Dictionary Units Research Articles

METAPHORICAL WAY OF CREATING TERMS OF OIL REFINING AND PETROGAS CHEMISTRY IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Technical terms of the Kazakh language are formed in different ways. Morphological, lexico-semantic methods of termination are mainly used, linking terminology with the entire lexical system of the language. Recently, the issues of the termination of common words and the problem of the metaphorization of new industry terms have been widely studied. The purpose of the authors of this article is to study and analyze the metaphorical way of forming Kazakh language terms in the field of petrochemistry and oil refining, to group and classify them by thematic models. During the study of lexical units of terminological dictionaries published in the field of oil refining and petrochemistry in the Kazakh language, it was revealed that the metaphorization of a large number of terms is formed by modeling their semantics and similarity with a person, his environment and actions, clothing, household items and equipment, animals, birds and their actions. Also, based on the study of the experience of world and domestic terminology, through the study and analysis of dictionaries of the oil refining and petrochemical industries, it was determined that the metaphorization of the terms of these industries is carried out by semantic similarity of meanings, concepts of words with specific features or similarity of the appearance of the substance, or the function of the object and equipment. The presented article classifies the linguistic and structural aspects of the terms of the Kazakh language of the analyzed dictionary and is grouped by the thematic model "The world of petrochemistry and oil refining – Man". The results of the analysis on the ways to create terminological dictionary units formed by analogy by comparing them with a person and his life, actions, activities and relationships, etc., their quantitative and percentage indicators were shown using diagrams. During the analysis of the dictionary, it was found that the metaphorical way of creating industry-wide terms, including petrochemistry and the oil refining industry, is one of the most productive ways of terminology formation.

Transformer-Based Neural Network Machine Translation Model for the Kurdish Sorani Dialect

The transformer model is one of the most recently developed models for translating texts into another language. The model uses the principle of attention mechanism, surpassing previous models, such as sequence-to-sequence, in terms of performance. It performed well with highly resourced English, French, and German languages. Using the model architecture, we investigate training the modified version of the model in a low-resourced language such as the Kurdish language. This paper presents the first-ever transformer-based neural machine translation model for the Kurdish language by utilizing vocabulary dictionary units that share vocabulary across the dataset. For this purpose, we combine all the existing parallel corpora of Kurdish – English by building a large corpus and training it on the proposed transformer model. The outcome indicated that the suggested transformer model works well with Kurdish texts by scoring (0.45) on bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU). According to the BLEU standard, the score indicates a high-quality translation.

АКТИВНІ ДІЄПРИКМЕТНИКИ В СУЧАСНОМУ НАУКОВОМУ МЕДИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

Medical discourse reflects the history of the development of the professional language of doctors and records cross-linguistic influences. According to most scientists, verb forms in -чий contaminate the language because they are artificial for the Ukrainian linguistic tradition. In the article, selective analysis of the articles of scientific journals of the medical specialty for 2022 was carried out for the presence of the use of active participles in the present tense. During the research, methods of observation, analysis, comparison, classification, etc. were used. The obtained results allow us to conclude that the named units are not the same in different regions of Ukraine. The recorded units are classified according to functional and semantic indicators. The largest quantitatively are the lexical groups denoting the characteristics of treatment (methods) and the characteristics of the properties of medical preparations. Changes in the fixation of such units in dictionaries were revealed: the transition of some to the category of adjectives, the complete removal of others, and the inclusion of typical ones for the Ukrainian linguistic tradition. Analysis of the most common erroneous word usage will provide an opportunity to improve the scientific language of medicine and will contribute to the purity of the language as a whole. In this aspect, it would be promising to create a guide to replacing active adjectival compounds in the language of medicine. In the survey, the main ways of avoiding the use of active participles in the present tense are given.

