters in the Joseon Dynasty in Korea With Hakbongjip(《鶴峰集》) as the Breakthrough Point

In the Joseon Dynasty, printing technology made great progress. Korean literati and officials were keen on writing books, and their written works were compiled and printed by themselves or their disciples and descendants. The Korean Literary Collections in Classical Chinese (한국 문집 총간), compiled by the Institute of Classical Translation of Korea, is a collection of anthologies written by many writers of the Joseon Dynasty. In the middle and late Period of Korea, a large number of Korean literary anthologies began to emerge, in which there are a large number of variant characters worth studying. In particular, these different characters can show the characteristics of foreign spread and local change of Chinese characters in the Joseon Dynasty. In this paper, the representative anthology Hakbongjip is selected as the research object. After determining the definition of heteromorphic characters in this paper as “characters with identical and interchangeable meanings that can all be used in the same word”, Select the “遡”, “飜”, “摠”, “脣”, “椀”, “覩”, “筭”, “鰌”, “ ”, “窻”, “?”, “?”, “㗳”, “疎”, “?” a total of 15 words.According to Wang Ning

A Reinterpretation of Kumarajiva’s Translation Thought and Its Enlightenment to the “Going Out” of Chinese Culture

The translation of Buddhist sutras has played a vital role in the spread of Buddhism in China, of which Kumarajiva has made a great contribution. With his unique translation ideas and translation practices, he made it easier for the Buddhist scriptures to be accepted by the public, thus promoting the spread of Buddhism and the exchange and integration of ancient Indian civilization and Chinese culture. Now, our country is also actively advocating the strategy of “culture going out”. To promote China’s culture to go abroad, to spread Chinese cultural symbols and values to the world?we will enhance China’s international discourse power and the international influence of Chinese culture, thus further enhancing China’s cultural soft power. In this context, more and more Sinology classics go to the world through translation, among which the translation of Sinology classics in English is undoubtedly the mainstream. Based on this, Kumarajiva’s translation thoughts can be used for reference to the translation process of “Chinese culture going out”, for instance, how to deal with cultural untranslatability and translate some words with cultural characteristics, which can better promote the spread of Chinese culture and enhance China’s international influence.

A Comparative Research of Two English Translations of the Chapter “Comprehensive Discourse on Phenomena Corresponding to Yin and Yang” in Huangdi's Internal Classic

Abstract Culture-loaded words refer to words with specific cultural connotations that can express an abstract or a specific concept, which may be related to religious beliefs or social customs, but do not exist in other languages and cultures. Therefore, culture-loaded words bring some difficulties to translation work. Huang Di Nei Jing (《黄帝内经》 Huangdi's Internal Classic) is the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, and is listed as the first of the four classics of TCM. It contains a large number of culture-loaded words, which embody the ancient Chinese traditional culture. The translation of culture-loaded words is a difficult but crucial point in the translation of Huangdi's Internal Classic and directly relates to the quality of the translation of Huangdi's Internal Classic as a whole. Taking the two English versions of Maoshing Ni and Li Zhaoguo as examples, this work identifies the culture-loaded words appearing in the chapter “Yin Yang Ying Xiang Da Lun” (阴阳应象大论 Comprehensive Discourse on Phenomena Corresponding to the Yin and Yang). This work studies the strategies and translation process of culture-loaded words in Huangdi's Internal Classic, with a view to contribute to the English translation of TCM classics.

A Thick Translation of Hmong Oral Epics from the Perspective of Cultural Anthropology

Hmong Oral Epics is an oral classic of the Miao people, carrying the cultural memory of the ancient history of the Miao people. The Hmong Oral Epics translated by American sinologist Mark Bender has been praised as "a classic version of transnational cooperation" by scholars. The success of this translation depends on what the translators used flexibly thick translation strategies from the perspective of cultural anthropology, thus making it a good example of the successful application of thick translation to translating national classics. This paper first expounds the theory and feasibility of thick translation of cultural classics from the perspective of cultural anthropology, and then reveals the secret of the success of Mark Bender's translation of Hmong Oral Epics from three aspects, namely the English translation process of Hmong Oral Epics, ethnography orientation, and the translators' comprehensive use of various forms of thick translation both inside and outside translation, with an attempt to promote more Chinese ethnic minority cultural classics to better go to the world.