Winter Rye Varieties Research Articles

Influence of sowing date and variety features of winter rye plants on photosynthetic indicators

The concentration of pigments and chlorophyll potential in the tissues of various organs of three varieties of winter rye during plant ontogenesis were studied. New varieties of winter rye Radon, Podarok and Zilant were sown in 3 data with an interval of 10 days, starting from August 25. Sampling for plant analyses of photosynthetic activity was carried out at the beginning of flowering and milk stage of the grain in 2018-2019. Differences between the varieties were revealed, both chlorophyll content in assimilating organs and their total accumulation in different periods of the growing season. It is shown that the sowing time, which determines the rate and degree of autumn and spring development of winter rye plants, has significant effect on the chlorophyll content. The highest content of green pigments was found at the late sowing date in leaves, leaf sheaths, and spike. In the stems, almost equal amounts of chlorophyll at the 1st and 2nd dates and a slight decrease at the third date were observed. The maximum chlorophyll content accumulated in leaf during flowering (0.88-1.83 mg / g) and during milk stage of grain (1.04 ... 1.93 mg / g) of winter rye. The highest amount of chlorophyll A+B variety Radon showed at the 3rd sowing date, and Zilant - at the 1st sowing date. The rank of varieties was maintained both during flowering and at milk stage of grain. The value of chlorophyll index of the plant reached a maximum in the phase of flowering at the first sowing date (on average for the varieties 9.83 mg/plant). Differences between the varieties in this indicator were more evident in the phase of milk ripeness. On average for the three dates of sowing the highest values of chlorophyll index were observed in variety Radon (8.72 and 8.45 mg/plant, in flowering and milky ripeness, respectively).

INFLUENCE OF PRE-SOWING TREATMENT OF SEEDS WITH COMPOSITIONS OF METABOLICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON THE CONTENT OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN THE LEAVES OF WINTER RYE PLANTS OF SYNTHETIC 38 AND ZABAVA VARIETIES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF ONTOGENESIS

Purpose. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of pre-sowing treatment of winter rye seeds of Synthetic 38 and Zabava with compositions of metabolically active substances on the content of photosynthetic pigments in plant leaves at different phases of ontogenesis.
 Materials and methods. The research materials were winter rye varieties Synthetic 38 and Zabava, and combinations of metabolically active substances: vitamin E (10-8M), paraoxybenzoic acid (0,001%), methionine (0,001%), ubiquinone-10 (10-8M) and MgSO4 (0,001%). The research scheme provided 4 options: 1) control (untreated seeds); 2) seeds, treated with a composition of substances: vitamin E + paraoxybenzoic acid + methionine + MgSO4; 3) seeds treated with a composition of substances: vitamin E + paraoxybenzoic acid + methionine; 4) seeds, processing by composition of substances: vitamin E + ubiquinone-10. Studies were conducted in the following phases of rye development: tillering, tubing, earing, flowering. The content of pigments - chlorophyll a, b and the total content of chlorophyll in the leaves of rye plants was determined by spectrophotometric method.
 Results and conclusions. It was demonstrated for the first time that the use of compositions of metabolically active compounds for pre-sowing treatment of winter rye varieties Synthetic 38 and Zabava leads to an increase of main chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b in plant leaves in the dynamics from tillering to flowering. The composition consisting of vitamin E, para-oxybenzoic acid, methionine and MgSO4 showed the greatest efficiency. The effectiveness of this composition may be due to the complex action of all metabolically active compounds that are part of it. The obtained results may indicate a potentially more efficient absorption and conversion of energy by plants and the positive effect of these compositions on the photosynthesis of winter rye plants. Substances that have shown their effectiveness can be used as components of stimulants.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT WINTER RYE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

