Tver Region Research Articles

Tourist potential of the Tver region

Tourism is the most important industry. Tourism can be an important source of income for the region’s budget. The article analyzes the potential for tourism development in the Tver region.

ABILITY OF GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM L.) TO ACCUMULATE GERMANIUM UNDER NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

The ability of garlic to accumulate germanium under natural and experimental conditions is discussed at the article. It was shown that the content of germanium in the bulbs of 24 samples belonging to 19 cultivars of winter garlic and 5 varieties of spring garlic, grown in the flat conditions of the Voronezh, Moscow and Tver regions, as well as in the mountainous conditions of the Shandong province (PRC), Karachay-Cherkessia and Mountain Altai is at a low level. The content of germanium in the bulbs does not exceed 4.2 μg/kg in 23 samples, in the sample grown in the conditions of Karachay-Cherkessia, the content of this element is 5.0 μg/kg.
 It was found that the efficiency of the accumulation of germanium in the bulbs depends on the method of feeding the plants. Foliar dressing is about 5 times more effective than root dressing and leads to an increase in the concentration of germanium in the tissues of the bulbs up to 20.0 μg/kg.
 It has been shown that the efficiency of germanium accumulation in bulbs depends on the method of application of the germanium-containing substance. More effective is foliar feeding with the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide to the Germatranol solution, which promotes better penetration of germanium into tissues. It was found that roots and leaves accumulate germanium most actively. The concentration of germanium in these organs is 115.2 and 141.0 times higher than in the control. In cloves, the concentration of this element exceeds the control by 37.1 times and consisted of 78 μg/kg.

MODEL OF SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF TOURISM CLUSTERS IN SMALL HISTORIC CITIES OF RUSSIA

Relevance. Small historical towns in Russia are currently facing many problems. At the same time, they play a special role in the socio-economic and spatial development of their regions and the country as a whole. A huge number of small towns have significant, often hidden reserves for their successful development through the improvement of the tourism industry. The cluster model of tourism organization is very effective due to the cooperation of various enterprises and elements of urban infrastructure and as a result of creating a high-quality tourism product and increasing the competitiveness of small towns. A promising territory for creating a tourism cluster (TC) is the city of Torzhok, Tver region, Russia. Torzhok is located in relative proximity to big cities and is a monument of Russian urban art. This fact indicates the real possibility of the city to become an attractive object of cultural tourism. In urban planning, the greatest interest in the organization of tourism clusters is their spatial organization and elemental composition. To date, none of the developed TC models reflects the characteristics of the spatial organization of TC elements on the territory of small historic towns. It is necessary to develop a model that would eliminate this drawback. The purpose and objectives. Development of a model of spatial organization of tourism clusters in small towns of Russia, which will take into account the needs and preferences of potential tourists, pedestrian and transport accessibility of cluster elements. To achieve this purpose, the following objectives were solved: - to analyze domestic and foreign experience in studying the structural and elemental composition of tourism clusters. Identify the main elements of the TC. - to conduct a sociological study in order to determine the tourist demand of travelers to small towns in Russia - to develop a model of the spatial organization of a tourism cluster. Methodology. When studying the theoretical foundations of the formation of tourism clusters, scientific articles and abstracts of dissertations were considered. The subject of the study was the structure and elemental composition of the TC. As part of the study, a sociological survey was conducted among potential tourists traveling to small historical towns of Russia to determine the necessary set of TC elements and their pedestrian accessibility. Results. The article considers the issue of spatial organization of tourism clusters on the territory of small historic towns of Russia and their elemental composition. The developed models of the spatial organization of the tourism cluster are presented, taking into account the needs and preferences of potential tourists, namely the necessary set of elements of the tourism cluster and their pedestrian accessibility. The models were built on the basis of the results of a sociological study conducted by the author of this article. Conclusion. The proposed models of the spatial organization of the tourism cluster will allow the most rational arrangement of tourist infrastructure facilities, which will create comfortable conditions for tourists and, as a result, a high level of tourist services. The model can be used by local authorities when developing planning solutions for tourism clusters in small historic town of Russia.

