Transportation Of Oil Products Research Articles

Carbon Dioxide Corrosion Inhibitors: A review

This article intends to summarize the corrosion inhibition of pipeline steels in aqueous carbon dioxide ( $$\hbox {CO}_{2})$$ environments. The emphasis is on various inhibitors, especially imidazolines used to mitigate mild steel corrosion under various conditions. The most predominant and feared type of corrosion attack in oil and gas industries is caused by $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ . The application of corrosion inhibitors is considered the most suitable method of combating $$\hbox {CO}_{2 }$$ corrosion of steel pipelines. The prime objective of this work is to summarize carbon dioxide corrosion inhibitors so far tested and reported against this type of attack. The information presented in this article is of significance for oil and gas industries that use steel pipeline for the transportation of oil and gas products. Furthermore, this review would be helpful in designing better inhibitors for the mitigation of $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ corrosion in oil and gas industries.

Effect of Aggressive Components of the Marine Environment the Protective Properties of the Textile Materials

The article provides the details on the influence of marine environment on textile materials. It justifies the aggressive components of marine environment in contact with clothing surface: sea salt and oil. Sea salt is an integral part of sea water and accumulates in the structure of clothing. Oil becomes a part of sea water in contingency situations at offshore oil and oil products production and transportation facilities. This causes a variation of the properties of textile materials that depend on the concentration of aggressive components in the structure of textile materials. Active concentration of aggressive components in the textile is defined based on its liquid absorption capacity. The article establishes the peculiarities of volume variation for different textile fibers interfacing with liquids. It identifies the structure of sea salt and chemical composition of oil that cause a variation of the properties of textile in contact with them. It was established that the presence of sea salt in humid environment contacting with the surface of special cotton based fabric causes reduction of capillarity in all material samples. It was established that the packages of materials based on fabrics with mixed fibers have crude oil permeation less than cotton surfaces of clothing. Meanwhile, use of thermal insulation, like Hollofiber together with such materials, reduces the level of clothing saturation with subject liquids. The article presents experimentally obtained data on sea water and oil permeation into special clothing materials.

Sorption of Hydrocarbons on Peat, and Possibilities for Using Peat-Based Oil Sorbent for Treatment of Polluted Areas

The growing use and transport of crude oil and oil products has led to an increasing amount of spillages of various scales. In the event of an oil spill, it is important to stop the spill from spreading and to clean up the polluted environment. One of the possible ways of treating the polluted areas is the use of oil sorbents. The sorbents used for collecting oil in case of oil spills are mostly synthetic, which limits the possibilities of their disposal. The aim of our study is to investigate the possible use of peat and its modification products for oil and other hydrocarbon sorption. Peat is a prospective material for oil sorption because it has such advantages as low cost, biodegradability and relatively high parameters of specific surface area and porosity. At the same time, peat also has disadvantages, such as poor buoyancy characteristics, relatively low oil sorption capacity and low hydrophobicity. We have studied the sorption characteristics of native high-moor peat with different botanical compositions and levels of decomposition, as well as the effect of thermal treatment on the oil sorption capacity, buoyancy and water sorption capacity of peat in comparison with the effect achieved by means of two other methods of chemical modification: silylation and methylation. We have determined the optimal conditions for thermal modification of peat to have an effect on hydrocarbon sorption characteristics. Using the method of IR spectroscopy, we have investigated specific structural changes in peat, which resulted in the improvement of its sorptive characteristics.

Spongy Structures Coated with Carbon Nanomaterials for Efficient Oil/Water Separation

Rapid progress of processing and transportation of oil and petroleum products may cause disaster for environment like oil spill. Oil booms, combustion, and oil skimmer vessels are usually used to clean up the oil spill, but often with poor efficiency and even with undesirable environmental side effects. With obtaining of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) (graphene, carbon nanotubes) and developing inexpensive technologies for their synthesis it has become perspective to use them for creation of 3D structures which may serve as a hydrophobic sorbents for oil and petroleum products. In this study, sponges coated with carbon nanomaterials were obtained using “dip-coating” method. Walls of commercially available polyurethane (PU) and melamine sponges were coated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The resulting sponges are characterized by excellent mechanical properties, they are superhydprophobic, and they fully repel water and at the same time selectively absorb oil and organic liquids of different densities. We believe that superhydrophobic and superoleophilic sponges, the walls of which are coated with CNMs, are perspective candidates for reusable sorbents for collection of oil and petroleum products from the surface of water and moreover due to its excellent mechanical properties they can serve as a hydrophobic filtering materials for separation of oil from the surface of water.

