Adequacy Of Translation Research Articles

INTERPRETING POLITICAL DISCOURSE: SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETATION ANALYSIS OF DONALD TRUMP’S INAUGURAL ADDRESS FROM ENGLISH TO RUSSIAN

naugural speeches are significant public addresses delivered by newly elected leaders during their swearing-in ceremonies. These speeches typically outline the leader's vision, goals, and policy priorities for their term in office.This study delves into the intricate realm of simultaneous interpretation, focusing on the interpretation challenges and strategies employed during the interpretation of Donald Trump's Inaugural Address from English to Russian. The aim of the article is to identify the strategies utilized by simultaneous interpreters during the interpretation of Donald Trump's inaugural speech from English to Russian, and to conduct a comparative analysis between the translated version and the original text.To analyze simultaneous interpretation, we relied on an official interpretation by skilled interpreters. When conducting a translation comparative analysis, we relied on the classification of V.M. Ilyukhin. Analysis methods encompass theoretical material review, descriptive analysis, a comparative examination of thesource andtarget texts, andtranslation analysis.Theanalysis highlights theuseof various interpretation strategies, with a particular emphasis on thecompression strategy, indicating theintricate nature of interpreting political discourse. Theprevalence of thecompression strategy suggests interpreters' adaptation to therapid pace of speech common in English-speaking political contexts. Thecompression strategy is recognized as a vital tool in theinterpreter's toolkit, falling into thecategory of techniques that interpreters should employ.The theoretical significance of this study lies in revealing the strategies used by simultaneous interpreters in the context of Donald Trump's speech, which contributes to understanding the peculiarities of translating political speechesin the international arena.The practical importance of this study lies in offering guidance and practical skills for translators who deal with political speeches, which helps to improve the quality and adequacy of translation in such contexts.

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL MOTION VERBS IN THE ORIGINAL AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSFER IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION

Paradigmatic and syntagmatic characteristics of adverbial verbs (AVs) of motion were analysed in the original, and the ways of their transfer in the Ukrainian translation were investigated. The analysis of their dictionary entries shows that most of them possess branched semantic structures and include an integral seme which can be either principal or optional. Their syntagmatic potential is quite wide, based on the variety of distributional patterns that were found. Three methods of their translation were registered: variant matches, translation transformations and zero translation (the least frequent). Translation transformations (contextual substitutions) turned out to be the dominant translation method. The following combinatorics of translation options was established: a) transmission of the seme of motion within the structure of the occasional correspondence; b) “leveling” of this seme and actualization of “other action” seme; c) actualization of motion seme in the verbs which don’t have it in their SL semantic structures. Correlation between the factors predetermining translation strategies was established. AVs’ contextual surroundings, with possible incorporation of contextual semes in the semantic structures of these verbs, turned out to be the most influential factor in the translation process. Context, in a broad sense, presupposes obligatory consideration of such parameters as differences in semantic scopes and combinability of words in the SL and TL. Besides, it is also necessary to take into account the factor of compliance of the translation equivalent with the literary norms of the TL. AVs’ right surroundings (post-positive particles) are also quite important, as they enrich their semantics and specify the way of motion. They were mainly rendered by means of prepositions, adverbs and a variety of prefixes as a substitute of SL prepositions. In order to achieve adequacy of translation, the translator resorted to different lexical and grammatical transformations, such as: specification of meaning, modulation, substitution of parts of speech, permutation, addition and antonymous translation. Individual AVs with connotative overtones presented the greatest problem for the translator. Translation is a synthesis of objective and subjective factors. Translator’s individuality and expertise predetermine the quality of the final product.