Activity of СО<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub> Fixation and Denitrification in the Course of Decay of Coarse Woody Debris Decay of Norway Spruce in the South Taiga

The activity of CO2 efflux, N2 fixation, and denitrification, as well as the physiological state of the community of microorganisms-destructors were assessed depending on the decay stage of the coarse woody debris (CWD) in the incubation experiments with the coarse woody debris of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and podzolic soil (Retisol). The coarse woody debris and soil were sampled at the experimental sites of the Central Forest State Reserve (Tver Region, Russia). Maximal CO2 emissions caused by CWD decomposition was associated with the decay stages III and IV. Also, the latter two showed maximal values of such sound indices of microbial activity as substrate induced respiration (SIR, 50 μg С–СО2/(g h)), percentage of easily decomposable С in organic matter (А1, 66%) and metabolic quotient qCO2 (0.78). Unlike the СО2 emission, maximal activity of N2 fixation was at the earlier decay stage II. The values of N2 fixation and denitrification activities indicate a gradual and complicatedly regulated transition process from the properties of bacterial and fungal communities of CDW to those in the soil during stages II, III and IV. The dramatic, more than 3-fold decrease was found only for C : N in CWD during the stages III–IV transition. СО2 emission at the stage V increased dramatically. Nevertheless, the CWD organic matter even at this latest decay stage had lower sustainability than organic matter of podzolic soil.

Food security of the region: problems and ways to achieve (on the example of the Tver region)

Food security of the region: problems and ways to achieve (on the example of the Tver region)

Санитарное состояние коренных ельников тайги Европейской России

The materials of studies carried out in the primary uneven-aged spruce forests of the taiga within European Russia are presented, in the northern taiga spruce forests are studied in the territories of the Arkhangelsk region and the Paanajarvi National Park in the Karelia Republic; in the middle taiga spruce forests are studied in the reserve «Vepssky forest» in the Leningrad region and Andomsky forestry of the Vologda region; in the southern taiga spruce forests of the Central Forest State Biosphere Reserve in the Tver Region are studied. The age and volume of trees growing on permanent test plots were determined, age series of forest stands were modelled, dynamic characteristics were established, estimates of the sanitary condition of trees and stands were made, the infestation of the biotrophic complex with wood-destroying fungi and calculations of the tree waste volume by stages of decomposition were made. A close relationship between the increase in tree damage values and the increase in the age of generations in the age series was revealed, which is interpreted as a pattern: r = 0,98 with mr = 0,05 and t = 140. The dynamics of the formation of age generations in spruce forest stands proceeds much more slowly from 4 to 6 times than the dynamics of wood debris decomposition. The characteristics of the sanitary state of native spruce stands are in the range between weakened and severely weakened communities, with high rates of rotten faults of trees in age generations and stands and significant amounts of tree waste. High rates of rot damage to trees ensure the balance of reproducible and degradable biomass in the dynamics of spruce forests. This balance is formed by differences in the time periods of biomass accumulation and the rate of decomposition of wood waste.

Agrotourism as one of the directions of rural development in the Tver region

Agrotourism as one of the directions of rural development in the Tver region

Modeling of demographic processes in the Tambov and Tver regions (1989 – 2020)

The aim of the study is to reconstruct the demographic strategies of rural societies. The object of the study is individual settlements and village councils (groups of settlements) of the Tambov and Tver regions (a total of 2861 settlements and 371 village councils). The presented work is undertaken within the framework of a large project on fractal modeling of demographic strategies of the agrarian population of European Russia in a long historical retrospective – since the middle of the XIX century. The chronological framework of the article covers not only the agricultural crisis of the 1990s, but also a certain recovery of some rural settlements in the 2000s - 2010s. To conduct experiments with the proposed computer model, a database was created in which the main parameters of the studied settlements and village councils are presented in a formalized form. The authors conclude that, despite all the differences, the demographic strategies of Tver and Tambov settlements evolve within the same pattern: Tver and Tambov regions are simply in slightly different phases of the same process. Peasant society in the Tver region has less potential as a migration donor and a base for natural growth. The older and northern Tver Region has been following the path of de-settlement and urbanization for a longer time. Tambov peasant society is somewhat less depleted and, therefore, could demonstrate great demographic success in the case of a successful demographic policy.