პროგრამა „ლექსიკოგრაფი“ – ლექსიკოგრაფიული სამუშაოების მართვის ინსტრუმენტი

The Linguistic Technologies Group has created a program “Lexicographer” which ensures the implementation of lexicographic activities by means of digital technologies. The program enables the creation of dictionaries and their publication in printed and electronic formats. Based on this program, we have created an explanatory dictionary of the Georgian language, “The Georgian Dictionary“, which is published in two formats: printed: “The Georgian Dictionary“, Tbilisi: Bakur Sulakauri Publishing House 2014 electronic: https://www.ganmarteba.ge/ 2019.The program consists of two parts: a database editor and a format editor. In addition, it has a special function for the administration of activities. The database relies on a conceptual model embracing the following components of a dictionary unit: definition, illustrative example, part of speech, field of usage, field of science etc. Certain components are united in sections. A section is a unity of components which ensures a certain fixed order of information (content) referring to the dictionary unit. There are three different sections: the beginning section; the main section; phrases and links.The beginning section embraces the following components: part of speech, grammatical forms (for nouns: singular number, genitive case; for verbs: forms of different voice and version in the third person, singular number), the field of usage and so on. The main section includes the following components: definition, illustrative example, the field of functioning, the scientific field of usage and so on. The section of phrases embraces the following components: definition, the field of usage etc; the section of links points out the lexical unit to which this or that information should be attached. The links enable a transfer from the lexical unit to the words derived from the same stem, synonyms, antonyms and so on. In the database, the components of the dictionary units are given in separate fields. This structuring of the material enables automatic search and management of information. All this facilitates the process of working with the dictionary. Besides, the database is extremely useful for scientific research, for instance, reagarding statistical analyses.The format editor of the program “Lexicographer” ensures the creation of the format of the dictionary. It enables the following operations: ordering of sections or components; selection of different styles (font size, colour…) for the information provided in different fields, the usage of symbols and so on. The program “Lexicographer” also facilitates the administration of activities. It is uploaded to the internet. Hence, lexicographers have the opportunity to work with the dictionary from any place. Using a special function, they can implement efficient management of the work process.The program “Lexicographer” is intended to be used for the creation of a universal tool that will embrace structural peculiarities of dictionaries of various types and functions. This universal tool will enable the compilation of explanatory, translation, orthographic and other types of dictionaries to be published in both printed and electronic forms.

Теоретические и прикладные проблемы психолингвистической лексикографии

The purpose of this paper is to describe the theoretical problems of a new direction – psycholinguistic lexicography. The accumulation of a large amount of factual experimental material required the development of principles for fixing the psycholinguistic description of the meaning of a word in lexicographic sources. The theoretical basis of the study was the ideas of Professor I.A. Sternin, the founder of the Voronezh Psycholinguistic School, about the possibility of describing the psychologically real semantics of a word based on the experimental data and about the formation of psycholinguistic semasiology, the main concept of which is the concept of the psycholinguistic meaning of a word (the meaning of a word represented in the linguistic consciousness of a native speaker), and the main method was that of semantic interpretation of experimental data. The paper shows the main differences between psycholinguistic and traditional explanatory dictionaries. The classification of types of psycholinguistic dictionaries was developed. Two types of psycholinguistic dictionaries were distinguished – associative dictionaries and semantic dictionaries. The principles of presentation of semantic material in psycholinguistic lexicographic sources have a number of distinctive features in comparison with associative dictionaries, the main of which is the indication of the degree of brightness of individual semantic features and individual meanings and their ranking in the descending order of the brightness index. The paper presents the general algorithm for creating a psycholinguistic semantic dictionary and the structure of its dictionary entry. An important issue of the psycholinguistic explanatory dictionary creation is the criterion for selecting its units. The following principles are proposed for the selection of dictionary units of this type of dictionaries: 1) word frequency; 2) social significance; 3) semantic instability; 4) semantic differentiation; 5) part-of-speech reference. A separate direction of psycholinguistic lexicography is represented by differential dictionaries, which contain a comparative description of the semantics of a word in a group language consciousness; various possibilities of constructing a dictionary entry of differential psycholinguistic dictionaries are shown, examples of fixing psycholinguistic meanings of words in differential psycholinguistic dictionaries of the Russian language are given.