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH-UKRAINIAN RENDERING OF DUAL-NUMBER QUANTIFI

The article deals with translation strategies implemented in English-Ukrainian rendering of dualnumber quantifiers ‘both,’ ‘either,’ ‘neither’ that occur in modern fantasy fiction. The study aims to identify local and global translation strategies and methods of their adequate rendering at the post-translation stage of generalizing the translator’s experience. The research objectives are: 1) to compile a complete register of the lexemes under investigation based on J.K. Rowling’s “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban” and its authorized Ukrainian translation produced by V. Morozov.; 2) to determine their semantic and functional characteristics and direct translation equivalents; 3) to identify their semantic roles and syntactic functions in the source text; 4) to specify the types of grammatical shifts and methods of their rendering into Ukrainian; 5) to identify and analyze the translation strategies applied by the translator to reach equivalence and adequacy of translation. The research material comprises 96 dual-number quantifiers used in the original text and their translations in the corresponding Ukrainian text fragments. In the course of the study, the following methods were employed: 1) entire sampling to compile a register of the lexemes and accomplish the source and target text levelling; 2) dictionary entries’ analysis to establish the lexical-semantic and functional properties of the quantifiers and their direct Ukrainian translation equivalents; 3) contextual analysis and immediate constituents’ analysis to identify their semantic roles and syntactic functions in the source text; 4) comparative-contrastive translation transformational analysis to specify the translation methods and types of grammatical shifts applied in their rendering; 5) to identify and analyze the translation strategies implemented by the translator; 6) quantity calculations to determine the frequencies of the analyzed phenomena. As a result, based on dictionary entries’ analysis, the main functional-semantic classes of the quantifiers have been found to be the determiner, pronoun, conjunction and pronominal adverb. By means of immediate constituents’ and contextual analysis, 17 pure and blended semantic roles of the lexemes’ referents in ‘state of affairs’ situations have been identified, the most frequent being the agent (36.4%), locative (14.6%) and experiencer (11.4%). By way of sentence parsing, 19 combinations of the semantic roles and syntactic functions have been established, the most frequent one being the agent subject (37.5%), the others showing frequencies around 10%. With the aid of translation transformational analysis, the most common methods of rendering the dual-number quantifiers into Ukrainian have been found to be omission (62.5%), equivalent (literal) translation (21.9%) and lexical substitution (15.6%). Correspondingly, the main translation strategies, including ST-oriented and TToriented ones, have been proved to be 1) communicative translation (68.8%) by omission with emphasis decrease, related and unrelated-word paraphrase, clause/sentence structure change and explicitness decrease, and by equivalent with emphasis change and clause/sentence structure change and/or addition; 2) literal translation (15.6%) including direct translation (4.2%) by pure equivalent and oblique translation (11.4%) by blended equivalent. i.e. with emphasis change and/or clause/sentence change; 3) semantic translation (15.6%) involving synonymy, emphasis change, phrase structure change, modulation, clause/ sentence structure change and explicitness decrease, 4) domestication (100%) incorporated in the above three strategies, all applied to ensure equivalence and adequacy of the translation.

Large language models "ad referendum": How good are they at machine translation in the legal domain?

This study evaluates the machine translation (MT) quality of two state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) against a traditional neural machine translation (NMT) system across four language pairs in the legal domain. It combines automatic evaluation metrics (AEMs) and human evaluation (HE) by professional translators to assess translation ranking, fluency and adequacy. The results indicate that while Google Translate generally outperforms LLMs in AEMs, human evaluators rate LLMs, especially GPT-4, comparably or slightly better in terms of producing contextually adequate and fluent translations. This discrepancy suggests LLMs' potential in handling specialized legal terminology and context, highlighting the importance of human evaluation methods in assessing MT quality. The study underscores the evolving capabilities of LLMs in specialized domains and calls for reevaluation of traditional AEMs to better capture the nuances of LLM-generated translations.

Terms for Impositive Practices in Fiction. Translation Perspectives

The article addresses problems of translating Russian nouns which denote forms of impositive communication. The theme of social tensions and struggle for position within the changing social hierarchy is central to M. Bulgakov’s works; the correct rendition of the communicative pressure exerted by his characters on each other is therefore indispensable to translation adequacy. The study explores strategies employed by translators when conveying the axiological and cultural components of several Russian nouns denoting various forms of communicative imposition (внушение, замечание, просьба, совет, развязность). The paper discusses some of the challenges experienced by translators seeking to “replant” Bulgakov’s texts into the Anglophone culture which attaches great value to communicative non-imposition.

