Turkic Languages Research Articles

Metaphorical Language and Function of the “Bridal Pick-Up” Ritual in Anatolian Traditional Weddings with Its Origin and Reflections

In the urban centers of Türkiye, where cultural changes are more widespread and effective, wedding processional is replaced by the solemnization of the marriage at indoor weddings, and the Kūdegū (old Turkic language; refers to bridegroom, son-in-law) awaiting the bride’s arrival at the boy’s house is replaced by differences in the way of the bride and groom’s entry together; moreover, while wedding rituals such as the bridal bath and groom’s hammam are being forgotten, bachelor/bachelorette parties are on the rise. The beliefs and practices related to the bride being taken out of the girl’s house with a special ceremony have deep meanings, such as blessing the bride who has just joined the family, acclimatizing the bride who feels like an outsider and avoiding her from these feelings, and protecting the bride and groom from the körmös (spirits in Turkic mythology, devilish entities living in the underworld), bad spirits, and the evil eye. In this paper, the structure, function, practices, and beliefs of the rituals surrounding the bride and groom on the last day of Anatolian Turkish weddings are analyzed using a qualitative research method. In addition, this study identified the betrothal, performance, beliefs, and practices surrounding the ritual of “bridal pick up” among Anatolian Turks and evaluated the symbols and signs in the ritual procedures in the functional context of the origins and reflections of traditional Turkish beliefs.

Medical Terminology in Kyrgyz and Turkish Languages

Medical Terminology in Kyrgyz and Turkish Languages

DETERMİNANTLAR VƏ CÜMLƏ ÜZVLƏRİNİN QARŞILIQLI ƏLAQƏSİNƏ DAİR

On the Relationship of Determinants and Parts of Sentences Summary In order for the language to carry out any kind of communication, all the links of the syntax that make up the structure of the language must be in place. The syntactic system of the language is made up of word combinations, sentences and text. Syntactic units in the language are connected with each other by meaning and grammatical relations and form the structural regularity of syntactic units, its regulator. As in every world language, the syntactic structure of the modern Oghuz Turkic languages consists of an ordered system of syntactic units. In this ordered system, the determinants have their own place and position along with word combinations, sentence parts, sentences and text. Key words: determiner, sentence, syntax, adverb, verb

Using Case Forms for Expressing Temporal Relations in Modern Turkish Language

Many languages, including modern Turkish, employ lexemes with spatial meaning to express temporal relations. However, the Turkish language stands out for its use of case forms of nouns both to describe the spatial position and movement of objects and to establish the temporal reference of actions and events. These differences are systemic, suggest that native Turkish speakers perceive spatial and temporal phenomena in a unique way, and determine the historical change in their models of time perception. They challenge the belief that spatial relations prevail over temporal ones in the perception of the surrounding world by peoples with nomadic roots but highlight the necessity of considering materials from other Turkic languages. The results obtained show that facts from different linguistic levels should be involved to analyze how temporal relations are conveyed.

THE HISTORY OF THE EMERGENCE OF TURKISMS IN ENGLISH

Relations between peoples are impossible without the communication of languages. This article examines the issue of words adopted into the English language with the help of Turkic languages that are used in the modern language. The languages of the Turkic peoples have left many traces in different languages. Also, to review the nature of Turkisms in English, to reveal the nature of assimilation of Turkisms in two language cultures and the general features of the communication process, and to determine the features of the development of the semantics of its usage. In addition, the history of the emergence of Turkisms in the English language is intended to determine the features of its usage and semantics. In dealing with Turkisms, it should be noted that the English language is deep and wide. It is defined as the process of transition or entry of elements of one language into another language as a result of linguistic contacts.

Definitions, patterns and history of the study of vowel harmony in the Kazakh language

Relevance. Since phonological changes at the junction of morphemes, in particular in the consonantism system, have not been sufficiently studied. The formation of an idea of synharmonic processes is relevant in modern linguistic science. Purpose. The research purpose was to study the sound parameters, phonological features and synharmonism on the example of the Kazakh, Turkish and English languages. Methodology. The following methods were used to achieve the research purpose: comparative, structural, phonetic, analytical and synthetic. Results. This article presents definitions, patterns and four stages in the history of the study of vowel harmony in the Kazakh language. To determine the level of labial harmony of Kazakh vowels, a table of comparison with other Turkic languages was presented. In this paper, the main phonological changes at the junction of the root and affixal morphemes and their expression in the sound plane were noted, the influence of phonetics on other language levels was assessed. The idea of four main timbres in the Kazakh language has been formed: soft, hard, rounded and unrounded, the features of vocal and consonant synharmonism. Methods for improving the identification of sound parameters and the formation of phonetic speech patterns using machine technologies are considered. Conclusions. The study concludes that while Kazakh and Turkish share similarities in vowel harmony patterns, they differ in application, and English exhibits a largely disharmonious sound structure with some exceptions in borrowed words. Keywords: vowels and consonants; phoneme; sound system; affix; morphemic junction

