Turkic Languages Research Articles

ЧИСЛО ГЛАСНЫХ В УЗБЕКСКОМ И ТУРКМАНСКИХ ДИАЛЕКТАХ ХОРЕЗМСКОЙ ДИАЛЕКТНОЙ ЗОНЫ

People who speak the Uzbek dialects of Oghuz and Kipchak, as well as Kazakh, Karakalpak, and Turkmen, live in the Khorezm dialectal zone, which is a component of the Turkic linguistic region and of the Uzbek language massif. The Oghuz group of Turkic languages, which historically include Uzbek and Turkmen, has both similarities and differences. Phonetics, particularly the vowel system, shows these similarities and contrasts. The Old Turkic language's phonological structure is known to have 8 vowel phonemes. Due to historical growth, impact from related and unrelated languages (metization and hybridization), and different vocalisms, these languages have different levels of retention of shared elements. Research has demonstrated the presence of Tajik components in these dialects as well as Uzbek elements in the Tajik language as a result of the close and ongoing contact between urban and city-type dialects of the Uzbek language and the Tajik language. The Oghuz dialects of Uzbek and Turkmen, who traditionally inhabited in the same region, have distinctive qualities that set them apart from other Uzbek and Turkmen language dialects and make them exclusive to this region. The back row, semi-labial, low-wide vowel ā ,for instance, started to be actively utilized in the Uzbek dialects of the dialectal zone under the influence of the Uzbek literary language ,like ālíj, āmmavíj. In the zone's Turkmen languages, this vowel ,therefore ,started to occur irregular. The article offers details on the typical indications of vowel sounds in Uzbek and Turkmen, two languages spoken in the region, according to the sign of quality.

Geo-political vampirism: how and why has Western literary scholarship appropriated and then re-mythologised the socio-historical origins of the vampire?

The article considers the claims of Western academics like Frayling (1992) that the literary vampire began with Polidori’s The Vampyre (1819). Crawford (2016) identifies a German literary vampire tradition existing one hundred years before Polidori, yet that work has strengthened Eurocentric claims concerning the literary vampire by academics like Bloom (2018). The article reviews Anatol’s (2022) challenge to the dominant position of Dracula in vampire criticism, Anatol identifying a literary tradition pre-dating Stoker, that tradition seeing the documenting of Caribbean vampire folklore by British colonialists/slave owners, travel writers and journalists. In sympathy with Anatol’s non-Eurocentric consideration, the article re-examines/disputes Western academia’s ‘mythology’ concerning the Villa Diodati (1816), when Lord Byron’s reading from the German Fantasmagoriana apparently inspired Polidori and Mary Shelley to write their novels. The article identifies an Ottoman literary tradition that directly influenced Byron’s 1813 poem ‘The Giaour’, his unfinished story ‘A Fragment’ (1819), and Stoker’s Dracula. The article explores Ottoman vampire (‘obur’) literature, starting with Celebi’s Book of Travels of 1666, which refers back to the fifteenth century ‘vampire fatwas’ in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. The article traces how the dominant Turkic languages of the region informed the proto-Albanian language, the ‘vampire’ (as both term and demonised ‘other’) entering Albanian folklore. The Ottoman empire declining, the rising Austro-Hungarian and then British empires appropriated the vampire westward, exoticising and demonising non-central Europeans. Finally, the article provides a post-colonial reading of Southey’s 1801 orientalist poem Thalaba the Destroyer, reading the first true ‘vampire’ in English literature.

Once again to the problem of the chronology of the emergence and decay of Slavic nasal vowels