Semantic Motivation of Nominative Relatives as a Problem of Modern Lexicograph

The question of the semantic motivation of denominative relatives — significant units in the prepositional function is raised in the article. The influence on the volume and structure of the lexical part of the meaning of denominative relatives and their adverbial homonyms of the same semes inherited from the deriving name is comprehended. Peculiarities of semantization of adverbial and prepositional meanings are considered on the examples of relatives as a result and bypassing . It is proved that the ambiguity of ideas about semantic motivation largely determines the non-systematic fixation of homonymous service and significant units in dictionaries: adverbs are interpreted mainly through only one synonym and do not have a descriptive component in the definition, while prepositions are characterized by more detailed descriptive-synonymous definitions, including at least two partial synonyms. The analysis of dictionary entries and materials of the National Corpus of the Russian allows us to conclude that denominative relatives have a more complexly organized lexical part of the meaning than homonymous adverbs with the same generating base. It has been established that with the expansion of the system of meanings of a service language unit, there is a simplification of the seme composition of each individual meaning.

OUR FIRST POET AND THE ARABIC LEXICAL UNITS

In the article, the Arabic word units in the works of our poet Gazi Burhaneddin (1344-1398), who created the first Divan in the history of Turkish dialects literature are investigated. It is stated that these dictionary units are widely reflected in the works of Gazi Burhaneddin for the first time in the literature of Turkish dialects. Thus, Gazi Burhanaddin tried to ensure the eruza compatibility of his own language by using these dictionary units. Generally, the interrelationships between eruz and the Azerbaijani language are explored in the article. Gazi Burhaneddin is the first poet to write "Divan" in our mother tongue. In the third volume of the history of literature of Azerbaijan the article of Gazi Burhanaddin (1344-1398) begins with the following sentences: “Azerbaijani literature in the XIII-XIV centuries is entering a new stage of development. The most important event of the period is the emergence of mother tongue poetry. For centuries due to historical-socio-political reasons, Arabic (VII-X centuries) and Persian (XI-XII centuries) were in high positions in the literature of written Azerbaijan, as well as in the literature of some Near and Middle Eastern countries. The well-known literary theorist and critic Hatib Tabrizi wrote his works in Arabic, the world-famous Hagani, Nizami wrote in Persian... Raising the flag of poetry in its own language in the XIV century, Gazi Burhaneddin is one of the poets who created hundreds of works in the Azerbaijani language. It is clear from the sources that Gazi Burhaneddin was a well-known generation of his time, received an excellent education and he lived in Arab countries for a long time. Therefore, he knew Arabic very well. Yet according to literary history, “he... if he's holding a sword in one hand, he held a pen in his other hand, “Tercihit-tozih” (predominance of explanations), "İksirus-seadet fi esraril-ibadet" (The gem of happiness is in the secrets of worship) as. He wrote scientific works in Arabic and he has created precious melodies that touch the hearts…” "Although the sources indicate that the poet has poems in Arabic and Persian, its famous "Divan" is in the Azerbaijani language.

К анализу трактовки идиом в бивариантных и двуязычных словарях

The article is devoted to the analysis of lexicographic interpretation and etymological basis of idioms in bilingual and bivarietal dictionaries of English and French and English and Russian languages, as well as in bivarietal dictionaries of English – British and American standard varieties. A comparison of the interpretation of idioms as verbose lexical units in dictionaries shows how the idioms of the source language are translated by synonymous idioms of the target language and/or interpreted in other ways in the target language. It is established that in the case of heteroglossal synonymy, the idiom is used as a translational equivalent, and its components may not coincide with the components of the original idiom. In the absence of a friendly idiom in French or Russian, heteroglossal explanations are resorted to. It is suggested that some heteroglossal idioms having semantic and structural similarities are borrowed, calcified or adapted from a common source. The author revealed that in the translation strategy, in addition to the use of equivalent idioms, there are non-idiomatic translation options.