Заболеваемость клещевым энцефалитом в Центральном федеральном округе России. Клинические случаи тяжелого течения заболевания у детей

This study shows the epidemiological situation of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in the regions of the Central Federal District (CFD) of Russia for 2008-2020, including the morbidity in different age groups, children and adolescents. The highest rate was recorded in the Kostroma region – 5.43 ± 0.78 per 100 thousand population, followed by the Yaroslavl and Tver regions – 1.03 ± 0.21 and 0.49 ± 0.08 per 100 thousand, respectively. The incidence tends to decrease, which is more pronounced in the Yaroslavl region. The proportion of children and adolescents among patients with TBE in the Central Federal District regions is 5–11.3%. In the Yaroslavl region, mostly townspeople get sick, in the Kostroma region – rural residents. The structure of clinical forms of TBE in both regions is dominated by febrile forms, however, the proportion of focal forms remains high – over 15% and the proportion of meningeal forms decreases. In Moscow and the Moscow region, isolated local cases of TBE infection have been registered since 2011, which requires strengthening anti-epidemic measures. In the described clinical cases, a severe focal form of the disease was noted in children, in the first it ended with the formation of consequences in the form of symptomatic epilepsy, in the second – with a fatal outcome. Doctors of various profiles in endemic regions should be wary of TBE, and it is important to adhere to the correct tactics of managing patients with suspected infection. Key words: childhood morbidity, vaccination, tick-borne encephalitis, clinical forms, deaths, severe duration in children, Central Federal District

3D Modeling and 3D Printing Technologies in the Preservation and Popularization of Architectural Monuments of the Vasilevo Museum-Reserve (Tver region)

The article presents the results of a project to create virtual models of architectural monuments of the Vasilevo Landscape Museum-Reserve in the Tver region with their subsequent 3D printing and creation of a large-scale layout. The Vasilevo Museum-Reserve is located on the territory of the Lviv estate of the XVIII-XIX centuries and includes manor buildings, as well as 16 monuments of wooden architecture of the XVIII-XIX centuries, brought and installed on the territory of the reserve of their various districts of the Tver region. Among them are objects of cultural heritage of federal significance: wooden temples, monuments of civil development. The museum is a branch of the Tver State United Museum and is included in the tourist route "Pushkin Ring of the Upper Volga region". As a result of the authors' project, virtual models and large-scale physical models of 19 architectural objects of the Vasilevo Museum-Reserve were made. Photogrammetry, polygonal 3D modeling, FFF 3D printing, and layout technologies were used in the work. The process of photographing to create a digital model using photogrammetry technology was carried out using a professional UAV and a SLR camera. The main software was Blender, Autodesk Meshmixer, Agisoft Metashape. The experience of digitizing objects has shown that photogrammetry makes it possible to capture fine details well in a computer model, which can be further reflected in large-scale models with 3D printing. In particular, these are wooden walls and ceilings of various designs, masonry, engraved images and inscriptions on stone. 3D printing was carried out on Creality Ender 3 and Creality Ender 5 3D printers. The printing material was polylactide plastic. The printed models were painted and reinforced in the form of a scale model. The finished model was transferred to the Vasilevo Museum and is used for museum display.