OCCASIONALISMS IN THE DYSTOPIAN GENRE: THE TRANSLATION ASPECT

The article reflects the dystopian genre as a relevant way of comprehending the past, present, and future reality in the context of socially resonant events and political cataclysms. The status of dystopian works within contemporary literature is determined. Occasionalisms in dystopias are discussed – new words generated by the author that are used in the discourse without current fixation in language dictionaries. The authors describe the role of occasionalisms in writing a dystopian book, including their potential to produce a communicative effect on the target audience. As a pilot experiment, the authors consider George Orwell’s work “1984” as an example of a classic dystopia with a solid inventory of occasionalisms that play a significant role in impressing and persuading readers. Along with the source text, two Ukrainian translations by Vitalii Danmer (2013) and Viktor Shovkun (2015) are compared. The books are contrasted in terms of their foreign cultural adaptability, i.e., how well the translators have conveyed the idea that the author of the original work wanted to produce for readers. The main attention is paid to occasionalisms. The meanings of specific occasionalisms are identified with the author’s connotation inherent in them. Translation and word-formation techniques that can reproduce a given meaning are identified: calquing, abbreviation, derivation, compounding, etc. Finally, the results are summarized. A conclusion is made which of the authors is better at rendering occasionalisms and to what extent their skills ensure the translation adequacy of the dystopian work.

PECULIARITIES OF LEXICO-SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS APPLICATION IN THE PROCESS OF O. HENRY’S STORY "THE LAST LEAF" TRANSLATION

Objective. The objective of the article is the definition of the concept and specifics of artistic translation; consideration of the concepts of translation adequacy and equivalence, as well as translation transformations; identifying and clarifying the validity of the use of lexical-semantic transformations in the process of translating O. Henry's story "The Last Leaf" into Ukrainian performed by M. Dmytrenko. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using such general scientific and special research methods as the analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of artistic translation and the application of translation transformations; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; an integral approach to the study of linguistic phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods. Results. The analysis of scientific literature makes it possible to reveal the meaning of artistic translation, which is always a challenge for the translator, as it requires not only a deep knowledge of the original language, the vocabulary of the translated language and thorough knowledge of literary studies, but also significant skills in translation techniques. Due to the inconsistency of individual elements in the original language and the language of translation, differences in the grammatical structures of languages, stylistic features of a specific text, full correspondence is impossible. Therefore, the terms "adequacy" and "equivalence" are used to indicate the relationship between the source text and the final text. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to achieve complete correspondence, identity in the process of translation. In cases where there are no regular equivalents in the target language or they cannot be used in the context, the translator must resort to transformations. After considering different classifications of translation transformations and analyzing Henry's story "The Last Leaf" for the category of lexical-semantic transformations, we can come to the conclusion that contextual substitution, decompression and descriptive translation are most often used by the translator. This is caused, first of all, by the wide lexical potential of the translation language, the need to adapt the source text to the norms of the translation language, as well as reproduce non-equivalent vocabulary and words and phrases that do not have regular counterparts in the target language. Summing up the analysis, it can be noted that the problem of literary translation is complex and controversial, because it is a co-creation of the translator and the author, the success of which depends on the latter's creativity and skillful use of the tools of translation transformations

EVALUATION OF THE ADEQUACY OF WRITTEN SPECIALIZED TEXTS MACHINE TRANSLATION

Machine translation has become critical for overcoming language differences in the age of global communication, especially in specialized fields. This article discusses the complex process of evaluating the adequacy of machine translation for written specialized literature. The study analyzes the mistakes made by Google Translate (GT) and DeepL Translate (DT) when translating biology textbooks. The paper emphasizes that specialized texts require not only terminological accuracy but also context preservation, which makes machine translation in this field extremely challenging. Several evaluation approaches have been considered in previous work, emphasizing the need for human editing alongside machine translation systems. Machine translation errors, ranging from terminological and semantic mistakes to stylistic and grammatical errors, emphasize the importance of thorough post-editing. The results of the study showed that despite the correct translation of commonly used terminology, its use in complex sentences caused difficulties. Both systems often failed to recognize details, leading to distorted interpretations. Stylistic mistakes, such as word-for-word translation disregarding context, further weakened the translated sentences. The translation was also accompanied by grammatical errors that demonstrate the complexity of syntactic structures in specialized topics. The study revealed minimal differences between GT and DT, with GT translating terminology better and DT demonstrating more efficient grammatical structures. However, both systems used word-for-word translation, which resulted in stylistic errors and inaccurate word choice. This paper emphasizes the need for human editing to ensure the correct translation of specialized materials, as well as the need for continuous improvement of machine translation technology to ensure the accuracy of terminology and preserve context in specialized texts.