The aim of the study was to compare the production and economic effects of different winter rye depending on their production technologies. The study was carried out based on the results obtained from a field experiment conducted in two growing seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020). These experiments were conducted in Wielichowo Agricultural Experimental Station, belonging to the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – the State Research Institute in Puławy (Poland). The result of the study was the determination of economic efficiency indicators for two cultivars of winter rye varieties according to production technology The technologies differed in terms of the degree of consumption of means of production. The studies showed a significant influence of production technology intensity on the yields of winter rye cultivars. Intensive technology resulted in a significant increase in grain yield. The tested cultivars yielded higher under intensive production technology. The cultivation of winter rye according to intensive technology compared to integrated technology resulted in a significant increase in grain yield . The grain yield increase for the KWS Vinetto cultivar was 0.13 t/ha, while for the Dańkowskie Granat cultivar 0.20 t/ha. Research showed that the level of production intensity determined the amount of direct costs as well as the profitability of production in a given technology. The compared technologies ensured the profitability of winter rye grain production. Both production technologies ensured the profitability of production of the tested cultivars of winter rye. The most profitable direct profitability index was characteristic for the population cultivar Dańkowskie Granat grown under the integrated technology.

Morphological and anatomical features of winter rye leaves development

Differences of rye varieties in the length of lamina and sheath 1 - 6 from spike of the lamina and leaf sheath, width and area of the lamina were shown. The highest values of the studied leaf parameters were peculiar to the alien varieties of winter rye. It was found that foreign varieties were characterized by a smaller proportion of the plate area of the three upper leaves and a larger proportion for the 4th and 5th leaves (in % of the total leaf plate area). A characteristic feature of the laminae of the upper two leaves of winter rye is the absence of trichomes, instead of them there are spines 12 µm long, which are located above the conductive bundles on the adaxial side of the lamina. Stomata were located on both sides of the leaf, but there were more of them on the adaxial side of the lamina, where they were arranged in one or two rows on the flanks of the conductive bundles. Strong sclerification of conductive bundles was noted. In the most developed conducting bundles, sclerenchyma fibers were observed on both sides of the leaf lamina. The presence of stomata at the leaf sheath on both adaxial and abaxial sides is revealed. It was shown that the contribution of each leaf of upper and middle phytomeres to the total leaf area of winter rye varieties under study is different, which is important to consider when assessing their importance in the photosynthetic potential of plants.

The Relationships between Plant Developmental Traits and Winter Field Survival in Rye (Secale cereale L.).

Overwintering cereals accumulate low temperature tolerance (LTT) during cold acclimation in the autumn. Simultaneously, the plants adjust to the colder season by making developmental changes at the shoot apical meristem. These processes lead to higher winter hardiness in winter rye varieties (Secale cereale L.) adapted to Northern latitudes as compared to other cereal crops. To dissect the winter-hardiness trait in rye, a panel of 96 genotypes of different origins and growth habits was assessed for winter field survival (WFS), LTT, and six developmental traits. Best Linear Unbiased Estimates for WFS determined from five field trials correlated strongly with LTT (r = 0.90, p < 0.001); thus, cold acclimation efficiency was the major contributor to WFS. WFS also correlated strongly (p < 0.001) with final leaf number (r = 0.80), prostrate growth habit (r = 0.61), plant height (r = 0.34), but showed weaker associations with top internode length (r = 0.30, p < 0.01) and days to anthesis (r = 0.25, p < 0.05). The heritability estimates (h2) for WFS-associated traits ranged from 0.45 (prostrate growth habit) to 0.81 (final leaf number) and were overall higher than for WFS (h2 = 0.48). All developmental traits associated with WFS and LTT are postulated to be regulated by phytohormone levels at shoot apical meristem.

The interphase period "germination-heading" of 8x and 6x triticale with different dominant Vrn genes.