Western Mongolian (Oirat-Kalmyk) loanwords in Kyrgyz

The Kyrgyz are one of the Turkic peoples that have had extensive contact with Mongolian tribes throughout history, and their language has one of the largest numbers of loanwords of Mongolian origin. Careful analysis shows that these words were borrowed from several historical Mongolian idioms at various times. Western Mongolian loanwords make up the most recent stratum in terms of chronology. They were acquired in the 16th–18th centuries from Western Mongolian idioms, whose living successors are Oirat and Kalmyk. This article is the first attempt to deal specifically with loanwords from Western Mongolian languages to a particular Turkic language. The author of the paper offers numerous, especially phonological, criteria, for identifying Western Mongolian loanwords in Kyrgyz, and provides examples that meet these criteria. The fact that Mongolian loanwords from the late period are more prevalent than those from earlier layers, and that they also include examples related to Lamaism, Mongolian culture and ethnography, suggests that the Oirat-Kalmyk and Kyrgyz tribes had more intensive interaction than is often recognized.

Researching Ibn Muhanna’s dictionary in terms of linguistic features

In many linguistic studies, many studies have been conducted on the work “Hilyetü’l-insan” and “Halbetü’l-lisan”, which was mentioned as Ibn Muhanna’s Dictionary, whose real name was revealed when the Istanbul copy was found, and which belongs to Jamaladdin Ibn Muhanna. In the middle of the century, the Persian, Turkic and Mongolian languages gained influence and were widely used in Iraq as well as in the entire Elkhanid territory. Ibn Muhenna wrote his dictionaries “Hilyetü’l-insan” and “Halbetü’l-lisan” in this scientific environment. It is estimated that it was written in Meraga or Baghdad in the second half of the century. Despite the fact that the official language of the Elkhanid state is Turkic, Ibn Muhanna wrote his work in Arabic based on the main features of these three languages, considering that Arabic, Persian and Mongolian languages are also used in cultural, administrative, commercial and public life. According to the Istanbul copy of the introduction and the three-part dictionary, pages 5–111 were devoted to Persian, pages 113–310 to Turkic, and pages 311–371 to Mongolian. The part of the work related to the Persian language consists of an introduction and twenty-eight chapters where general grammatical rules are explained. In this research study, we will try to compare the linguistic features of Ibn Muhanna’s Dictionary.

FEATURES OF REAL NOUNS ON THE EXAMPLE OF SERGEY BORODIN’S WORK “STARS OVER SAMARKAND”

The article analyzes real nouns using the example of Sergei Borodin’s work “Stars over Samarkand”. We have found such real nouns that, from the point of view of origin, belong to the Turkic languages, these are words like buza, ambergris, snipe, plaques. Also, based on the theory of real nouns, we found more than 80 real nouns in the story.

TURKIC-RUSSIAN LANGUAGE INTERSECTIONS AND THEIR CONSIDERATION IN TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (THE RESULTS OF WORKING WITH TURKMEN STUDENTS)

Purpose. In the article based on the author’s many years of experience of working with foreign students she aims at the analysis of a block of issues related to language unions and the functioning of languages in the modern world, which is methodologically significant in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The objects of study are the similarities between two structurally different language families; the indicators of this specificity in language consciousness; the questionnaire data of 500 foreign students in the process of teaching a linguistic course of language theory. Method and methodology of the work. A number of methods are used in it, the main of which is the general descriptive one. It also includes such methods as comparative, functional, stylistic analyses and partially a quantitative one. Results of the research. It allowed to find out and systematize universal characteristics of the Turkic and Russian languages which are manifested in the modern period of integration of peoples. It also presents the results of the questionnaire of Turkmen students in the course of teaching of academic disciplines with subsequent analytical survey of the questionnaire data; it covers the problems of language teaching of Turkmen students and gives a number of methods of working with students. Practical implications. The results of the research can be implemented in teaching such academic disciplines as language theory, comparative linguistics and cultural studies.