The problem of political correctness in consecutive interpreting from Russian into English

The article discusses the notion of political correctness and its impact on the decision-making in interpreting from Russian into English in the sphere of politics. The correlation between the notions of political correctness and adequacy of translation is analyzed. Translations of V. Putin’s and S. Lavrov’s speeches and interviews are studied in terms of strategies and techniques employed by the interpreters for the sake of political correctness. Adequacy of translation is also assessed. Conclusions are drawn stating direct dependency of interpreters’ choices on the type of potential discrimination and on the communicative situation requirements. In case of potential discrimination based on gender, race, age, religion, health, appearance, sexual orientation or social status, the political correctness requirements normally do not come into conflict with the communicative situation requirements, so the interpreters use the corresponding English euphemistic equivalents or resort to transformations, mainly generalization. Nevertheless, when political correctness is aligned with political or economic issues, adequacy of translation tends to require direct naming of things, with political correctness waived. This allows to raise the question whether euphemization related to the description of a state’s outer policy or its economic consequences should be part of the sphere of political correctness.

Przekład intersemiotyczny. Przypadek znaku drogowego, ekfrazy i adaptacji filmowej


 
 
 The article is an attempt to clarify and refine the ways of understanding two basic types of translation: from one language into another ethnic language (translation proper) – i.e. following the principles of translating homo- geneous systems of signs – and from one system of signs to another, e.g. verbal to iconic, or vice versa, which is sometimes called transmutation. Therefore, the starting point for the discussion is Roman Jakobson’s well-known typology of translation, which also took into account cases of intralingual translation within the same language, called rewording. However, the article mainly focuses on various cases of intersemiotic translation and thus transmutation, meaning situations where a text expressed in one system of signs is translated into a system of a different nature. The primary research question concerns what is actually being translated in such a situation and how this type of translation differs from a typical language-to-language translation. The article is chiefly theoretical, and the examples concern the cases of translating verbal signs into iconic ones, such as the rules governing traffic into a road sign, the translation of an image (a painting, photography) into a literary text (ekphrasis and its varieties), and a film adaptation. The equivalence of codes secures the adequacy of a linguistic translation. In the case of ekphrasis, the image is usually replaced by a verbal narrative, and in a film adaptation, the type and sequence of iconic signs must simply be invented because these sign systems are not directly equivalent, as Benveniste and Lotman believe. Examples that illustrate the main theses of the article are Jacek Kaczmarski’s art-inspired songs, several film adaptations of Shakespeare’s Macbeth (Polański, Kurosawa), and Agnieszka Holland’s film adaptation (Pokot [Spoor]) of one of Olga Tokarczuk’s novels.
 
 

Linguocultural Aspects of PR Translation in the Modern World

The present study deals with the topical issue of professional public relations (PR) terminology translation into the Russian language. The discipline and the field of professional activity, which emerged in Russia in the late 1980s, still poses lots of problems in terms of translation. The aim of the study is to reveal what translation procedures are applicable in rendering subject specific terminology into the target language with the absence of equivalents in the professional field. The novelty lies in the disclosure of translation features as well as translation procedures applied to PR terminology with special attention to linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The methods of comprehensive analysis of English PR terms, comprising the general scientific method, the communicative method, the method of comparative analysis, the dictionary definitions method, as well as the method of translation adequacy and the method of analysis of translation procedures and transformations have allowed to reveal the peculiarities of PR terms’ meanings and their functioning in the English professional discourse to be rendered into the Russian language. The findings illustrate the most adequate procedures to be used for the purpose of rendering PR terms and terminology as units of specific meaning into the target language. The conclusion drawn from the study postulates that along with the borrowing of PR terminological field, the English cultural and conceptual worldview was also adopted to produce a hybrid professional worldview sharing similar PR subject specific language units, which is a great advance towards English as a global language.

SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL TEXTS TRANSLATION PROBLEM: FEATURES AND TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

This article dwells upon the scientific & technical texts translation problem based on the oil & gas industry related texts. The article is focused on the basics of scientific & technical translation, as well as the importance to reach the translation adequacy and equivalence. Lexical and semantic translation features pertaining to scientific & technical texts highlighted, causing difficulties when translated from English into Russian. These include terms, general scientific and commonly used lexis. In addition, the attempts are made to identify the main strategies to translate these types of lexis in scientific & technical oil and gas-related texts from English into Russian.

Invariant and Variability Boundaries as Indicators of the Translation Adequacy (Exemplified by Contemporary American Prose)

The object of the study is the novel "The Collector" by the American writer Nora Roberts. Interrelation of the contents’ meaning invariant and its variability inevitably springing up in the fiction translation process due to linguistic as well as extra-linguistic factors is analytically considered. Special heed is paid to the transcendence of the admissible or «tolerated» variability which is bound not only to infringe the translation invariant, but also to distort the original contents’ meaning as well as its distinctive stylistic features. Examples in the form of textual excerpts borrowed from the original and its published translation are compared and juxtaposed on the basis of the detailed linguistic examination of the voluntary deviations from the original made up by the translator both involuntarily, i.e. erroneously, and deliberately. They consist mostly either of the source text’s contents omission or introduction of his/her personal dysfunctional, redundant, and completely unjustified additional information to the target text. The examples are mainly classified according to the factors causing either the variability of the source text or its meaning’s distortion as well as to the effectiveness of various means aimed to protect the translation invariant. In most cases, the authors suggest their own equivalent versions of either omitted or distorted original’s excerpts as appropriate contextual correspondences. The authors conclude that such excessive variability in the translation of the novel into Russian distorted the general meaning of the original, changed its semantics and stylistics.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF MARKETING TEXTS

The article deals with the efficiency of marketing texts’ translation from English into Russian by means of machine translation systems. The object of research is English-language marketing texts. The subject of the research is machine translation of English marketing texts. We point out the importance of marketing texts in translation as it is important to convey emotions, impressions and brand image while working with this material. So, the importance of complex analysis and detailed description of translation solutions in the translation of marketing texts determines the relevance present article’s theme. This article focuses on the major machine translation systems such as the domestic service PROMT.One, the American Google Translate and the German service DeepL. These online translators are considered to be some of the key services with multifaceted features which are currently universal tools for learning and working with foreign languages. The problems of adequacy of machine translation, current mistakes and distortions made by machine translation systems in translation are also highlighted in this article. During the analysis lexical-semantic, syntactic and stylistic errors have been identified and systematized in order to use correctly computer programs for translation. It should be noted that translating marketing texts, machine translation systems have not evolved to the point when checking the translation does not lead to post-editing.

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES INFLUENCE ON LITERARY TRANSLATION

Objective. The objective of the article is to study the components of the influence of cultural differences on literary translation; analyze the problems that arise when translating culturally specific elements and propose methods and strategies used to achieve accuracy and adequacy of literary translation. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained with the help of such methods as the analysis and generalization of scientific and educational and methodological literature on the problems of literary translation; system analysis; combination of cultural and logical methods in research; separation of subsystems of complex objects and their systematic analysis, an integral approach to the study of linguistic phenomena. Results. Based on the latest research, the article provides new ideas and approaches to solving problems related to the rendering of cultural differences in the process of fiction texts translation. The authors emphasize the importance of the dissemination of literary works among the representatives of other cultures, namely: transfer of cultural heritage; increasing the level of intercultural understanding; expanding the audience of recipients; preservation of literary value. Cultural differences require a translator to have a deep understanding and sensitivity to different aspects of culture. This allows us to preserve and transmit not only the linguistic content, but also the wealth of cultural heritage, which is an integral part of artistic works. Therefore, understanding cultural characteristics and context is important for accurate and adequate translation of literary works. The following requirements for this type of translation are noted: accuracy of the transfer of values; adaptation of the cultural context; transfer of nuances and styles; respect for cultural identity. Considerable attention is paid to methods and strategies used to convey cultural information in translation: selection of equivalent cultural elements; explanation and adaptation; specification and generalization; localization; contextual translation. The authors conclude that modern trends and challenges in literary translation require translators to take into account cultural differences, intercultural collaboration, use of new media and the development of cultural sensitivity.