Прогнозирование разливов нефтепродуктов при железнодорожных авариях

Objective: To scientifically substantiate and develop forecasting basis of emergency situations consequences on railway transport. Methods: Theoretical generalization and analysis of the current knowledge and understanding of oil spills forecasting, a geographic information system. Results: In accordance with the analysis of statistical data, the emergency situation during the transportation of oil and oil products by rail are associated more with mechanical damage to special tanks and release of petroleum products into the environment with subsequent ignition, or by contamination of land or water areas. One of the key safety components on rail transport of petroleum products is the prediction of possible emergency situations, modelling of development processes of the strait of petroleum products and risk assessment. Based on the analysis of existing methods of calculation of the consequences strait of petroleum products, as well as features of the simulation of the expiry with use of modern software such as Autodesk Inventor, ArcGIS, Surfer, the proposed methodological framework for prediction of consequences of emergency situations on objects of railway transport. The paper shows the opportunity on the basis of threedimensional models of the terrain in the zone of emergency, by means of geographic information modeling to determine the shape of the spill of petroleum product of a multifactorial consideration of the different parameters determining the quantitative and qualitative sides of the processes of the strait of oil products will allow to improve the accuracy of predictive assessments, and the use of modern IT-technologies to provide efficiency calculations. Practical importance: Applicationof the proposed approach will determine the quality of any system of support of decision-making, especially when planning rescue operations, including in the justification of the choice of those or other technologies of their conducting and use of various rescue equipment.

Selective Participation of Methane in Olefin Upgrading over Pd/ZSM‐5 and Ir/ZSM‐5: Investigation using Deuterium Enriched Methane

AbstractThe upgrading of olefins under methane environment is a promising process. Not only is the olefin content reduced, which is critical for the storage and transportation of oil products, but also are high value‐added products produced from methane. The study on the reaction intermediates during this process is crucial for a better understanding of the involved catalytic reaction mechanism as well as catalyst development. Catalysts that displayed high selectivity towards olefin upgrading including Ir/ZSM‐5 and Pd/ZSM‐5 in our previous research are studied in this work. CD4 is employed as the methane source in the reaction to track the evolution of hydrogen in the methane molecule. The significant change of the allylic hydrogen peak on 1H NMR spectra upon CD4 introduction demonstrates that the hydrogen sites on the carbon atoms adjacent to the double bond moieties are selectively occupied by deuterium atoms, suggesting that these sites are preferred by methane hydrogen atoms and may play a key role in the reaction pathway. The evolution of methane and the interaction between methane and olefin over the catalyst are observed in the DRIFT spectra. The IR resonance due to O−D stretching of the terminal silanol hydroxyl group at 2753 cm−1 is observed under CD4 environment, while the O−D stretching of bridging hydroxyl group is not detected, indicating the interaction between methane and the catalyst is highly selective, which may contribute to the high selectivity in methane hydrogen evolution.

К ВОПРОСУ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРНОГО РЕЖИМА ТРУБОПРОВОДОВ СИСТЕМЫ НЕФТЕСБОРА

The relevance of the task of examining such characteristics of protective coatings, as sedimentation, corrosion and heat resistance, is demonstrated. Protective coatings must be selected considering the temperature that affects their thermal resistance, so that the costs of carrying out various activities in order to remove organic sediments are reduced. The results of constructing a computer program to determine the temperature change of oil along a specified length of pipeline, for the sake of selecting the optimum type of protective coating to prevent corrosion and formation of organic sediments, are presented. The results of calculating the temperature distribution under given conditions and the length of the pipeline using the computer application “Automated system for calculating thermodynamic flow parameters” developed at the department “Development and operation of oil and gas fields” of the Almetyevsk State Oil Institute show the reasonability of applying protective coatings not only for the purpose of protection from corrosion and formation of organic deposits, but also to reduce the cooling rate of pumped oil products through the pipelines of oil-gathering system. The developed computer program allows to model the temperature conditions of pipelines in order to select the optimal coating system, taking into account the aspects that complicate transportation of oil and oil products.