The existing spring forms of wheat-rye amphiploids are characterized by late maturity due to the long duration of the interphase period “germination–heading”. The manifestation of this trait is inf luenced by Vrn-1 genes. Their dominant alleles also determine the spring type of development. The results of studying the interphase period “germination– heading” of spring octaploid and hexaploid forms of triticale created for use in research and breeding programs under the conditions of forest-steppe of Western Siberia are given in this article. The interphase period of the primary forms 8xVrnA1, 8xVrnB1 and 8xVrnD1 obtained by artif icial doubling of the chromosome number of the wheat-rye hybrids made by pollination of three lines of the soft wheat ‘Triple Dirk’ – donors of different dominant Vrn-1 genes – by a winter rye variety ‘Korotkostebel’naya 69’ was determined under the f ield conditions in the nursery of octaploid (8x) triticale. In the nursery of hexaploid triticale, this trait was studied in the populations of hybrids obtained by hybridization of these three primary forms of octaploid triticale with the hexaploid winter triticale variety ‘Sears 57’. In the offspring of crossing 8хVrnD1 × ‘Sears 57’, spring genotypes of 6x triticale bearing Vrn-D1 were selected. This fact was determined by PСR. It means that the genetic material from the chromosome of the f ifth homeologous group of the D genome of the bread wheat is included in the plant genotypes. This genome is absent in the winter 6x triticale ‘Sears 57’. The grain content of spikes of the created hexaploid forms of triticale is superiour to that of the maternal octaploid triticale forms. It was shown that plants of the hybrid populations 8xVrnA1 × ‘Sears 57’ and 8xVrnD1 × ‘Sears 57’ carrying the dominant alleles Vrn-A1a and Vrn-D1a, respectively, have a shorter duration of the “germination–heading” interphase period than the initial parental forms of primary 8x triticale. The short interphase period of “germination–heading” of the 6x triticale is a valuable breading trait for the creation of early maturing and productive genotypes of triticale.

Yield and quality of green mass of winter crops, depending on the mowing time

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the normalized feeding of farm animals is impossible without knowledge of the complete chemical composition and nutritional value of feeds grown in the specific conditions of the region. The main purpose of the research was to determine the difference and advantages of productivity and quality of green mass of triticale from those of rye and wheat, depending on the mowing time. The study of the green mass of winter crops was carried out on the fields of the Samara Research Institute of Agriculture during 1996 to 2005 and 2016 to 2018. The yield and quality of varieties of winter rye, winter soft wheat and winter triticale of local selection have been studied in the experiments. The studies were conducted in four repetitions. It was carried out the biochemical evaluation of the samples. Plant sampling and chemical analysis in the green mass of plants were carried out according to the available state standard (GOST). Comparison of the feed value of winter crops was carried out according to development phases. Nutrition indicators: the content of protein, sugar, fiber, fat, nitrogen-free extractable substances, carotene, as well as feed units, and digestibility have been studied in this research. It was concluded that triticale is a worthy culture for use in the production of high-quality grain-haylage feed.

Ergot development on low-pentosan diploid winter rye

Ergot (Claviceps purpurea (Fr) Tul.) is a widespread rye disease. A strong development of the disease can reduce up to 60% of grain productivity and its quality. In the rye gene pool, there was found no samples with complete resis[1]tance to Cl. purpurea. Since 2016, six new winter rye varieties with a low content of water-soluble pentosans in grain have been approved for cultivation in Russia. It has been noticed that low-pentosan varieties are less affected by ergot. The harmful effect of the disease largely depends on the sclerotia parameters. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the development of ergot on the high-pentosan winter rye variety ‘Era’ and its low-pentosan analogue ‘Novaya Era’. There was estimated the infestation of the varieties, the size and weight of the formed sclerotia. It was found that with the same infection level, the infestation of the variety ‘Era’ was 48.5%, and that of the variety ‘Novaya Era’ was 18.1%. On the heads of high-pentosan rye there were formed full-fledged sclerotia with 15.97–23.55 mm in length and 2.68–3.83 mm in width. On the heads of low-pentosan rye ‘Novaya Era’ the fungus formed underdeveloped sclerotia, the mass of which was 4-8 times less than on the variety ‘Era’. The small size and weight of the horns facilitated their removal from the crop during threshing, and reduced rye grain infection with ergot. The frequency of low-pentosan plants occurring in the varietal population affects the infection rate of rye. The frequency of low-pentosan plants in the variety ‘Era’ is 43%, and in the variety ‘Novaya Era’ is 95%. The development of rye varieties characterized by a low content of water-soluble pentosans in grain is connected with breeding for resistance to Cl. purpurea.