КЫРГЫЗ ЖАНА ТҮРК ТИЛИНДЕГИ ПЛЕОНАЗМДАР

This article provides a comparative analysis of pleonasm in the Kyrgyz and Turkish languages. Pleonasm, as a linguistic phenomenon, continues to attract the interest of researchers because of its features and functional significance. The purpose of this study is to identify the main types of pleonasm in both languages, their semantic and syntactic characteristics, as well as to analyze the causes of their occurrence. Pleonasm is a linguistic phenomenon in which an expression contains redundant information or synonymous elements are used together. The study of the features of pleonasms in various languages makes it possible to understand their role in the linguistic system and culture of the people. In this article, a comparative analysis of the pleonasms of the Kyrgyz and Turkish languages will be carried out in order to identify their similarities and differences. The use of pleonasms in sentences and their predominance in vocabulary will be discussed in detail using examples.

The Concept of “Mother” in the Turkic Linguocultural Space (Based on Precedent Names Common to the Turkic People)

Research related to the Turkic world is being explored more and more intensively every year. These studies reveal new aspects of language and literature, history, and culture from ancient times to the present day and are carried out in continuity with each other. The concept of “Mother”, which serves as the object of our research, is a historical and basic concept. Consideration of the linguistic and cultural features of precedent names in the Turkic languages, representing this concept, which has not lost its meaning from ancient times to the present day, confirms the relevance of our exploration. The meaning and place of the mother among the Turkic peoples are special. To conduct the research, we have to reveal the content of the concepts of the precedent phenomenon, precedent name, and concept, identify precedent names representing the concept of “Mother” among the Turkic peoples, analyze the situations underlying their development to the degree of precedent name, identify information and facts that reveal the content of precedent names associated with the concept of “Mother” in the cognitive base of the linguistic consciousness of the Turkic peoples. We also set such tasks as classifying the precedents associated with the “Mother” according to their linguo-cognitive and linguoculturological features (mythical precedents, religious precedents, and historical precedent names common to the Turkic peoples). Our goal is to identify cultural and cognitive connections among the Turkic peoples, and precedent names associated with the “Mother”, by completing the above tasks and conducting a comparative analysis between related languages. As a result of the study, the lingua-cognitive features of the precedents identified in the related Turkic languages were compared. The circumstances that led to the birth of precedent names were analyzed. Precedent names have also been classified according to their distinguishing features. Even though the roots of the Turkic peoples are the same, there are differences in their mentality and culture, therefore, the precedents formed in the cognitive knowledge base of these peoples describe the expression of their culture and knowledge in the language. This, in turn, indicates the importance of our research.

Ancient Typical and Modern Character of Some Consonant Phonemes in “Diwani Hikmet”

The article discusses some consonants within lexical and morphological units used in the Kokshetau version of “Divani Hikmet”, written in the Arabic-Persian alphabet around the end of the 17th century. It starts with writing models and characteristics in different positions, their archetypes in ancient texts, and also addresses phonetic phenomena such as voicing assimilation, devoicing assimilation, assibilation, apocope, haplology, gemination, syncope, etc., depending on the anlaut, inlaut, and auslaut positions of the consonants under study, as well as the reasons for these phonetic phenomena. Accordingly, the article uses confrontational (descriptive), synchronic (comparative), diachronic (historical), and contrastive (comparative) methods, in the process of conducting a scientific analysis of consonants in texts from Orkhon-Enisei (7th-8th centuries), Karakhan (10th-12th centuries), Khorezm (11th-13th centuries), ancient Anatolia (13th-15th centuries), ancient Kipchak (13th-16th centuries), in Turkic texts written during the Chagatai era (13th-19th centuries), and in modern Turkic languages. To achieve the set goal, it is necessary to comprehensively study the works of foreign and domestic scientists.

Source Analysis of Turkism in the Balkan Languages

The connection of Turkic tribes with the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula has a long history. With the conquest of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of the Turks on the countries living in the Balkan region increased, and this situation led to significant changes for the Balkan peoples. Words of Turkic origin in the Balkan languages became the basis for the study of Turkic influence in the Balkans. Researchers should first of all determine from which language Turkic vocabulary was introduced. The term “Orientalism” is widely used by linguists to define words and phrases from any Eastern language (Turkish, Arabic, Persian). First, since orientalism entered the Balkan languages through the Ottoman Turkish language, which was spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire and its territories, many researchers used the term “Turkism” to denote the characteristics of the way of life of the eastern countries. When linguists of the XVIIIXIX centuries defined the term “Turkism”, they relied on a small number and insufficient information about the origin of Eastern words. The purpose of this study is to make a detailed description and detailed analysis of the words that have entered the Turkic language in the Balkan languages. The research focuses on Romanian, Serbian, and Albanian languages, where the most Turkic words can be found.