The South African National Lexicography Units — Two Decades Later

The lexicography practice in South Africa has distinctive features and to a great extent relates to the political dispensation current at a given period. During the previous political dispensation only two dictionary units existed in South Africa that were state funded, namely the Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (WAT) and the Dictionary for South African English (DSAE). These dictionary units, therefore have a long dictionary history. Some of the African languages, such as Xhosa, Zulu, Tswana and Northern Sotho also had dictionary units at the time but they were situated at and funded by tertiary institutions. The current national government requires dictionaries in all official languages for proper communication in languages the citizens understand best, i.e. their respective mother tongues. The Pan-South African Language Board (PanSALB), established in 1996, was a direct consequence of the country's new multilingual dispensation. This dispensation required equal rights for all the official languages and the legislation governing PanSALB was therefore amended to allow for equal justice to all dictionary projects for the official South African languages. This led to the establishment of national lexicography units for each of the official South African languages. A strategic planning process conducted at the Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal not only influenced the lexicography practice at the Bureau, but also had a huge impact on the newly established national lexicography units (NLUs). Both the articles published in Lexikos, that originated in 1991, and the activities of the African Association for Lexicography (AFRILEX), established in 1995, have a huge influence on the activities of the NLUs. Although the NLUs are already 21 years old and should officially be of age, the question remains whether they really gained their independence. This article focusses on the heritage of the Bureau of the WAT as National Lexicography Unit for Afrikaans and the example that it has set to the other NLUs. Keywords: academic journal, association, communication, dictionary, feasibility study, human language technologies, language for special purposes, legislation, lexicography, management, national lexicography units, strategic planning, terminography, terminology

Lexicographic description in linguoculturological dictionaries: a review of modern approaches

The article deals with issues related to the experience of domestic linguoculturological lexicography. The authors analyze how different lexical units, are represented in lexicography: in linguocultural, linguoculturological and culturological dictionaries. The aim of the study is to identify key selection criteria and lexicographic descriptions of linguistic and cultural units in dictionaries of this type and subsequently apply the obtained data in order to develop a concept for a Nationally Oriented Linguistic and Regional Educational Dictionary for Vietnamese speakers studying the Russian language. The study is carried out in line with modern trends in educational lexicography, which takes into account the ideas of communicative didactics. Its relevance and significance stem from its applied nature. As a result of the study, the authors gained an understanding of the principles of construction (the macro- and microstructure of the dictionary) and lexicographic description in linguoculturological dictionaries.