Grain quality of winter triticale varieties selected by the Samara Research Institute of Agri-cultural Sciences

The article presents the results of studies to identify the influence of abiotic factors on the grain quality of varieties and lines of winter triticale of the Samara Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences for 2017-2020, in comparison with varieties of winter rye and wheat. The studied crops were cultivated in the fields of the institute, located in the black earth steppe of the Middle Volga region. Technological properties were determined in the laboratory of the technical and analytical service of the Samara NIISH and at the Faculty of Technology of the Samara State Agrarian University according to standard generally accepted methods. The data obtained indicate a higher productivity of modern triticale varieties, compared to rye and wheat. In terms of grain quality, these varieties and lines are superior to winter rye varieties and are not inferior to wheat. On average, over 4 years, the content of HAC in triticale varieties was (1.09-1.51 mp · S), with a variation by year, depending on climatic conditions from 0.90-1.53 mp · S in 2017 to 1.01-1.59 mp · S in 2018. It was revealed that the varieties Krokha and Arcturus were distinguished by the fat content of 1.81-1.85 %, the variety Spika and liniya 9385-4/14 1,72-1,75% – by ash content. In terms of the content of almost all amino acids, the grain of the 830-4/13 line was superior to the rest of the studied samples. The amount of protein in the grain varied from 11.7 to 15.6% over the years, and fat from 0.61 to 2.55%. A high yield relationship was observed with the content of pentosans r=-0.82±0.08, arginine r=-0.72±0.12, with the mass of 1000 grains r=0.67±0.14, histizine r=0.61±0.16, leucine r=-0.69±0.13, sodium content r=0.86±0.06, and depended on the amount of precipitation in April r=0.81±0.08. The necessity of analyzing the amino acid composition of triticale grain to determine its biological value is justified

Іnfluence of biopreparations on indicators of sowing qualities and productive properties of winter rye seeds

The results of the research of the impact of the introduction of biologicals Biocomplex-BTU and Organic-balance on seed productivity and yield properties of winter rye varieties Siverske and Intensive 99 were presented in the article. The aim of the research was to determine the impact of biologicals on seed productivity, sowing qualities and yield properties of winter rye seeds in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. According to the results of the research, the combination of pre-sowing seed treatment and double spraying of crops: in the phases of spring tillering (III e.o.) and plant emergence in the tube (IV e.o.) increases seed productivity by 3.1–11.5%. It is determined that pre-sowing seed treatment provides an increase in sowing qualities of seeds (germination energy, laboratory germination) by an average of 2.8-3.8 %. It is recommended in the Forest-Steppe conditions for farms growing basic (elite) seeds of winter rye to use biological products Biocomplex-BTU or Organic-Balance in a complex way, namely: pre-sowing seed treatment (2.0 and 1.5 l / t) and double spraying of crops in the phases of spring tillering (0.8 and 0.5 l / ha) and the release of plants into the tube (0.8 and 0.5 l / ha, respectively). This provides an increase in grain and seeds in winter rye varieties by an average of 0.42 and 0.36 t / ha, depending on the biological product.