Тверские Китежи и Атлантиды. Архаический миф в современном исполнении

The city is a natural expression of human civilization, and it is the only place where the formation of man could have begun. The temple was the city`s heart, it was there that the deified fire and, consequently, life itself was kept alive. There are two versions of the temple-city: the immaculate virgin-city (Jerusalem) and the sinful harlot-city (Babylon), and respectively two versions of their destiny: Kitezh or Atlantis. The space of the Tver region, including the cities whose destiny is connected with water, is constantly being mythologized. In legends like that of the invisible city of Kitezh they tell about churches or villages that went under water, not specifying the causes of these phenomena, or stressing out that these catastrophes came to be a punishment for unnamed sins. According to a legend of the early 2000s Kitezh-grad (the Kitezh-city, now no longer having anything in common with the virgin-city) was located exactly in the Tver region, on the bank of the Mologa river in the Maksatikhinsky district. However, by now, after the death of its author, this legend has ceased to be relevant and is found only in the documents of the 2000s. In contrast with the Tver Kitezh, the phrase the Tver Atlantis has recently become more and more stable in the Tver region as a tourist brand. This concept is applied to the cities that were flooded during the construction of hydroelectric power stations on the Volga river: Korcheva, Kalyazin, the bell tower of which spawned a number of legends, and Vesyegonsk. The Tver “Atlantis” was no harlot, and died not for its sins, but on the orders of the Soviet government. Therefore, the national consciousness confers to the submerged places the qualities of sanctity and purity. The Tver Kitezh is not the virgin-Kitezh, and it perishes for its sins, while the Tver Atlantis is not the harlot-Atlantis, and the stories of the flooded cities contain no hints of their sinfulness; on the contrary, emphasis is made on their holiness and righteousness. We cannot say that invariant mythological models have been forgotten, but they are working in the opposite direction. This change can be explained by the fact that the relocation of residents and the flooding of cities did not take place “by God’s will”, but on the decision of the worldly authority, and that their residents did not view those facts as a punishment for their sins. The way of thinking remains mythological, even though people are not aware of the fact.

Генетическое разнообразие российских и европейских пред-ставителей Dryopteris expansa (C. Presl) Fraser-Jenkins et Jermy (Dryopteridaceae)

The results of molecular genetic analysis (ISSR-PCR) of 112 Dryopteris expansa (C. Presl) Fraser-Jenkins et Jermy specimens collected in Russia and Europe are presented. DNA was extracted using fresh material and material from the herbarium of the South Siberian Botanical Garden (ALTB): the collection of fresh material was carried out during expeditions (40 samples from Perm Krai, Moscow, Smolensk and Tver regions), the selection of material from the herbarium was carried out by removing a part of the dried frond (72 samples from various regions of Russia and Europe). An analysis of DNA polymorphism and the genetic structure of the studied groups with the calculation of the proportion (P95) of polymorphic loci, the absolute (na) number of alleles, the effective (ne) number of alleles, the expected (HE) heterozygosity and the information-entropy measure (I) of Shannon was carried out using the POPGENE 1.31 program. To describe the genetic structure of the studied groups, the following parameters were used: the expected proportion of heterozygous genotypes (HT) in the entire group as a measure of its overall diversity; the expected proportion of heterozygous genotypes in a subgroup (HS) as a measure of its internal diversity; the proportion of intergroup genetic diversity in the total diversity or the subdivision index (GST). In addition to this, the AMOVA package was used with the calculation of the subdivision index of groups using 1000 rounds of permutations. Based on a comparison of the indicators of the Shannon information measure (I), Nei fixation index (FST), as well as intra- and intergroup variability based on the results of the analysis of molecular variants (AMOVA) obtained for D. expansa with similar indicators given for D. fragrans (L.) Schott, a conclusion is made about the inexpediency of dividing D. expansa s.l. into two independent species – D. expansa s. str. and D. assimilis S. Walker. The indicators of all indices and calculated values given in the publication can be used as a basis for comparison in other works devoted to the genetic variability of species of the genus Dryopteris in Russia.