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER INTAKES OF FRESH SUBSURFACE WATERS OF THE TAZOVSKY DRAINAGE BASIN

In this article the object of researches covers the subsurface interpermafrost waters of Palaeogene deposits considered within the largest water intakes of the Tazovsk underground waters drainage basin. The authors present a comparative description of the hydrogeochemical setting of the water-bearing complexes, the analysis of the technogenic pollution «from above» which is directly related to the development and operation of fields of hydrocarbon raw materials, oil products storage, transportation and processing. Additionally, the problem of subsurface waters pollution «from below» during leakage of fluids through injectors and producers casing strings resulted from not always proper quality cementing. The correlation dependences of some components are presented in the paper.

EIS studies of the destruction behavior of a corrosion inhibitor film on carbon steel surface under hydrodynamic conditions

Effect of surface water shear stress on the performance of an inhibitor film used in the carbon steel pipelines for oil and gas product transportation is studied. Experiments were conducted in laboratory by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS that was carried out under various rotation rates, different temperature, and immersion time was taken to investigate the behavior of a corrosion inhibitor and the destruction process. Typical EIS spectral changes were acquired during the film destruction processes, and this means that EIS is an effective method for evaluating inhibitor performance and monitoring the film layers’ behavior. Experimental results show that the film layers become more porous with increase in rotation rates and temperature. Therefore, the performance of this corrosion inhibitor decreased resulting from surface shear stress and bubble impact. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also taken to help confirm the inhibitor film structure under different conditions.

The Report of Anghel Saligny in Favour of Building Oil Pipelines, 1899

Abstract Our work aims to present the first debates on the topic of building pipelines for the transport of Romanian oil products. The debut consisted in the report that Anghel Saligny made in 1899. The pipeline system he proposed should have started in the centre of the oil region, i.e. from Băicoi, followed the trail railway Ploieşti, Buzău, Făurei, Feteşti, Cernavodă and reached the sea port of Constanţa. In 1907, engineer L. C. Erbiceanu joined the enterprise. The law was passed by the parliament in 1912. Works began the following year but they were interrupted because of the outburst of the First World War. After a partial use during the war, oil pipelines were completed in 1919.

Analysis of Oil-Water-Gas Three-Phase Flow in a Curved Leaking Pipe

The onshore and offshore production of oil and natural gas is characterized by the multiphase flow in ducts and pipes, which are interconnected by various equipments such as wellhead, pumps, compressors, processing platforms, among others. The transport of oil and oil products is essential to the viability of the sector, but is susceptible to failures, that can cause great environmental damage. Considering this necessity of the transportation sector of oil and derivatives, leakage in pipelines with curved connections, are the object of study for various researchers. In this sense, this work contributes to the study of three-phase flow (oil-water-gas) in a curved pipe (90°) using Computational Fluid Dynamics. The physical domain is constituted by two tubes of 4 meters trenched by a 90° curve, with the poring whole in the curvated accessory. The mathematical model is based on a particle model, where the oil is considered as a continuous phase and the water and gas as a particulate phase. The SST (Shear Stress Transport) turbulence model was adopted. All simulations were carried out using the Ansys CFX® 12.1 commercial code. Results of the pressure, velocity and volumetric fraction of the phases are presented and discussed.

An MILP model for scheduling the operation of a refined petroleum products distribution system

Transportation is one of the core components of the oil supply chain which needs rigorous optimization tools. Refined product pipelines are the preferred transportation option compared with other ones such as rail, road tankers and coastal vessels because they are reliable and economical. The problem discussed in this paper is short-term scheduling of a generic oil products transportation system characterized by a multi-product pipeline that connects a unique refinery to several distribution centers serving local markets. A novel mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation based on a continuous representation in both time and volume scales is presented. The problem goal is to meet product demands at minimum total cost including pumping, interface, flow restart and ON/OFF pump switching costs. To illustrate the proposed approach, three real-world examples are solved. The results show significant improvements in solution quality coupled with a reduced in computational burden compared to previous similar works.