We show that already in the very first examples of Slavic vocabulary that has come down to us in the 6th–8th centuries. (Slavic onomastics in Byzantine sources, Slavic toponymy in Greece, Slavisms in the Romanian language) there is a fairly large layer of terms with nasal vowels. This quite convincingly suggests that the phonetic phenomenon under discussion arose in Proto-Slavic times, even before the Slavs themselves appeared on the historical arena. Analyzing the decay of nasal vowels in the East Slavic language, we show that the generally accepted argument about the disappearance of these vowels in the 10th century, based on the names of the Dnieper rapids by Constantine Porphyrogenitus (Νεασήτ and Βερούτζη), is very weak. Data from Byzantine sources, for example, the mention of the name Svyatoslav in the form Σφενδοσθλάβος/Σφενδοσθλάβον in the treatise of Leo the Deacon, describing the events of 971/972, convincingly indicate that nasality in princely anthroponymy in the 10th century. was still preserved. We show that the thesis about the disappearance of nasal vowels in Rus' in the 10th century, which has acquired the character of an imperative ideologeme in the modern linguistic environment, is incorrect both in form and in essence. The chronology of nasal vowel decay was determined by the specific vowel. Anthroponyms with small yus retained their nasality until the second — third decades of the 11th century. Using the example of the lexeme сѫбота, we demonstrate that its nasal phonetics were borrowed into the Kipchak dialects during the first contacts of the Russian princes with the Cumans in the middle of the 11th century. The term shambe / şənbə / šenbe will become the basis for designating the days of the week in Iranian and a number of Turkic languages. Nasality in the pronunciation of words with a major yus in the Old Russian language was lost only in the last decades of the 11th century.

Position of Turkic languages in Russia

Türk halkları Arktik ve Pasifik okyanuslarından Akdeniz ve Balkanlara kadar geniş bir alana yerleşmişlerdir. Modern Rusya Federasyonu topraklarında: Volga bölgesinde, Urallarda, Güney Sibirya'da ve Altay Bölgesi'nde ve Kuzey Kafkasya'da birçok yerli Türk halkı yaşıyor (Tatarlar, Çuvaşlar, Başkurtlar, Hakasyalılar, Kumuklar, Nogaylar, Karaçaylar, Balkarlar vb.). Bunlara ek olarak bugün Rusya'da kendi tarihi vatanlarına sahip büyük Türk halklarının temsilcileri (Özbekler, Kazaklar, Azerbaycanlılar vb.) yaşamaktadır. Ayrıca Rusya'nın tarihi bir vatan olmadığı ancak hiçbir yerde kendi devletlerine sahip olmadığı Rusya'da Türkçe konuşan halklar da yaşamaktadır (Ahışkin Türkleri vb.).
 Rusya'da yaşayan 20 Türk halkından yalnızca 11'i Rusya Federasyonu bünyesinde cumhuriyet statüsünde devlet eğitimi görmektedir.
 1980'lerin sonu - 1990'ların başında Türk halkları da dahil olmak üzere halklar tarihinde önemli değişiklikler meydana geldi. Rusya Federasyonu'ndaki 31 itibari halk, 10 Türk dili de dahil olmak üzere devlet dili statüsünü aldı: Altay, Başkurt, Karaçay-Balkar, Kumuk, Nogay, Tatar, Tuvan, Hakas, Çuvaş ve Yakut.
 Rusya Federasyonu "Rusya Federasyonu Dilleri Hakkında" Kanununa ve Rusya Federasyonu Anayasasına göre, Rusya Federasyonu, tüm halklarına ana dillerini koruma, korunması ve geliştirilmesi için koşullar yaratma hakkını garanti eder. Rusya Federasyonu'nun tüm topraklarında devlet dili Rusça'dır. Cumhuriyetler, Rusya Federasyonu Anayasası'na uygun olarak kendi devlet dillerini belirleme hakkına sahiptirler. Bu işlemin nasıl yapıldığı ve Rusya'daki Türk dillerinin durumu bu makalede tartışılmaktadır.

Causal clauses formed with participle + (possessive) + üçün/için in historical Turkic languages

Alanyazında yan tümceler başlığı altında yer verilen altbaşlıklardan biri de sebep yan tümceleridir. Sebep anlatan yan tümceler, belirteç yan tümceleridir. Sebep anlamını alıcıya aktarma yollarından biri de bitimsiz eylem ile kurulan yan tümcelere başvurmaktır.
 