Results of selection work with grain crops in the subarctic zone of the Russian Federation

Agriculture of the Northern regions specializes in animal husbandry, in this regard an urgent problem of crop production in the conditions of the Northern regions of the Russian Federation is the creation of precocious, high-yielding varieties of grain crops for fodder purposes. The article reflects the selection achievements in grain crops over the past seven years. The presented new varieties combine high yield, increased environmental plasticity, and have the ability to reduce their productivity to a lesser extent when cultivated in the harsh conditions of the Northern region. Breeding work conducted at the laboratory of crop production of the Primorskiy filial FGBUN FICKIA RAN - ArhNIISKH in 2005-2019, in breeding semipolar rotation in accordance with the "Guidelines on the selection of barley and oats" (2014), methodology of State Commission for testing of agricultural crops (1985). The digestibility of winter rye dry matter was determined by in vitro method on an artificial stomach. Statistical processing of experimental results was performed using the AGROS version 2.07 selection and genetic software package. Results of the study. As a result of selection work, precocious productive varieties of grain crops of the feed direction were bred and included in the state register. Bereginya — new-generation winter rye variety, universal use, with a low content of water-soluble pentosans in the grain. The variety has been included in the State register of selection achievements since 2013. Variety of spring barley Tausen — feed direction, resistant to environmental stress factors, high-yielding, resistant to lodging and pathogens (dusty smut, spotting). It has been included in the State register of selection achievements since 2014. Spring barley variety Kotlassky — feed direction precocious, productive, adaptive to adverse environmental factors, for obtaining concentrated feed for livestock and poultry. It has been included in the State register of breeding achievements since 2019. Arhan spring oat variety — environmentally plastic adapted to changes in soil and climate conditions, immune to dusty smut, combines a high yield of grain and green mass. Since 2020, it has been included in the State register of selection achievements.

ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫЙ И ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНО-СЕМЕЙНЫЙ ОТБОР НА КОРОТКОСТЕБЕЛЬНОСТЬ КАК МЕТОД СОЗДАНИЯ НОВОГО СЕЛЕКЦИОННОГО МАТЕРИАЛА ОЗИМОЙ РЖИ

Modern composition of diploid winter rye is represented mainly by hybrid varieties, and in spite of high productivity level, good baking qualities of flour, resistance to diseases and lodging, most of them are split according to plant height, which leads to uneven crops. A long-term study of the material selected for seed production has shown that plants of the same height of the spike-bearing stem differ in length of internodes. The length of the upper internode varies most considerably from 20 to 45 cm, and selection of plants with lower parameters of this feature leads to a decrease of the overall plant growth and increases resistance to lodging. Research work was carried out at Novozybkovskaya Agricultural Experimental Station - a branch of the Federal Research Center “Federal Scientific Center of Feed Production and Agroecology named after V.R. Williams “ in 2012-2019; Novozybkovskaya 150 winter rye variety was under study. The presence of the source of dominant short-stemming (k-10028) in the synthetic population of the initial material made it possible to carry out multiple selections with an intensity of 2 b according to the planned traits. The method of annual sequential exclusion of plants with a height of more than 120 cm, with a lower internode length of 5-7 cm and an upper one over 35 cm from the seed material formed a fairly constant form of a short-stemmed (up to 120 cm) population with a lower internode of 1-4 cm - 97%, with the upper - up to 30 cm - 50%. Family material combined according to the height of the stem showed high resistance of this trait in seed-plot testing. A long-term cycle of targeted individual selection for short stems increased the number of productive stems to 16 pcs. with grain mass of 2.0-3.0 g per ear. Self-pollination reduced the number of spike-bearing stems to 3-6 pcs., the weight of grain per spike was 2.6-3.5 g. The combination of short stemming, increased bushiness, and different types of spike gives a variety of material and is of great interest for winter rye selection