Genetic diversity of some common diatom species

The study of the genetic diversity of widely distributed taxa is of paramount importance for clarifying the ecological preferences of various genetic lineages within species complexes. The work is devoted to the study of the genetic diversity of some common species of diatoms isolated from water bodies in the Moscow, Yaroslavl and Tver regions.

Обзор работы государственной стоматологической службы Тверской области в 2021 году

Taking care of the health of the population of the Tver region is an important direction of social regional policy. The main task of the dental service of the Tver region is to preserve and strengthen the health of the citizens of the Tver region, to increase the role of preventive care of dental diseases, to form a model of organization of the dental industry that ensures the availability and quality of dental care, to increase the efficiency of dental services, the volume, types and quality of which should correspond to the level of morbidity and the needs of the population, advanced achievements of medical science. The aim of the research is the analysis of the statistical data of the stomatological service of the state public health institutions of the Tver region. Materials and methods. Analysis of the statistical data reflecting demographic indexes, statistics of the stomatological service structure, staffing, distribution of dentists among the institutions of the Tver region, quality of dental care, the main indexes of the stomatological service of the Tver region, indexes of treatment and preventive work. Results. The present study is devoted to the analysis of the activity of state medical institutions of health care of the Tver region that provide dental care to the population of the Tver region. The indices of the provision of dentists in this region (not taking into account orthopedists and orthodontists) makes 3,82 posts for 10 thousand population (426,25 rates in total). Indicators of provision of the region’s population with dentists are 4,3 positions per adult population of the region. The deficit specialties have been revealed: pediatric dentists, orthodontists, in the regional institutions there is a shortage of orthopedists. The share of occupied staff positions in the specialty of pediatric dentistry was 49%, which reflects the need for training in this area. The difficulties in the organization of preventive examinations of the children’s population were revealed, and the low percentage of the examined persons. Conclusions. The municipal, district and regional medical institutions of health care rendering dental treatment to the population are functioning on the territory of the city of Tver and the Tver region in general. The statistical analysis has revealed a number of difficulties that require further action on the part of the medical community and public organizations. It is necessary to develop comprehensive measures to solve the shortage of pediatric dentists at the level of the Ministry of Health and educational institutions. The difficulties of preventive examinations among the population of different groups are highlighted. It is important to strengthen the preventive profile in order to reduce the cases of complicated caries, tooth extraction. Development of hygienic direction will increase awareness of the population about the peculiarities of dental and oral hygiene, methods of prevention and treatment of dental diseases.

Rhizosphere Effect and Bacterial Community Structure in Horizons of Podzolic Soil under Spruce Plants (<i>Picea abies</i> L.)

The relationships between the rhizosphere effects, allocation in soil horizons and bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere and the bulk soil of Retisol under spruce trees (Tver region, Russia) were studied. The rhizosphere factors (Rf) expressed as ratios of soil characteristics in the rhizosphere to that in the bulk soil were determined for the basic indices of microbial respiration, biomass and available nutrients pools in the top AEL (3–15 cm) and deep EL horizons (15–46 cm). The most prominent rhizosphere effects (Rf 1.6) were revealed for microbial biomass C, basal respiration, and SOM turnover rate. Rf value for the SOM turnover rate in humus AEL horizon was approximately 1.5, while in the EL horizon it reached 6. The Rhizosphere had higher microbial diversity, with a significant contribution of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including representatives of Acidobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Solibacteres and Spartobacteria. The Gram-positive orders Bacillales and Clostridiales predominated in the bulk soil, with the relative contributions of more than 80 and 50% for the AEL and EL horizons, respectively. Based on the number of microbial activity indices with high Rf values (three for the lower EL horizon and only one for the upper humus AEL horizon), the rhizosphere of the lower horizon is probably more pronounced “hot spot” of biological activity than that in the top soil layer.