 Bu çalışmada tarihî Türk dillerinde ortaç + (iyelik) + üçün / için ile kurulmuş sebep yan tümceleri, başka bir deyişle tarihî Türk dillerindeki bitimsiz (non-finite) sebep yan tümceleri ele alınacaktır. Çalışmada şu soruların cevapları aranmaktadır: a) Ortaç + üçün / için ile oluşturulan sebep yan tümcelerinde adcıl uyum var mı yok mu? b) Tarihî Türk dillerinde yer alan sebep yan tümcelerinde biçim-sözdizimsel (morpho-syntactic) açıdan değişimler var mı? c) Ana tümce ve yan tümce dizilişi nasıldır? d) Morfolojik açıdan yan tümcenin öznesi nasıldır? e) Ardışık sebep yan tümcelerinin kullanımı nasıldır? Bu sorulara cevap bulmak amacıyla Orhon Yazıtları, İyi ve Kötü Prens Öyküsü, Kutadgu Bilig, Kısas-ı Enbiya, Ḳıṣaṣü’l-Enbiyā ve Münebbihü’r-Rāḳidīn adlı eserlerden örnekler taranmıştır.

Structural features of Kazakh and Turkish proverbs

The article draws attention to the role and scope of proverbs and sayings in Kazakh and Turkish languages, proverbs and sayings in two languages are analyzed for their correspondence to the meaning on the basis of actual linguistic data. The most frequently used Kazakh proverbs were selected and their equivalents in Turkish language were found and presented. They were compared according to their translation methods. Turkish and Kazakh languages are originated from the same language family: Turkic. It is also important to note that Kazakh and Turkish culture are quite similar and proverbs can be also alike. The article outlines the history of the study of Kazakh and Turkish proverbs and sayings, defines their function in representing folk culture and traditions, customs in proverbs and sayings. We have considered the proverbs of the Kazakh and Turkish languages and ways of their application. The peculiarities and differences in the cultures of the two peoples are discussed, and the factors influencing their semantics and structure are presented. We have distinguished that most Kazakh and Turkish proverbs retain their original, basic meaning. The main purpose of the study is to analyse Kazakh and Turkish proverbs, identify their similarities, specifics and identify the national and cultural characteristics of both languages. The scientific significance of the article lies in the fact that it makes a certain contribution to the comparative study of the proverbs of the Turkic peoples. Practical significance of the study: the results of the work can be used in the research work of students in the humanities.

Грамматический статус синтетического показателя сравнения -ДАй в казахском языке

The paper defines the grammatical status of the Kazakh affix -DAy. It is an all-Turkic form grammaticalized relatively recently from a comparative postposition. In Turkic languages, postpositions have been identified as a recognized mechanism for the grammaticalization of novel case forms. Sometimes, the process of grammaticalization remains incomplete, with forms being produced that are often defined as case suffixes, derivational morphemes, or postposition affixes. The status of the affix -DAy/-DIy varies across Turkic languages and should be defined for each Turkic language individually. The turcological literature often debates its status, even within the same Turkic language. Our research focuses on analyzing the morphonological, morphosyntactic, and accentual characteristics of the -DAy form in the Kazakh language. The analysis based on different criteria has defined -DAy as a young equative-similative case morpheme. However, our experimental study has revealed variations in the accentual patterns of word forms with the affix -DAy in different Kazakh varieties, including the Standard Kazakh (the literary variant used in Kazakhstan) and those spoken in Mongolia and China. The variety spoken in Mongolia and China demonstrates a more pronounced grammaticalization of the affix -DAy as a case marker, compared to Standard Kazakh. None-theless, the distinctions are subtle and demand further exploration. Thus, the pace of grammaticalization processes differs even among local varieties of the same language. The use of experimental methods can provide clarity on the status of these entities.

CURRENT TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES IN TURKIC LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN SOUTH KOREA: FOCUSING ON THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

This paper investigates the burgeoning field of Turkic language education in South Korea, highlighting its historical context, current landscape, and future prospects. As globalization and South Korea’s engagement with resource-rich Central Asia intensify, the significance of Turkic languages in fostering cultural understanding and promoting multiculturalism within Korea has become evident. This article explores the current landscape of Central Asian and Turkic language education in South Korea, focusing specifically on Kazakh language education. By analyzing existing programs, challenges faced by educators and learners, and potential areas for growth, this research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of this developing field and its significance for Korea’s expanding soft power and cross-cultural diplomacy efforts. Despite the growing interest in Turkic language education, several obstacles hinder its expansion, including limited resources and the perceived difficulty of Turkic languages. To address these challenges, collaborations with Turkic-speaking countries are proposed, along with establishing a Central Asian cultural center in South Korea as a strategic move to promote Turkic language education, enhance cultural exchange, and strengthen Korea’s relationships with Central Asian nations. Such initiatives would foster reciprocity in cultural exchange, promote soft power for Kazakhstan, support Turkic language learning, and enhance Korea’s relations with Central Asian nations. While challenges exist, the prospects for Turkic language education in South Korea are promising.