Trends in development of the Russian oil industry under sectoral sanctions

A basis of effective functioning of economy is the innovative development connected with the need to carry out research works in the priority areas. The Russian market of oil and oil products considerably influences development rates of economy and is the catalyst of innovative activity. Experience of foreign countries testifies that in oil branch the commitment to innovations is the general tendency of development. The article presents fundamental reasons of modern risks for branch including: globalization consequences, complication of the competitive environment, transition to the market of services, changes in pricing and introduction of sectoral economic sanctions. The performed comparative analysis of the largest transnational corporations of the world on the basis of «Fortune Global 500» rating confirmed the high efficiency of the branch in modern economic development. However decline in oil and gas companies profits in 2014 dictates substantial increase of investment activity in the field of research and development. The study of the Russian market of oil and oil products was carried out on various indicators: production, transportation, processing and realization of oil and processing products. The author concludes that in the conditions of negative state of world oil market, the innovative reorganization of an oil and gas complex has to be transformed into the knowledge-intensive innovative production ensuring economic, energy, ecological security and creating the socially oriented competitive sector of economy on the basis of new technological processes implementation.

Foreign Experience of Applying the Principle of "Pump or Pay" in the Field of Pipeline Transportation

This article reveals the practice of "ship or pay" principle in the US, Canada and Europe. The authors analyze the practice of concluding contracts for oil and petroleum products transportation, procedures, terms and conditions stipulated in the contract. The "take or pay" principle is a common practice in developed countries like the US, Canada and the UK. The specific feature of the United States is that the pipelines are not built only for one shipper, but rather for all market, which is caused the "open season" tradition. In Canada, "take or pay" principle applies to cover the capital costs of the carrier. The main reasons for usage of terms "take or pay" are to minimize risks of the carrier, building or expanding his own pipeline network, by guaranteeing shipper's financial benefits after the putting pipeline into operation. "Take or pay" contracts cover the carrier's obligation to provide agreed minimum amount of petroleum to the consignor within a certain period. In turn, the shipper is obliged to accept the minimum amount of petroleum and pay, regardless of the fact of acceptance of oil. "Take or pay" principle is a kind of risk-sharing mechanism, which allows to shift the risks of non-fulfillment of the contract to the shipper. Besides, the "take or pay" principle can be indirect guarantee in the context of project financing, and therefore, financing. The article emphasizes the main advantages of the application of this principle and opportunities for its use in Russia.

Programação de caminhões de múltiplos tipos no transporte de derivados de petróleo para a construção de rodovias

Abstract O problema de programação de caminhões é um tema de grande relevância na gestão de frota das empresas. Estas enfrentam dificuldades em gerenciar seus veículos devido às diversas variáveis inerentes ao processo, tais como o tamanho ideal da frota, os diversos tipos de caminhões disponíveis, a capacidade de carga do caminhão, as informações técnicas do cliente e o agendamento das viagens. No que se refere ao transporte de derivados de petróleo, existem diversas características operacionais que dificultam a programação de caminhões. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um modelo de programação inteira para a otimização da programação de veículos de múltiplos tipos para o transporte de derivados de petróleo para obras de construção de rodovias. Foi desenvolvido um modelo que buscasse a minimização da frota de caminhões disponíveis. Como conclusões, pode-se ressaltar que a metodologia empregada serviu para minimizar em 23,3%, em media, a frota necessária no período analisado. O desenvolvimento de indicadores de desempenho permitiu avaliar a qualidade das soluções geradas.

Modeling of the complex impact on the hydrocarbon mixture

The paper deals with modeling of mechanical activation and acoustic influence on the hydrocarbon mixture. The simulation of mechanical activation and acoustic impact on the hydrocarbon mixture is based on the three-dimensional Navier – Stokes equations conjunction with the continuity equation, and the equation for the concentration of the hydrocarbon mixture components in a rotary device. Mechanical activation and acoustic impact on the hydrocarbon mixture is organized by a special rotation of disks in a cylindrical area with the same speed, but in opposite directions. The obtained results contribute to the development of the new technologies of production, transportation and storage of oil and oil products, and may also be useful to industrial enterprises engaged in processing of hydrocarbon raw materials.