Анализ изменения агроклиматических условий в Центральном районе Нечерноземной зоны и оценка возможности интродукции сои в новые регионы возделывания

The purpose of the research is to analyze the parameters of changes in the agro-climatic conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem region and to assess the possibility of introducing soybeans into new cultivation regions. The introduction of soybean crops into new cultivation regions is an urgent task to solve the problem of providing the processing industry with relatively cheap and high-grade protein. The trends of changes in climatic conditions in the regions of the Central Non-Chernozem region for the period from 1981‑2020 are analyzed. The expansion of soybean sowing areas in the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone is hindered by stressful conditions that form during the period of filling and ripening of seeds, first of all – limited thermal resources. As a result of the analysis of agro-climatic data, the trend of local climate warming in all regions included in the Central Region of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia has been revealed. The values of the sum of active temperatures in different agro-climatic subzones increased by 200‑250°C, the amount of precipitation falling during the growing season decreased by 20‑40 mm, the hydrothermal coefficient of G.T. Selyaninov (GTC) decreased by 0.3‑0.4 points. The changes led to a shift of the isotherm of the sum of active temperatures by 150‑200 km towards high latitudes. In 1981, the isotherm passed through the northern part of the Bryansk and Orel regions, included a small fragment of the Kaluga region and the Ryazan region, but at the moment it is located on the northern border of the Moscow region, affecting the territory of the Tver and Vladimir regions, as well as the southern part of the Kostroma region.

Развод крестьян с прелюбодейками в 1863–1917 гг.: особенности, трудности, результаты

The article is devoted to the study of divorce cases initiated by men from the peasant class following adultery of their wives. The study is to identify specifics, common and distinctive features of peasant marriages dissolution caused by female adultery in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century in the Yaroslavl, Tver, and Tobolsk spiritual consistories. The source base is previously unknown archival materials from the State Archive of the Yaroslavl Region, State Archive of the Tver Region, and State Archive in Tobolsk. Documents stored in the state archives indicate the existence of a mandatory package of documents established by law, fees for opening a case, requirements for the evidence base, and established stages in office work. Comparative analysis of archival documents shows that women's infidelity was the most frequent reason of peasants requesting divorce in the spiritual consistories in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. However, adultery was the most difficult to prove motive, making it almost impossible to get a divorce. Studying the papers of spiritual consistories permits to distinguish many degrees of the crime: one-time adultery, constant adultery, elopement, extramarital cohabitation, prostitution. Women’s actions were caused by resentment, beatings (on the part of husbands or mothers-in-law), or by forced marriages. The main difficulties in obtaining divorce among peasants were the same: difficulty of proving the birth of an illegitimate child and finding eyewitnesses, ignorance of the wife's place of residence. On the periphery in the Tobolsk gubernia with its large territories and lack of competent employees, the divorce action was hindered by priests’ incorrect paperwork and loss of documents in the mail. The relevance of the study is due to the current acute social problems (population decline, above all) caused by large number of family breakups. Turning to the history of divorce proceedings and methods of reconciling spouses (admonition by parish priests, mostly) can be useful for rethinking solving and preventing marital conflicts, as well as for revealing certain aspects of the history of institutions office work.

CORRESPONDENCE IN THE PERSONAL FUNDS OF PRODUCTION LEADERS: INFORMATION POTENTIAL

The article characterizes the documentary complex of the personal funds of the production leaders formed in the State Archive of the Tver region in 1970-1980. Special attention is paid to the analysis of a set of letters on milk and meat supplies in the Kalinin region, preserved in the personal fund of the Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR I.F. Gagurin. The article contains the results of studying the information capabilities of correspondence of a certain category of fund-makers.