ТУРКМЕНІСТАН У ТЮРКОЛОГІЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ УКРАЇНИ (ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ КНИГИ ҐУРБАНҐУЛИ БЕРДИМУХАМЕДОВА «ТУРКМЕНІСТАН – СЕРЦЕ ВЕЛИКОГО ШОВКОВОГО ШЛЯХУ»)

The article overviews questions of intercultural communication on the bases of text interpretation method, as they are proliferated in «Turkmenistan – the heart of great Silken way», the book by Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov. The study shows the role of the Book for contemporary Ukrainian scientific society and its profile role in the study of Turkic languages discourse in Ukraine. It accentuates on semiotic meaning as well as on scientific and practical significance, on forming the certain informational background for the world of Turkic philology in Ukraine. Topicality of the problem is defined by necessity to figure out the scope of relevant informational content for new themes in cross-cultural studies in Turkic languages paradigm in Ukraine. Having analyzed the semiotic coding for concepts, proliferated by the Silken Way, in synchronic and diachronic aspects, such as – «SITY», «CARAVANSERAI» (the center of informational and cultural exchange), «ROAD», «HOSPITALITY», «FAMILY», we postulate the idea that Great Silken Way is a determined fact and the historical «moment of truth» for Turkmenistan and a discourse segment, permitting to solve urgent questions of existence of Turkmenia nation. Practical possibility for choice and absorbing all the highly cultural, which was accumulated by humanity for the whole period of its development, esthetic realizing of dialogism become the basic cluster architectonics for mental structure of Turkmenia society. The book, to our opinion, serves to complement background knowledge of Ukrainian people about rich cultural tradition of Turkmenistan and Turkmenia people’s contribution to world epistemology of humanism. In the report, the immanent bases of Turkmenia didactic discourse are explicated, and modules of Turkmenia vital energy are proliferated. Also, it shows role of Islam in parcellation of living space categories and ancient world’s conceptualization of Turkmenia nation. In the final part of the report we show the role of the Book in the process of restoring informational vacuum in ancient Turkic civilization for Ukrainian specialists on Turkic languages. There are all grounds to confirm that, thanks to deep explication of axiological motivations of Turkmenia people, the work will become weighty source for further generations of Ukrainian specialists in Turkic philology.

Анатомическая лексика в якутской оронимии

The article focuses on orographic appellatives and oronyms derived from anatomical terms in the Yakut language through metaphorization. Given that the Yakut oronymy is endangered due to several sociolinguistic and socio-economic reasons, collecting, systematizing, studying, and preserving this specific layer of the Yakut toponymic lexicon in linguistic databases is relevant. We have identified more than 80 anatomical terms that contributed to the Yakut oronymy development. We divided the Yakut anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives into two groups: 1) lexemes denoting the external parts of human and animal bodies and 2) lexemes denoting the internal organs of humans and animals. The comparative analysis covered the following anatomical terms: atax ‘leg’, bas ‘head’, sürex ‘heart’, tumus ‘nose; beak’, kulgaax ‘ear’, töbö ‘head’, meyii ‘brain’, emiy ‘udder’. The comparison has demonstrated a substantial similarity in the anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives in the Turkic languages. However, some Turkic languages feature divergence in terms of content, possibly resulting from the influence of contact languages (related and unrelated). The abundance and variety of metaphorical anatomical terms in different Turkic languages may also be due to the physical and geographical features of the terrain on which they function. Given the above, the anatomical vocabulary can be considered an additional source for understanding the formation patterns and features of the Turkic-Mongolian geographical vocabulary of Siberia.