The new winter rye variety ‘Zilant’ with broad adaptability

The purpose of the current work was to develop a highly productive winter rye variety for bakery with improved resistance to a complex of unfavorable factors and broad adaptability. The breeding work on the rye variety ‘Zilant’ was conducted in the Tatarsky Research Institute of Agriculture FRC of the Kazan Scientific Center of RAS in 2005–2015. The study of the variety in the Competitive Variety Testing was carried out in 2016–2019, in comparison with the standard varieties ‘Radon’ and ‘Tantana’. There has been presented a detailed characteristics of the variety ‘Zilant’ in terms of economically valuable indicators and adaptive potential according to grain productivity. The winter rye variety ‘Zilant’ formed the largest productivity on average for 4 years (50.2 hwt/ha) and produced high grain quality (229 s of a falling number and 647 u.a. of amylogram height, versus 224 s of a falling number and 625 u.a. of amylogram height of the standard variety ‘Radon’). The variety ‘Zilant’ has a dominant-monogenic type of short stems, strong short straw (on 14–13 cm lower than that of the standards). The variety possesses the same degree of field resistance to rust infections and ergot, resistance to powdery mildew as the standard variety ‘Radon’. There was determined that the rye variety ‘Zilant’, on average over the years of trials, was characterized by a significantly higher productivity (50.2 hwt/ ha, НСР05 = 1.5 c/ha) compared to the control, had a good combination of adaptability (bi = 1.149) and stability (Ϭd2 = 3.17). These advantages of the variety are provided by resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions, the formation of a denser cenosis, field resistance to diseases, and a short non-lodging stem. The rye variety ‘Zilant’ produced grain with high baking qualities, corresponding to the 1st class of standards for grain and flour. The variety was responsive to improving growing conditions, showed less response to stress factors and was adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions.

Problems of phytoimmunity of grain crops in the Euro-Northeast of the Russian Federation and ways their solution

Breeding of grain crops for phytoimmunity in the FSBSU FASC of the Northeast is carried out in the conditions of natural and artificial epiphytotics. Every year, more than 1000 samples of winter rye, spring soft wheat, barley and oats of their own breeding and from the VIR collection are studied. In winter rye, studies are conducted on snow mold, root rot, powdery mildew, brown and stem rust, septoria blight, fusarium head blight, and ergot; in spring wheat – on root rot, septoria blight, fusarium head blight, powdery mildew, brown rust, loose smut; in barley – on root rot, net, dark brown blotch and stripe disease, loose smut; in oats - on red-brown blotch, root rot, crown rust, panicle fusarium and loose smut. Resistant samples detected on infectious backgrounds will be included in the breeding process as sources of the trait. With the participation of source genes, new varieties of winter rye were created, Snezhana, Grefinya, and others, which are being studied at different breeding stages. Long-term studies (2014-2020) on infectious and provocative backgrounds among the breeding material of the FASC of the Northeast and collection samples of spring soft wheat, oats, barley revealed sources of nonspecific resistance (6-9 points). They are used in crossbreeding programs with the best varieties to obtain high-yielding and resistant to biotic stressors hybrids that are being studied at different breeding stages.

Результаты изучения перспективных сортов озимой ржи в условиях кировской области

An urgent task for increasing the level of winter rye production is the creation and introduction into production high yielding and adaptive varieties, which are less sensitive to stressful edaphic factors, and which is also important, providing the profitability of the cultivation of this crop. The purpose of the research was to assess the yield and adaptability of promising winter rye varieties created in the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named after N. V. Rudnitsky under soil and climatic conditions of the Kirov region. The objects of study – six promising varieties of winter rye of competitive variety testing, standard – ‘Falenskaya 4’. The research was carried out in 2016–2020 on the experimental fields of the Falenskaya Breeding Station – Branch of “Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named after N.V. Rudnitsky” (Kirov region) on two soil backgrounds: slightly acidic (pH 5.0–5.2; Al3+ 5.0–6.5 mg/100 g of soil) and natural provocative for aluminum acid (pH 3.7–3.9; Al 26.5–28.4 mg/100 g of soil). Agroclimatic conditions in the years of research were contrasting. On a slightly acidic soil background, a promising variety ‘Batist’ with a high yielding capacity –5.52 t/ha (+0.93 t/ha compared to standard) and a high regenerative capacity (at the level of 87 %) after snow mold infestation was identified. Against the background of the edaphic stress, the yield of varieties under study on average decreased by 31.1-51.7% depending on the genotype. Over the years of research, varieties ‘Kiprez’ and ‘Batist’ were the most tolerant to soil acidity; yield decrease was 31.1 % and 35.0 %, respectively. Moreover, they have high stress tolerance and genetic flexibility. According to the assessment of ecological plasticity, varieties ‘Sarah’, ‘Nioba’, ‘Sarmat’ are of intensive type. Promising variety ‘Batist’ is the most stable on different soil backgrounds (CV – 17.2 and 19.7%; Hom – 0.32 and 0.18, respectively). A high coefficient of adaptability on a slightly acidic background was noted for ‘Batist’ variety, on the provocative – ‘Batist’ (1.26) and ‘Kiprez’ (1.17). Subsequently, these varieties can be recommended for cultivation on low-fertile acidic soils.