Concepts characterizing the spiritual world of a person in phraseological units with onomastic component in tatar, turkish and english languages

Concepts characterizing the spiritual world of a person in phraseological units with onomastic component in tatar, turkish and english languages

О ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ВОКАБУЛ И ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ СЛОВАРНОЙ СТАТЬИ В СЛОВАРЕ ЯЗЫКА ОЛОНХО

The article presents the result of the procedure for resolving the issue of forming dictionary vocables, as well as organizing a dictionary entry in the dictionary of the language of the Yakut heroic epic Olonkho, proclaimed by UNESCO in 2005 as a masterpiece of the oral and intangible cultural heritage of humanity. The question was one of the rather complex problems in the theoretical development of a dictionary of the Olonkho language. The high degree of formulaicity of the language of the Yakut epic, the originality of the stylistics of the epic narrative and the characteristic features of the language of the Turkic peoples generated a complex of original properties of the Olonkho language, which determined the problematic character of lexicographic works. However, when developing the macro- and microstructure of dictionaries of the language of folklore, an unconventional solution to the problem is allowed, and therefore the work proposes a special structure of a dictionary entry, as well as methods for forming non-standard forms of dictionary vocables. To achieve the goal, we analyzed the functional and semantic features of the lexeme aghys ʻeightʼ in the olonkho text Nurgun Bootur the Swift by K. G. Orosin (1947). As a result of the analysis, the following points were clarified and determined: 1. it was decided to present stable verbal complexes of the Olonkho language (i. e. epic formulas, formulaic constructions, constructions of a formulaic nature), phraseological units, single lexemes and epic periods as vocabulary vocables. The main factors that served as support for making such a decision were the distinctive feature of the Turkic languages – the law of synharmonism, as well as the diffuse nature of the meaning of folk expressions, which requires an integrated approach to the compilation of dictionary definitions, including in the design of the lemma part of the dictionary. The basic principles of the structure of dictionary entries in the Olonkho language dictionary are indicated: the order of presentation of units of lexicographic description, the order of presentation of stable verbal complexes, principles of presentation of material, features of presentation of illustrative material. In developing the described principles, we relied on individual aspects of the theoretical positions expressed in the works of our predecessors, specializing in the field of Russian lingua-folkloristics, Russian folklore lexicography, in Turkic studies, as well as the result of a comprehensive analysis of materials from the K. G. Orosin’s olonkho text of Nurgun Bootur the Swift. In the course of further lexicographical work, it will obviously be possible to make minor adjustments, since the language material of the Yakut epic is extremely diverse. However, the result obtained in this article, in this aspect, will definitely form the basis of lexicography.

Mongolian components in Yakut phraseological phrases characterising a person (comparative aspect)

From the card index “Phraseologisms characterising a human being in Yakut and Turkic languages of South Siberia, Turkish and Kazakh” compiled by the author, 75 lexeme-mongolisms in the Yakut language were identified. This article is the first special study of these lexemes-mongolisms, which are part of Yakut phraseologisms (somatisms; lexemes denoting objects of material culture). The aim of this study is to identify the area of distribution of Mongolisms included in Yakut phraseological phrases, to establish phraseological parallels in other Turkic languages, to determine the motivational bases of phraseological phrases characterising human beings. Thus, to make a certain contribution to the clarification of the problem of Yakut-Mongolian contacts. The value of phraseologisms lies in the fact that remaining unchanged, they preserve national identity and reflect the characteristic features of the historical epoch in which they originated. The study of Mongolisms in the Yakut language is based on the scientific works of E.I. Ubryatova, S. Kaluzhinsky, V.I. Rassadin, N.N. Shirobokova, N.K. Antonov, G.G. Levin, A.E. Shamaeva and others. As a result of the study, it was established that: Mongolisms included in Yakut phraseologisms can be subdivided into the following types - a) Mongolisms borrowed by the Turkic-speaking ancestors of the Yakuts back in the times when they lived in the “southern” ancestral homeland; b) Mongolisms previously acquired in the “southern” ancestral homeland as part of the Turkic Kypchak component; c) Mongolisms that penetrated already in geographically separated groups of Turkic languages from certain Mongolian languages; d) Mongolisms acquired through an “unknown” Middle Mongolian source language and/or Buryat language. The overwhelming majority of the considered Yakut phraseologisms with Mongolian components do not find parallels in the Turkic languages, which confirms the thesis that the formation of these phraseologisms took place in the process of their development under conditions of non-contact with the Turkic languages of South Siberia. The prospects of the study are seen in further reconstruction of the phraseological fund of the Yakut language in order to make a significant contribution to the solution of the problem of Yakut-Mongolian contacts.