Синтетическое посессивное отождествление «Я» и «Не-Я» в древнетюркских аффиксах принадлежности

This article examines the linguistic and historical-philosophical justification of the possessive thinking of the ancient Turks and the category of possessiveness in Turkic languages, formed by a synthetic morphological method, i.e., using possessive affixes. These affixes are genetically identical with the common Turkic means of derivation, distinguishing them from other languages, first of all, by the fact that they have "inalienable" properties of belonging, inherent only to the Turkic worldview of the most ancient times. Such an understanding of this category represents the relevance of the undertaken research. Therefore, the purpose of our article is to reveal the features of the possessive thinking of the ancient Turks, reflected in the possessive affixes and how both the person and the number of the subject of "inalienable" possession are expressed. This feature of the possessive affixes is a special feature of this category; it expresses not only the meaning of possessiveness, but also possessiveness in the broad sense of the word, formed as a result of the possessive identification of “I” and “Not-I” in the thinking of a Turkic person. The article analyzes a specific feature of the worldview of the nomads of the Great Steppe, associated with the means of expressing possessiveness, which appeared due to grammatical reflection, and preserved in all modern Turkic languages. It is determined that synthetism turned out to be the most appropriate means of expressing the meaning of possessiveness. We reveal the nature of the origin of the possessive affixes in the ancient Turkic language on the empirical material of the runic writing of the monuments of the Mountain and Southern Altai, as well as in the Orkhon-Yenisei monuments and in other single texts of the ancient Turks.

Сравнительный аффикс -ДЫй и модально-сравнительные показатели, образованные на его основе (на материале алтайского языка)

The paper examines the semantics and functioning of the comparative affix -DYy and modal-comparative markers derived from this affix in the Altai language. -DYy is a common marker in comparative constructions indicating a realistic comparison. Originating as a postposition, it frequently appears in various Turkic languages. In the Altai language, the status of this affix is not unambiguous, being commonly categorized as a postposition-affix, case form, or derivational morpheme. It signifies the comparative relationships of similarity between situations or objects. In modern Altai, -DYy is a part of two participle affixes, namely the comparative -GAndYy and -GAdYy denoting possibility or suggestion and a part of the modal particle nemediy (as if). All these markers are found to preserve, to varying degrees, the semantics of comparison carried by the affix -DYy, and then to develop the semantics of modality. The -GAndYy participles form synthetic comparative polypredicative constructions, with the standard of comparison thought of as not actually existing but serving as an ideal or standard for some event. The -GAdYy participles denote the semantics of potential possibility and suggestion. The particle nemediy conveys the modal meaning of seemingness and probability of action. All the markers under consideration can denote seemingness when combined with verbs of perception. The semantics analysis of the markers containing -DYy has revealed the connection between non-real comparison and modality and the development of semantics of appearance, with the possibility being the next stage of semantic development.

Семантика и функции шорских маркеров подобия в сфере компаративности

This paper describes the semantics and etymology of comparative operators in the Shor language compared to other Turkic languages. Shor similarity constructions as structures of equality are referred to as “ungraded constructions,” with two components of such a construction being equal or similar. The characterizing component expressed by a noun and marked by a postpositional unit called “an operator” forms a comparative combination. Shor comparative operators exhibit unique features as markers of similarity. Comparative combinations characterizing nouns use the syntactic words tӧӧy, chüünüγ, oshqash, sheni, che, an adjective teƞ, and affixes =tiγ, =tiyi as operators. These combinations can be attributes or predicates in a sentence. The semantic function of these operators is mainly “equative,” covering qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The operators tӧӧy, chüünüγ, teƞ denote a high degree of similarity between objects. The operator oshqash denotes the similarity in the appearance and character of objects. The operators sheni and che designate the equal size of objects. These operators, excluding sheni and che, take predicative affixes in the present indicative tense in the predicate position; otherwise, they are used with an auxiliary verb. The affix =tiγ expresses a comparative meaning in metaphors; otherwise, it denotes the possession of some feature. The affix =tiyi is used in the position of a predicate. Comparative combinations characterizing verbs use the syntactic words chilep (chylap), sheni (shenep, sheninche), and che as operators. These combinations can serve as adverbial modifiers of manner, with their semantic function emphasizing the “similative” identity of the manner of action.