Typological Parameters of a Literary Text From the Viewpoint of Translation Studies

The article presents an attempt to systematize approaches to identifying typological parameters and distinctive features of a literary text that influence the adequacy of translation. Traditional approaches to the analysis and interpretation of a literary text in our study were significantly supplemented by the approaches and methods of analysis of new linguistics trends: linguopragmatics, cognitive linguistics and linguoculturology. It should be taken into account that the function of a literary sign goes beyond the limits of a linguistic unit and serves not only as a means of verbalizing certain concepts, but also acts as a regulator of cognitive-pragmatic relations between the writer, translators and readers, appealing to their own experience, which, on the part of the author of the work , is presented in the text in the form of certain signals verbalized by means of linguistic units that reproduce the socio-cultural context and are a reflection of his/her worldview. For the reader, such a reality, refracted through the prism of the authors perception, can be supplemented and thought out taking into account his/her own empirical experience. As a result of the study, the following parameters of a literary text, which significantly affect the adequacy of the translation were identified: 1) the anthropocentric nature of a literary text; 2) the communicative structure of a literary text, aimed at indirect communication between the author and the reader; 3) the presence of surface and deep structures, revealed through an interpretive approach to the analysis of a literary text; 4) the conceptual integrity of the text, explicated by means of certain signals or markers, appealing to the individual cognitive experience of the reader; 5) the pragmatic potential of a literary text, revealed through a detailed analysis of communicative situations, explicitly or implicitly presented in the text; 6) the national picture of the world, represented by culturally specific means, which differ significantly between the linguocultures of the original and the translation; 7) stylistic potential of a literary text; 8) ambiguity and entropy, which can lead to incorrect interpretation and, as a result, to a violation of the adequacy of the translation of a literary text.

Образ китайской поэзии в переводах В. Перелешина

The research aims to determine how the image of Chinese poetry is created in V. Pereleshin’s translations and to identify the key features of his cultural dialogue with China. The paper is devoted to the analysis of the image of Chinese poetry in translations by V. Pereleshin, mainly involving the materials of his anthology of translations of Chinese classical poetry “Poems on the Fan” and autographs of translations of Chinese poems. The peculiarities of Pereleshin’s translations are revealed in terms of the poetic form, translation adequacy, the manifestation of the creative individuality of the translator and in terms of the range of themes of Chinese poetry. The paper substantiates that the compliance with the miniature genre of Chinese poetry and the strict rhyming of Russian poetry is a distinctive feature of Pereleshin’s poetic translations. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the paper is the first to conduct a detailed comparative study of the image of Chinese poetry in translations by V. Pereleshin as a representative of the Far Eastern branch of Russian literature in the synthesis of two scientific approaches: Russian literary criticism and studies of the Chinese literary tradition. As a result, it has been proved that the vivid image of Chinese classical poetry created by Pereleshin gives a general view of the form, content and range of themes of shi and ci poems and leads to the understanding of the cultural dialogue of Russian émigré poets with China.

TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS IN GERMAN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TEXTS ON MODIFICATIONS OF THE MAIN BATTLE TANK OF THE ARMED FORCES OF GERMANY LEOPARD 1 AND LEOPARD 2A7+