On the problem of word polysemy in the Khakass language (on the example of the lexicon of expressive verbs)

The subject of the study are polysemantic Khakass verbs of colloquial style, the functional-semantic features of this category of verbs, as well as their semantic modifications, on the basis of which their figurative lexical-semantic variants are formed. Polysemous colloquial verbs, due to their wide situational-pragmatic potential, usually have the most complex, generalising meaning, bordering on desemantisation, and therefore are not always recorded in lexicographic sources. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that there are practically no works devoted to the study of the colloquial and everyday style of the Khakass language. Moreover, this topic is closely related to the concept of expressiveness, which has not been sufficiently studied with the help of Khakass material. The aim of the article is to identify and describe polysemous verbs of the colloquial style from a functional-semantic point of view. In achieving this goal, the following interacting issues were raised: expressive style of language, the phenomenon of polysemy in language, semantic potential of a word, representation of expressive vocabulary in lexicographic sources, good knowledge of the native language as a guarantee of figurative and intuitive perception of the world around us, etc. Methods of distributional analysis and component analysis have been used in the work, which make it possible to identify combination possibilities and semantic features of the described polysemantic verbs, in particular to determine the grammatical, syntactic and semantic methods of forming expressions. In addition, verbs with an expressive frequency not recorded in the Khakass-Russian Dictionary [2006] were identified, as well as lexical-semantic variants of verbs used in everyday speech not listed in the dictionary entries. The material for the analysis were examples collected from the works of Khakass authors. The verbs analysed are, as a rule, a specific part of the colloquial language of the literary characters. Theoretical significance: new knowledge has been obtained in terms of describing polysemantic verbal lexemes of colloquial style, which will serve as theoretical support for further development of the phenomena of polysemy and expressiveness in Khakass and other Turkic languages. Practical significance can be expressed in the use of research materials in the compilation of ideographic dictionaries, textbooks, as well as in teaching activities. In our article, the concepts of "polysemy" and "expressiveness" are discussed within the framework of a summarised understanding of a whole complex of stylistic, emotional, colloquial and other phenomena of language. In this way, an attempt is made to identify the problem for further in-depth and thorough studies of this rich and unique layer of the Khakass lexical system.

ETYMOLOGY OF SOME TURKIC WORDS IN THE WORK SHEZHIRE-I TERAKIME

The study of monuments of historical writing in the linguistic aspect is of great importance for linguistics. The research article analyzes the etymology of the words qaryndas, elshi, eñbek and baila- verb found in the work «Shezhire-i terakime». The use of these words in ancient Turkic written monuments, medieval heritage and modern Turkic languages is described. The main goal of the study was to determine the etymology of Turkish words. Hypothetical opinions of Altaic and Turkic scientists are given during the research. The work of Abulgazy Bahadur Khan “Shezhire-i terakime” is a medieval work written in the Chagatai language. Its lexical layer consists of Turkic, Mongolian, Arabic, and Persian words. Also, the mixed use of Oghuz, Kipchak, Karluk-Uighur elements in the language of the work indicates that the Chagatai language was a common written language for the Turkic peoples. Therefore, the lexical-semantic study of the historical work, which we took as an object, and the determination of the etymology of Turkic words in it speaks of the relevance of the study. To differentiate theoretical conclusions, the article uses the method of analysis, the method of semantic analysis, the descriptive method, and the historical- comparative method.

Language Assessment in Bilingual Turkish-Speaking Preschoolers With Developmental Language Disorders: A Tutorial

Purpose: Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a common childhood disorder that hinders children from functioning in other developmental areas, such as social–emotional and cognitive domains. Consequently, a comprehensive speech and language assessment of children is of great importance. Of concern, however, is the challenge for speech and language pathologists to assess the speech and language skills of bilingual children. This article aims to inform clinicians, researchers, and other experts working with bilingual Turkish-speaking children with DLD about bilingual language assessment. Method: The current literature on Turkish–English bilingual language acquisition and bilingual language assessment is reviewed, and the general characteristics of bilingual development are reported. In order to understand how the first language affects the second language, a contrastive analysis of the Turkish and English languages is summarized. A case study is described to highlight essential factors to take into account when creating a comprehensive language assessment battery for Turkish, covering all areas impacted by DLD. Results: The results of the proposed language assessment protocol are analyzed, and its practical use is discussed. Additionally, the case study child's strengths and the skills requiring support are interpreted with regard to their implications for daily life activities and prospective academic requirements. Conclusions: This tutorial highlights the importance of comprehensive language assessment for the differential diagnosis of DLD in bilinguals as the most essential step to develop an appropriate intervention program and counseling procedures. Such assessment considers individual as well as cultural differences of children and their family members.