Словарь иностранных слов как лексикографический жанр

The research was carried out on the material of dictionaries of foreign (foreign-language) words published in the period from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day (a total of nineteen editions). Among them are dictionaries of a general type, including concise ones, as well as dictionaries of neological vocabulary. The article sets the aim of analyzing the experience accumulated over two centuries and identifying the features in their development that are inherent in the dictionary of borrowings as a genre. The author’s field of vision is the issue of the opposition of linguistic and encyclopaedic features of the dictionary description in the dictionary of borrowed words. In the first part of the article, attention is paid to the dictionary’s microstructure, in the second to its macrostructure. Despite the initial conceptual setting on the communication of encyclopaedic information about the concept denoted by a foreign word, features of a linguistic dictionary have always been inherent in loanword dictionaries. This is shown by the material of dictionary entries from papers of different years, starting from 1901. At the level of the dictionary microstructure, such features are: etymology, data on the sphere of use of the word, data on semantic derivation and semantic transfers, paradigmatic connections of the word, its combinatorial properties, closest derivational connections, and variability of form. At the level of macrostructure, this may be a reflection of the typological properties of foreign-language vocabulary (borrowings, quasi-borrowings, hybrid words, secondary borrowings, semantic derivatives). The fact of genetic heterogeneity of borrowed vocabulary has hardly been reflected in dictionary practice until now. All the provisions are illustrated with examples from dictionary editions of different years. Proposed for discussion is the thesis about the unproductiveness of the fundamental opposition of encyclopaedic and linguistic knowledge within the framework of an explanatory dictionary (a dictionary of foreign words by its genre refers to aspect explanatory dictionaries). This thesis is supported by the evidence of well-known lexicographers and examples from the semantic, phraseological and illustrative zones of modern dictionaries. The specificity of the vocabulary of the loanword dictionary is a high percentage of terminological vocabulary, which is essentially a carrier of encyclopaedic information. Therefore, the synthesis of conceptual presentation and linguistic description (in various proportions) in the interpretation of a foreign term is inevitable. In conclusion, a brief typology of dictionaries of foreign words is given in various aspects: in terms of the period of the borrowing of the word, the source language of the borrowing, the addressee of the dictionary, the selection of dictionary units in relation to their belonging to the language standard. The question is raised about the appropriateness of including sub-standard vocabulary in the dictionary of foreign words of a general type. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC VOCABULARY AS PART OF THE REGISTER OF THE «MOSCOW-UKRAINIAN DICTIONARY» BY VICTOR DUBROVSKYI

The article covers the study of industry-specific vocabulary in Ukrainian translated lexicography of the early twentieth century (post-revolutionary era). The analysis is based on the “Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary” (1918) written by V. Dubrovskyi. Sector-specific vocabulary in the analyzed source has its remarks as most lexicographical works have. We selected all marked units with the help of a specially created lexicographic system. The previously published article has its detailed description. The studied material thus, counts around 4 % of industry-specific words.
 According to our calculations, the most numerically predominant dictionary units are the units of both biology (including botanical, zoological and anatomical terms) and medicine.
 The most numerous nomenclature is the botanical one. To one Russian word, we can find multiple Ukrainian equivalents including various dialectal, regional, folk names, etc. Generally speaking, synonymy is a prevailing phenomenon to many fields of knowledge.
 The zoological nomenclature is quite frequent in the analyzed dictionary too. There are many names of animals (mostly non-local) that cannot be found in the Ukrainian language today. They are absent in modern lexicographical works too. Many of them even cannot be found in the dictionaries of the post-revolutionary era.
 Many little-known, colloquial, dialectal and even stylistically reduced names are can be found in the field of anatomy. Numerous names of diseases that are recorded in the “Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary” are not part of the common medical terminology.
 Comparing to the above mentioned fields, the analyzed work presents fewer terms from the field of grammar, mineralogy, mathematics, chemistry, music, military affairs, and technology. The biggest number of words that belong to the modern Ukrainian scientific language can be found in the fields of grammar, mathematics and chemistry.
 Few single terms that were mentioned in the dictionary belong to such sciences as veterinary medicine, hunting, construction, etc.
 Consequently, the “Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary” contains a number of industry-specific vocabulary that is not registered in the modern Ukrainian scientific language. Moreover, synonymy is considered to be a prevailing phenomenon, despite being not typically used in all industries. Largely as a result of the analysis made, the author indeed desires to choose Ukrainian terms that would be as different as possible from the Russian equivalents.

Functional semantic features of euphemisms in German and Uzbek languages

In this article, euphemism the application of alternative words instead of forbidden (tabulated) words, during the application of these alternative words, an unfavorable environment that may arise as a result of the application of units banned (tabu) by the speaker is thought to be loosened. Also euphemism, in the opinion of many authors, is regarded as the exchange of non-unity into a reasonable unity, reveals that they are not only a dictionary unit used in place of taboos, but also units used in place of words that are not suitable for the cultural circle.

Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten – the First Croatian Phraseological Dictionary

The first Croatian phraseological dictionary, compiled in German under the title Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten was published as a part of the conversational manual accompanying the last published grammar of the Kajkavian literary language, Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart. Its author, Ignac Kristijanović, had accomplished this pioneering undertaking against the contemporary practice, listing the idioms as separate phraseological units in form of a small phraseological dictionary, and not within the dictionary entries of the general dictionary. The paper deals with the macro- and microstructure of Kristijanović’s dictionary within the theoretical framework of the so-called Zagreb School of Phraseology (Menac, Fink-Arsovski).On the macrostructural level, the analysis focuses on the selection principles of the included units and their order in the dictionary. Special attention is paid to the question which material is included, ie. whether the dictionary contains only idioms defined in accordance with today’s phraseological theory and whether the author makes a distinction between idioms and other fixed multi-word expressions (collocations, proverbs).On the microstructural level, it is being examined which form of a idiom is taken as a lemma and how the Kajkavian idioms are translated on the German side of the dictionary (an equivalent German idiom; a German idiom and the explanation of its meaning; the description of the situation in which the idiom is being used). In addition, the question of dealing with synonymous idioms is discussed.In spite of a sporadically non-systematic treatment of structurally similar idioms as dictionary units, and taking into consideration that the Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten was compiled in the first half of the 19th century, Kristijanović’s dictionary can be viewed as an interesting and valuable contribution to Croatian and Slavic phraseology and phraseography.

Obraz wody we frazeologii i paremiologii polskiej i białoruskiej

<p>Problematyka oglądu wody w językach słowiańskich jest zauważalna. Wielostronnie przybliżone zostało językowe postrzeganie wody w polszczyźnie, zwłaszcza ludowej. Zaznaczone jest też językowe przedstawienie wody w języku białoruskim. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie utrwalonego w języku obrazu wody w świetle wyprofilowania frazeologicznego i paremiologicznego na materiale jednostek słownikowych języka polskiego i języka białoruskiego w planie konfrontacji międzyjęzykowej. Zebrany materiał pozwala dostrzec w budowaniu językowego obrazu wody zasadnicze perspektywy jej oglądu i wyróżnić podstawowe profile z wieloma specyfikującymi je fasetami. Analiza ukazuje potoczne opisanie wody jako takiej oraz – w szczególności – powiązań wody z różnorodnymi pojęciami, zwłaszcza związków z człowiekiem. Odzwierciedlone jest wskazanie, skąd się bierze woda, precyzowana jest ilość wody w określonych przejawach, są informacje o wodzie w danym czasie i miejscu oraz o jej dostępności. Odtworzone jest życie w wodzie i nad wodą. Zarejestrowane są atrybuty wody i jej oddziaływanie na niektóre obiekty, zdatność, niezdatność bądź szkodliwość wody, a także odniesienie wody względem czegoś. Odnotowywana jest wartość i walory wody. Utrwalona jest woda w funkcjonowaniu człowieka i życiu zwierząt. Ukazane jest zapotrzebowanie na wodę. Dokonana rekonstrukcja językowego obrazu wody w ujęciu porównawczym na materiale frazeologiczno-paremicznym języka polskiego i języka białoruskiego unaocznia przeważające zbieżności i dość znaczne odmienności.</p>

Kłopotliwe kwalifikatory chronologiczne w słownikach języka polskiego

The subject of the article constitutes a survey of the techniques of labelling the lexical resources which are chronologically marked in early and contemporary general-purpose and phraseological dictionaries (dictionaries of collocations) of the Polish language. Despite a tradition which spans some centuries (starting from the 17th century), the system of the chronological labelling of language units is quite inconsistent. Lexica feature various types of indication of archaic/anachronic nature of words and lexical combinations, cf. inter alia non-literal status labels (*), literal status labels (which appear in an abbreviated form, e.g.: arch., daw., przestarz., histor., rec. or in a non-abbreviated form, e.g.: dawny, wychodzący z użycia), information about the antiquity of words contained in the definitions of headwords (e.g.: w dawnej Polsce [in early Poland], w starożytności [in antiquity]). The chronological marking of words is also indicated by other status labels, i.e. the frequency-related label (rzad.) and the style and usage labels (książk., podn.). The article demonstrates the fundamental problems associated with the evaluation of the extent of the currency of dictionary units.