The article analyzes the translation techniques used in the translation of scientific and technical texts of military subjects. Lexical-semantic and syntactic translation transformations have been identified and characterized. In the context of the study, an analysis of German-language scientific and technical texts on modifications of the main battle tank of the German Armed Forces, Leopard 1 and Leopard 2A7 + has been carried out. It is noted that when translating military texts, the target text should be as close as possible to the original and convey the lexical meaning of the word as accurately as possible, in turn, the translator should have not only a terminological minimum, but also background knowledge. Transformations that help to preserve the features of the author’s style with the appropriate reproduction of the content have been considered. These methods, according to the international classification, cover: 1) transliteration and transcription, tracing and selection of various variants for replacement; 2) detalization and generalization; 3) the introduction of new words or omission of old concepts; 4) integral-situational transformation (replacement). Most translation methods are aimed at lexical-semantic transformations. The use of these methods is intended to provide in a certain context a greater degree of adequacy of translation. This is how it is possible to approximate the norms of compatibility and avoid foreign words and word combinations. It is noted that an effective translation tool is a combination of several translation techniques, among which there are morphological-categorical replacement, selection of Ukrainian equivalents and syntactic transformations.

Text Aesthetics in M. Atwood’s “The Handmaid’s Tale” and its Reflection in the Russian Version of the Novel (Revisiting Translation Adequacy)

The present article looks at how the translator’s creativity can adequately reconcile with the objective necessity for him/ her to follow the letter of the original. The case study of the Russian version of M. Atwood’s 1984 dystopian novel “The Handmaid’s Tale”, the latter literally bristling with metaphor and simile, demonstrates a great importance of adequately conveying the text’s poetic function.In our approach, inspired by G. Bachelard’s phenomenological theory of space, we view Offred’s monologue as a kind of revery, herself – as a day-dreaming subject going through an emotional ordeal. It should be noted that in modern psychology, Offred’s revery, including her memories and fantasies, can be regarded as a product of the “wanderings” of her mind. To look deeper into Offred’s subconscious and bring out her most personal emotions we apply cognitive linguistic tools. We also turn to Atwood’s early poetry since the “Tale” told by Offred the Handmaid manifests evocative images and motives typical of the peculiar Atwoodian style.Specifically, we have focused on contexts, in which nature-inspired images produced by the protagonist’s “wandering mind” and unfolding within innumerable metaphors and similes, unveil the ambiguity of human nature and the eerie side of life in the fictional Republic of Gilead. The cognitive analysis of the original contexts has demonstrated the equal value of metaphor and simile as major literary devices for creating character profile and even for constructing a complex plot. We have studied how those extremely diverse figures of speech are conveyed by the translator, Anastasia B. Gryzunova. Despite the many occasions when she succeeded in conveying the meaning of Atwood’s unconventional comparisons, her version, however, lacks a clear-cut translation strategy which results in a dissonance between Offred’s deep depression and the way the translator actually makes her sound in some parts of the text.Acknowledging the positive role of the translator’s creativity, we emphasize the need for translation adequacy interpreted as consistency in pursuing a strategy that builds on the key ideas of the source text, the author’s intention and her individual style. Such view on the nature of adequacy is in line with scientifically based evaluation methods for poetic prose, of which Atwood’s acclaimed dystopian novel is no doubt a remarkable example.

Grammatical transformations in translation of political speeches

The paper is devoted to the problem of translation of political speeches, which is extremely relevant today, as political activity plays a special role in society, affects the country’s place in the international arena and its relations with other coun-tries. Politicians have the opportunity to appeal to both the international community and their compatriots, gain recognition, demonstrate their leadership and represent their country in the best possible way via speeches. Translation of political speeches is considered to be one of the most complicated types of translation, which is the area of increased linguistic responsibility. Translation transformations, which are defined as certain structural or semantic changes that are the result of lexical and grammatical differences in languages, are used to achieve translation equivalence (translation adequacy) despite the differences in the formal and semantic systems of two languages. The research is aimed at examining the peculiarities of political speeches and difficulties arising in the process of their rendering into Ukrainian. This paper consists of six main sections. The first is an introduction to the study. The second examines the definition and features of political speeches given by national and foreign scientists. The third section explains the methodology used in the study and the data selection process. In the course of analysis, the existing scientific literature concerning the topic at hand providing valid grounds for the practical part of the work has been analyzed and grammatical translation transformation examples have been selected and examined. The research data was taken from the website of the US Embassy in Ukraine. Thereafter the focus shifts to challenges the students face in translation of political speeches and highlights the grammatical transformations classification that constituted the theoretical basis of the research. The fifth section is devoted to analyzing the data and the last section summarizes the findings of the study.