Экологические ловушки» и «кормовые оазисы» на зимовках и миграциях молодых больших подорликов

The present study is based on data on the spatial distribution, habitats used and limiting factors during wintering, migration, and summer movements for 9 young Greater Spotted Eagles (Aquila [Clanga] clanga, GSE) obtained via GPS-GSM tracking. In 2019, four individuals (Oduvanchik, Boets, Zadira, Klyazma) were tagged in the center of European Russia and one (Prosha) in the Republic of Tatarstan; in 2022 – three individuals in the center of European Russia (Leto, Dina, Tisha) and one (Kirya) in the Chuvash Republic. Scant published data based on telemetry indicate that young GSEs migrate to wintering sites independently, using different route than their parents (Meyburg et al., 2005). Apparently, the first autumn migration of young individuals does not yet have a strict direction and is largely a matter of chance (Maciorowski et al., 2014). We confirmed this by tracking our GSEs: some of them accidentally found “feeding oases” on migration routes and in wintering areas, while others fell into “ecological traps”. Having memorized the location of the “feeding oases” discovered on the migration in the first autumn, birds can change the wintering grounds in subsequent years, settling for the winter in these territories. So, in October 2019, Oduvanchik made an 18-day stopover in the area of Slavyansk-on-Kuban in the Krasnodar Territory. The next three winters he spent on Prikubanskaya Plain, without further migration to the delta of the Nile River, where he spent the first winter. Another eagle named Prosha during the first winter stayed for a month (from 25/10 to 24/11/2019) on Salyan Plain of Azerbaijan, mainly in swampy areas not used in agriculture. Then he flew along the western coast of the Caspian Sea to the south and settled in Gilan province of Iran. During the two subsequent winterings, Prosha did not stay in Azerbaijan. Favorable combination of habitats in the winter territory of Prosha in northwest Iran and the rice fields with easily accessible prey for Oduvanchik on Prikubanskaya Plain (see the theses of Mischenko and Sukhanova in this book) results in the minimum wintering areas and the smallest average daily movements of these two birds. Unlike them, Dina and Zadira ended up wintering in “ecological traps” – deserts. Dina died in Saudi Arabia 18 days later. Zadira, who also wintered in the Arabian Peninsula and the coastal pains of the Persian Gulf, was able to survive, but was forced to make the greatest daily movements in search of food. The places of the longest stopovers of Oduvanchik and Boets during summer vagrancies were the territories with extensive farmlands in Bezhetsk district of Tver region (60 days in 2020 and 102 days in 2021) and Orsha district of Belarus (67 days in 2020), in which the terms of harvesting and haymaking are greatly extended. Harvesting kills and displaces many birds and small mammals turning such areas into a “fodder oasis” for raptors, thus they can stay here for long making very short daily movements. We found that GSEs stop at large landfills, with concentration of Corvidae and gulls, and the abundance of rodents. Oduvanchik spent 9 days, from (28/06 to 06/07/2020) on landfill near the city of Tver. Boets for a week (from 05 to 12/06/2021) stayed on landfill near the city of Rzhev. Here, on 22/06/2023, we visually recorded a GSE that was not tagged with a tracker. GSE named Leto discovered an unusual “fodder oasis”: an industrial estate with flooded quarries within the city of Kostroma, where an outbreak of avian flu was registered on 18/05/2023. Leto flew to this place on 02/06 and stayed there until 07/07/2023. The abundance of dead and dying birds did not last long, and later the GSE probably began to prey on gull chicks in colonies. Easy access to prey, reduced disturbance (quarantine in the 500 m zone), and the presence of trees convenient for roosting results in minimal movements withing the industrial zone – no more than 1.1 km. We have identified very high mortality rate of young GSEs as a result of anthropogenic factors: only two of the nine birds remained alive by 2023. Prosha died in a fox-trap with a bait in the Samara region at the 4th year of life. Tisha was killed by a poacher in Abkhazia during the first autumn migration. Poles of power lines in arid zone possess deadliest risk for raptors. Zadira and Kirya perished on them in Iran at the 1st year of life. Dina died in the Arabian desert, probably from lack of food. The reasons for the death of Klyazma in Libya, also at the 1st year of life, and the Boets in Israel at the 3rd year of life are unknown.

Association of clinical features and metabolic disorders with behavioral and psychological factors in residents of the Tver region

Association of clinical features and metabolic disorders with behavioral and psychological factors in residents of the Tver region