PKB Zmaj - nova sorta ozime raži Instituta PKB Agroekonomik

For the last twenty years, in addition to breeding wheat, PKB Agroekonomik Institute has been working very intensively on breeding other real or bread grains. High-yielding, late winter rye variety PKB Zmaj has been obtained by the pedigree method by a simple crossing of genetically different parents from the collection of PKB Agroekonomik Institute: variety Rtanj and line PKB-R-105. This variety of winter rye combines genes responsible for very high yield potential, resistance to lodging, low temperatures and more significant diseases in the rye. Winter rye variety PKB Zmaj was registered by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia in 2018. With the use of optimal agricultural techniques, the variety PKB Zmaj has a high genetic potential for fertility and high adaptation to different climatic and soil conditions.

Immersion of grains in a liquid along an inclined plane

Grain material delivered from combine harvesters to post-harvest processing points is a mixture of grain, weed and harmful impurities. Toxic ergot sclerotia are among the harmful impurities. Modern grain cleaning machines do not provide the separation of toxic ergot from grain material in one technological process. This is due to the closeness of the most toxic of ergot sclerotia and the of the grain. Ergot sclerotia are less dense than grain. Then the release of ergot from grain in one technological process is possible in an aqueous solution of salt. To develop a device for cleaning grain material by density in a liquid, practical experiments were carried out to supply grains of winter rye varieties Falenskaya 4 with a moisture content of 14% to an inclined plate placed in water. This plate mimicked the sloping bottom of an ergot seed separator. The statistical results of the experiments are presented by the distributions of the proportion of immersion of winter rye grains in water (ρzh = 1000 kg/m3) over the surface of the inclined plate from the angle α of its inclination to the horizon. It has been established that 100% immersion of the grains in water occurs at an angle of inclination of the plate of 60°. When developing a machine for the extraction of ergot from rye grain, the angle of inclination of the bath bottom must be taken at least 65° to the horizon for guaranteed immersion of grains in an aqueous solution of salt.

POTENTIAL PRODUCTIVITY OF WINTER CROPS IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

The study of winter crop cultivars was carried out in the breeding fields of the Samara Agricultural Research Institute, located in the steppe zone of the Middle Volga region, in the nursery of competitive testing in 2002-2019. For calculations, 5 varieties of winter rye, 6 varieties of winter triticale, and 2 varieties of winter wheat were taken. For scientific justification, the authors calculated the potential productivity (Yp), the actual possible potential yield (Ypp a), the maximum possible potential yield (Ypp m), the bioclimatic potential (BCP), and correlation analysis. The study aims to calculate the possible yield of winter crops to substantiate the data obtained scientifically. In the dry conditions of Bezenchuk, the maximum yield of triticale was obtained in 2017 – 7.48 t/ha, rye – 5.88 t/ha, and in 2016 for wheat – 4.65 t/ha. Potential productivity, taking into account ΣT&gt;10 °C for the vegetation period of the crop, for triticale in 2017, 3.02 t/ha, for winter rye in 2005, 6.83 t/ha, for winter wheat in 2005-2.79 t/ha. The variation of the indicator (BCP) over the years reached significantly higher values from 0.62 to 1.16 points for winter rye, from 0.30 to 0.60 for winter triticale and winter wheat. The trend of the interrelations between yield is observed with the length of the vegetation period, with a set of climatic conditions for the springsummer period. The triticale vegetation duration depends on the precipitation in May and on the set of conditions in June. The winter rye vegetation duration depends on the temperatures during the sowing-germination period and on the sum of active temperatures during vegetation.