Түрік тіліндегі жағымды және жағымсыз коннотациялы диминутивтер

In many grammatical works on the Turkish language, the affixes referred to as "diminutive suffixes" perform various functions beyond simply reducing the size of an object. The aim of this research article is to analyze the semantics of these forms, referred to as "diminutives" in functional grammar. Turkish linguists identify the affixes -CA, -Cık, -cAk, -cAğız, +(X)ç as diminutive suffixes. Kazakh scholars, having uncovered their meanings, have considered them more broadly, not limiting them to just the diminutive function, and have called them "affixes expressing nuances." The task of functional grammar is not only to describe the structure of grammatical constructions but also to reveal their semantics and other functions. As seen from linguistic examples and materials, diminutive suffixes in the Turkish language, in addition to expressing smallness, also perform various emotional-expressive functions, such as conveying affection, endearment, pity, mockery, and so on. Some suffixes have a positive meaning, others a negative one, and some can express both meanings. Therefore, in our article, we used the term "diminutive" rather than "diminutive suffixes" or "affixes expressing nuances." It is also known that in the Turkish language, the functions of diminutives are performed not only by diminutive suffixes but also by possessive and plural affixes. During the course of this work, we will demonstrate, based on linguistic data, that in addition to the diminutive suffixes mentioned above by Turkish scholars, there are other affixes that perform this function. In this article, we will also analyze the meanings of diminutive suffixes in the Turkish language, showing their variants in Old Turkic and other Turkic languages with examples.

Machine Learning-Based Prediction Models for Cognitive Decline Progression: A Comparative Study in Multilingual Settings Using Speech Analysis.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition commonly associated with dementia. Therefore, early prediction of progression from MCI to dementia is essential for preventing or alleviating cognitive decline. Given that dementia affects cognitive functions like language and speech, detecting disease progression through speech analysis can provide a cost-effective solution for patients and caregivers. In our study, we examined spontaneous speech (SS) and written Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores from a 60-patient dataset obtained from the Mugla University Dementia Outpatient Clinic (MUDC) and a 153-patient dataset from the Alzheimer's Dementia Recognition through Spontaneous Speech (ADRess) challenge. Our study, for the first time, analyzed the impact of audio features extracted from SS in distinguishing between different degrees of cognitive impairment using both an Indo-European language and a Turkic language, which exhibit distinct word order, agglutination, noun cases, and grammatical markers. When each machine learning model was tested on its respective trained language, we attained a 95% accuracy using the random forest classifier on the ADRess dataset and a 94% accuracy on the MUDC dataset employing the multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network algorithm. In our second experiment, we evaluated the effectiveness of each language-specific machine learning model on the dataset of the other language. We achieved accuracies of 72% for English and 76% for Turkish, respectively. These findings underscore the cross-language potential of audio features for automated tracking of cognitive impairment progression in MCI patients, offering a convenient and cost-effective option for clinicians or patients.

«Мүнйетүл-гүзат» жазба ескерткішіндегі есім сөздердің лексикалық ерекшеліктері

The traditions of comparative study of Turkic languages, creation of dictionaries, and teaching the Kipchak language to representatives of other nationalities constitute one epoch in the land of the Mamluks. Monuments belonging to this era have different purposes and contents. The article analyzes the lexical specificity of the nominal words on the monument "Munyetul-Gyuzat", belonging to the period of the Mamluk Kipchaks. Somaticisms and names of species and colors in the text are compared with modern Kazakh and Turkic languages. Mamluk Kipchaks make up a significant part of the monuments of Kapshak writing in general. During the period of the Mamluk Kipchaks, dictionaries, works, and grammatical works were written to study the language. This heritage is directly related to the Kipchak language. It is important in studying the history of the formation of the Kazakh language, both the oral speech of the Kipchaks in the Middle Ages and literary variants of the language. "Munyetul-Guzat" is a work dedicated to the art of war. This monument has not yet been fully studied in linguistics. As for the history of the Kazakh language, the study of the vocabulary of this text is important for linguistics.

