Теоретические и прикладные проблемы психолингвистической лексикографии

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to describe the theoretical problems of a new direction – psycholinguistic lexicography. The accumulation of a large amount of factual experimental material required the development of principles for fixing the psycholinguistic description of the meaning of a word in lexicographic sources. The theoretical basis of the study was the ideas of Professor I.A. Sternin, the founder of the Voronezh Psycholinguistic School, about the possibility of describing the psychologically real semantics of a word based on the experimental data and about the formation of psycholinguistic semasiology, the main concept of which is the concept of the psycholinguistic meaning of a word (the meaning of a word represented in the linguistic consciousness of a native speaker), and the main method was that of semantic interpretation of experimental data. The paper shows the main differences between psycholinguistic and traditional explanatory dictionaries. The classification of types of psycholinguistic dictionaries was developed. Two types of psycholinguistic dictionaries were distinguished – associative dictionaries and semantic dictionaries. The principles of presentation of semantic material in psycholinguistic lexicographic sources have a number of distinctive features in comparison with associative dictionaries, the main of which is the indication of the degree of brightness of individual semantic features and individual meanings and their ranking in the descending order of the brightness index. The paper presents the general algorithm for creating a psycholinguistic semantic dictionary and the structure of its dictionary entry. An important issue of the psycholinguistic explanatory dictionary creation is the criterion for selecting its units. The following principles are proposed for the selection of dictionary units of this type of dictionaries: 1) word frequency; 2) social significance; 3) semantic instability; 4) semantic differentiation; 5) part-of-speech reference. A separate direction of psycholinguistic lexicography is represented by differential dictionaries, which contain a comparative description of the semantics of a word in a group language consciousness; various possibilities of constructing a dictionary entry of differential psycholinguistic dictionaries are shown, examples of fixing psycholinguistic meanings of words in differential psycholinguistic dictionaries of the Russian language are given.