Ecological Variability, Stability, and Plasticity of Winter Rye on Grain Quality Features

Results of studying the correlation dependence and ecological variability of grain quality features of 18 varieties of winter rye grown in 2014–2019 in a wide range of the weather factors are presented. The following features were studied: the water extract viscosity (WEV), the falling number (FN), the amilogram height (AH), shape stability of hearth bread (H/D), starch gelatinization temperature (T, °C), quality of pan bread’s crumb, bread volume, grain nature, weight of 1000 grains, and the content of protein and starch in grain. Coefficient of an ecological variation (CVе), phenotypical stability (SF), ecological plasticity bi, and coefficient of heritability H2 were calculated for each feature. It is shown that the level of quality of toppling and square loaf from rye was authentically defined by the amilogram height, falling number, temperature of starch gelatinization, and viscosity of water extract (r = 0.48–0.83). Amilogram height and falling number most strongly varied under the influence of weather conditions of the year. The Alfa variety with high FN and high-viscosity population GK-494HV had the best baking qualities. Low-viscosity population GK-614LV was steadily distinguished from the worst varieties. It is shown that the high potential of WEV is an important feature improving the baking properties of rye grain. The adaptive potential of GK-494HV and GK-614LV populations was compared. It resulted in a tenfold divergent selection on the basis of WEV. It is established that repeated divergent selection on WEV correlatively changed many features defining baking properties of rye grain. The trend towards decrease in ecological and phenotypical stability of the main (closely correlating) features of grain quality with a simultaneous increase in their ecological plasticity was a typical feature of the selection performed. At the same time, the ecological variation of features at minus selection increased stronger than at plus selection.

Developing a parent material for breeding forage rye in conditions of Bashkortostan

Abstract. The aim of the research is to create source material for breeding forage rye that combines stable productivity over the years, high protein content in the grain, and low content of water-soluble pentosans. The object of research was winter rye. Research methods Research on these tasks was carried out in 2016–2018 in the conditions of the South-Western Urals using generally accepted methods. The predecessor is dead fallow. Soil is chernozem with a predominance of leached, typical and carbonate varieties with the following agrochemical indicators: humus content in the topsoil – 7–9 %, pH value – 7.2–7.6, total nitrogen in the arable layer of the soil – 0.4 %, mobile potassium and phosphorus (according to Machigin) – respectively 20.5 mg/100 g and 10.2 mg / 100 g of dry soil, calcium – 5.6 %. The recommended rate of mineral fertilizers is N60P60K60. Scientific novelty. For the first time, 3 promising winter rye varieties selected in the Bashkir scientific research Institute and 2 samples of the All-Union Research Institute of Plant Breeding were studied in climatic conditions of south-western Cis-Ural. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP) and the water extract viscosity (WEV) were evaluated. The breeding value of plants was studied. Results The main indicators of the nutritional quality of winter rye grain are found to depend on both the variety (genotype) and the influence of external conditions (phenotype). It was detected that the content of water-soluble polysaccharides and the dynamic viscosity of the grain meal water extract are in a linear relationship (r = 0.98). They are unstable indicators and have a variable character. There are two varieties (Kombaynnyay 3 i Krupnozernaya 2) with the lowest WSP and WEV values and a high protein content in the grain. They can serve as source material to develop fodder crops in conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The rye WEV was found to increase significantly in dry years, and decrease in wet years. The comparative evaluation of grain crops showed that the WEV of winter rye exceeded that of winter wheat by 3.5 times, spring wheat by 3.7 times, and winter triticale by 3.1 times. It was found that the samples with lower WSP and WEV indicators had small grains, low grain unit and higher protein content.