Context-Dependent Sequence-to-Sequence Turkish Spelling Correction

In this article, we make use of sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models for spelling correction in the agglutinative Turkish language. In the baseline system, misspelled and target words are split into their letters and the letter sequences are fed into the seq2seq model. We prefer letters as the unit of the model due to the agglutinative nature of Turkish, which results in an impractical dictionary size when words are used as a dictionary unit. In order to improve the baseline performance, we incorporate right and left context of the misspelled words. All context words are represented with their first three consonants in the context-dependent model. We train the seq2seq models using a large text corpus collected automatically from the Internet. The corpus contains approximately 4 million sentences. We randomly introduce substitution, deletion, and insertion spelling errors to the words in the corpus. We test the performance of the proposed context-dependent seq2seq model using synthetic and realistic test sets. The synthetic test set is constructed similar to the training set. The realistic test set contains human-made misspellings from Twitter messages. In the experiments, we observed that the proposed context-dependent model performs significantly better than the baseline system. Its correction accuracy reaches 94% on the synthetic dataset. Additionally, the proposed method provides 2.1% absolute improvement over a state-of-the-art Turkish spelling correction system on the Twitter test set.

Interfaces entre Lexicografia, Semântica e Tradução

Este artigo discorre sobre ligações possíveis entre Lexicografia, Semântica e Tradução. Por meio da experiência de elaboração de um dicionário bilíngue na direção português-espanhol, feito para brasileiros, foi constatada a necessidade de reflexão sobre a carga semântica atribuída a uma lexia na sua língua de origem, antes que fosse registrada num dicionário. Foi verificado que a Lexicografia segue os pressupostos da Semântica Formal, enquanto que a Semântica da Enunciação sugere que sejam registrados todos os significados de uma lexia de acordo com o(s) enunciado(s), o qual se torna inviável em um dicionário. Tampouco seria viável registrar todos os sentidos que a lexia tem para cada indivíduo, de acordo com a sua subjetividade, se o dicionário seguisse os pressupostos da Semântica Cognitiva. Por outro lado, a Tradução poderia beneficiar-se com maior liberdade das contribuições desses três modelos de análise semântica, já que, tanto na tradução intralinguística, como na interlinguística, busca-se a fidelidade ao enunciado original. Sendo assim, considera-se que um trabalho integrado entre especialistas da Lexicografia, da Semântica e da Tradução poderia trazer benefícios a todas estas áreas do conhecimento, podendo resultar num registro mais completo do(s) significado(s) de unidades léxicas em dicionários.

APPLIED MEANING OF THE TERMS «OUTCOME» AND «CONSEQUENCE» IN THE EXAMINATION OF INJURY

In the article the authors consider the applied meaning of the dictionary units “ outcome (-s)” and “consequence (-s)” in the forensic examination of determining the severity of harm caused to human health through the use of such medical criteria as loss of vision, loss of speech, hearing loss, loss of an organ, or loss of its functions, termination of pregnancy and indelible facial disfiguration.

ЛИНГВОПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ СЛОВ-ГИБРИДОВ В НЕМЕЦКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПОНЯТИЙНОГО ПОЛЯ «ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ»)

The article deals with the functioning of the hybrid composites of the notion field “Education” in speech. The borrowed material accumulated in the language and powerful word-formative potencies of the German language give the ground for constant word-making, during which capacious informative lexical units are created basing on the principles of linguistic economy. The vast majority of hybrid words are not dictionary units, they are formed ad hoc and are considered occasionalisms designed to make the process of communication alive and emotional, which is achieved through the metaphorization and determinization of hybrid components, by using truncated stems, phrases and sentences as parts of hybrids, and also through the use of fashionable and short Anglicisms.