Oil Transport Networks in Europe

The author examines the problems and prospects of crude oil and petroleum products transportation market on the European continent. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of the planned pipeline routes and new supplies of oil and petroleum products. European Union countries have large reserves of hydrocarbons, but it is not enough to fully satisfy domestic consumption. Improved pipeline infrastructure both within the EU and oil pipelines from other countries is an important economic and social factor. Recent developments of this year especially emphasize the importance of strengthening the energy security in the foreign policy of the state. For transporting fuel energy in Europe used the following types of transport: marine (sea and river), truck, railway, and pipeline. It seems necessary to mention the fact that the role of pipeline transport is particularly high in the oil and gas industry. Pipeline transport has an important impact on the formation and developmen t of the fuel and energy complex of the state, as well as regions, as its integral part. An effective system of crude oil and petroleum products pipelines is an important tool for the implementation of public policies, policies at the EU level, allowing the country to regulate the supply of crude oil and petroleum products to the overseas and domestic markets.

Hydrodynamic, Heat and Acoustic Processes Modelling in Tranport of Rheologically Complex Viscous Media Technology in Pipelines

The paper describes the results of mathematical modelling of acoustic processes, hydrodynamics and heat exchange in case of oil products transportation in pipelines with constant and variable cross-section. The turbulence model features of RANS approach and intensification of heat exchange in substances with anomalous rheology are reviewed. It is shown that statistic second order models are appropriate to use for forecasting details of the pulsating flows. The paper states the numerical integration features of determining equations. The properties of vibratory effect influence are determined. Vortex and heat perturbations, rheological changes impact on resistance regularities and intensity of heat exchange are analyzed.

Strategies to Control VOCs Emissions from the Petroleum Storage and Transportation Project in Chinese Ports

This paper summarized the characteristics and status of VOCs pollution of the harbour petroleum storage project, learnt from the regulation policy and prevention technique of developed countries for controlling VOCs emission from the harbours oil product storage and transportation system, and then put forward suggestions for preventing and controlling VOCs from the oil product storage and transportation projects in Chinese port by considering the requirements of "MARPOL73/78".

An Assessment of the Increasing Risk of Marine Oil Spills and the Existing Preparedness Capabilities in the Southeast Asian Region

ABSTRACT A rapidly growing economy has pushed the energy demands and has significantly increased the exploration and production activities as well as the shipping traffic over recent years in the Southeast Asian Region. Since the introduction of offshore exploration and production in the 1960's, Southeast Asia has gone through a remarkable transition from an onshore to an offshore focused region with more than 80% of oil production coming from offshore fields in 2011. Also the region has recently moved into deepwater exploration and production activities which now makes up more than 10% of the offshore production. With the rising production volumes, the transport of oil products has continuously increased both in volume and in number of ships used. This trend is expected to grow further with the investment in new refinery capacity of several Southeast Asian countries. All these factors have significantly contributed to the increased risk of marine spill incidents in the region. An increased risk of oil spills necessitates an increase in the capability to respond and manage major oil spill incidents. Even though the Southeast Asian region has made some notable progress over the past few decades in terms of oil spill preparedness and response, the region's capabilities are arguably less mature compared to other parts of the world. Most of the countries in the region have been successful in establishing the elements of preparedness advocated by the OPRC (International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Cooperation) convention. But recent spill incidents and preparedness work in the region have revealed a need for greater collaboration between the government and industry stakeholders from oil, shipping and port industries, planning and preparing of major trans-boundary oil spill incidents and alignment of oil spill preparedness and response system of a country from the national to provincial level. This paper examines the increasing risks of oil spills from the growing vessel traffic and exploration and production activities in Southeast Asia against the current level of preparedness in the region. In doing so, the author will share the experience gained from working on various oil spill response planning and preparedness projects with the Governments and industry in the region with lessons learned, current developments and recommendation for improvements.