The Khakass language in the context of a museum holiday based on the ritual traditions of the Khakass

The article deals with the issues of popularization and use of the Khakas language within the framework of museum events addressed to multinational and younger children (including those with inclusion) audiences of visitors. The author shares his experience in organizing a museum festival based on national rituals and clearly demonstrates how interesting it is to present folk traditions on a modern museum site. The problematic nature of such a concept is associated with the historical aspect of the formation and development of the Khakass language, which differ from similar processes of most Turkic languages. Nevertheless, the desire for self-identity inherent in the indigenous population of Khakassia dictates its own rules and conditions when presenting the national language, folk rituals and traditional ethical norms to a wide multinational audience of museum visitors. The Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L. R. Kyzlasov much attention is paid to the national aspects of the work. At the same time, the language of the indigenous people and the development of ethnographic tourism complement each other, in which the author sees prospects for the development of the museum, as a republican institution of culture, and for the popularization of the Khakass language. Therefore, many museum projects are aimed at supporting and developing the Khakass language within the framework of diverse museum events. The article discusses in detail two such events — the festival “The Sun in the Sleeve” and the grant project “My Khakassia” — implemented by the Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L. R. Kyzlasov in 2022. In the author’s opinion, these are the most successful developments that can popularize the topic of the Khakass language for a wide audience of residents and guests of Khakassia, regardless of their nationality.

Verbal representation of the emotional world of heroes: based on the material of the Khakass heroic legend «Албынҷы»

The language of the heroic tale is a complex system that encodes information about the national, ideological, cultural foundations of an ethnic group, and is significantly different from the literary and colloquial styles of the modern language. Despite the fact that the texts of heroic tales have always aroused the scientific interest of researchers, their linguistic categories have not yet received sufficient study. The purpose of our article is to identify and describe the linguistic (in particular, verbal) expression of the emotional world of heroes. The material for the functional-semantic analysis was the verbal vocabulary with the meaning of emotion, collected by continuous sampling from the text of the Khakass heroic legend «Албынҷы». According to our information, this folklore monument contains 19 verbs, 3 phraseological units and 1 clichéd expression representing the emotional world of epic characters. The small number of representatives of the emotional world of heroes is compensated by their ambiguity and, accordingly, their ability to cover all the necessary aspects of emotional activity. The work used descriptive (descriptiveanalytical) and functional-semantic research methods. The relevance of our research is due to the insufficient knowledge of the language of Khakass heroic tales, in particular, the verbal sphere from the perspective of the anthropocentric paradigm, as well as the small number of special works on this topic based on the material of other Turkic folklore texts. The novelty of the research is that for the first time, not only in Khakass, but also in other Turkic languages, verbs expressing the emotional experiences of heroes are considered as an irreplaceable and important fragment of the folk-linguistic picture of the world. During the analysis of linguistic material, it was revealed that epic heroes can experience the following emotions: anger, surprise, excitement, fear, compassion, shame, love (more precisely, dislike), suffering, grief, which are expressed by stylistically neutral, frequency verbs. And also the verbal vocabulary with the meaning of crying and laughter stands somewhat apart from them, since its content equally contains emotions and the physiological reaction of the subject to the corresponding emotional stimuli. Clichéd expressions and phraseological units also add shades of color and originality to the process of emotional activity. Linguistic folkloristics, as a new direction in Khakassian studies, is at the initial stage of its development. The language of Khakass heroic tales has many unstudied, unsolved, and therefore interesting conceptual fields in the lexical-semantic, functional-semantic, semantic-cognitive, linguocultural aspects. We believe that this topic has good linguistic potential and prospects for future research.

TÜRKİ DEVLETLERİN LATİN ALFABELERİ ÜZERİNE KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR TİPOGRAFİK ANALİZ

The Turkic languages are a group of closely related languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast geographical area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China. The Turkic World Common Alphabet Workshop aims to promote unity through a common alphabet system, which aligns with the historical efforts to establish language integrity and unity among Turkic-speaking populations. Typography is a significant cultural bridge and distinguisher among Turkic Republics, crucial in shaping and expressingtheir unique identities. This study aims to examine the Latin alphabets of the Turkic states comparatively in terms of typography. The research universe consists of Turkic States. The member countries of the Organization of Turkic States constitute the research sample using criterion sampling, one of the purposive sampling methods. Qualitative research methods were used to conduct content analysis through comparative analysis. The alphabets of Turkish, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, and Uzbek languages exhibit historical connections and deliberate modifications to suit linguistic features and educational needs. The deliberate reforms and adaptations of the alphabet reflect the dynamic nature of language planning and the impact of alphabet features on language learning and education. Using the Common Alphabet by the Turkic Republics is expected to create a shared understanding across various fields such as science, technology, culture, art, and education.

Specialization and subjective modality in Turkish languages

Specialization and subjective modality in Turkish languages