Socio-political Terms Research Articles

Priorities of ensuring hygiene and occupational safety of medical personnel and the resilience of healthcare facilities in emergency situations

Aim. To evaluate the influence of biological and socio-political emergencies on the safety of healthcare staff members. Materials and methods. The study used bibliosemantic, statistical, and mathematical methods, analyzing official statistical data on the healthcare system state in Ukraine. Results. While performing their functions in healthcare facilities, medical workers are exposed to the risk of negative effects from biological, psychophysiological, chemical, physical, and social harmful and hazardous factors. Adverse occupational factors in hospital environments exert a complex, combined, or concurrent effect, and its impact intensity can be enormously increased in various types of emergency situations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a steep increase in occupational injuries in the national healthcare (in fact, by 30 times) has been documented, including due to the registration of acute infectious diseases among medical personnel at the workplace. Similar trends are also evidenced in indicators of lethal injuries, professional and occupationally induced morbidity. Furthermore, Ukraine has faced overlapping emergency situations of socio-political terms, caused by the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation, and medical-biological problems caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, significantly complicating the state of affairs. According to official data, only in the first year of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, about 1500 healthcare facilities were damaged, 106 medical workers died, including 33 at their workplace. Conclusions. The resilience of healthcare facilities to various types of emergency situations is an extremely important component of ensuring the hospital environment safety and, as practice shows, requires improvement. There is an urgent need to develop clear response algorithms for healthcare facilities to cope with emergency situations that could influence them. Reinforcing a safety culture in the national medical sector could become the goal and foundation for future strategies to create a safe hospital environment by improving and enhancing the safety culture.

‘We have gone through quite sufficient in this distracted country’: the Royal Dublin Society and the new Irish state 1922–32

ABSTRACT Following the Irish War of Independence, 1919–21, and the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922 the Irish Free State left the United Kingdom. Its leaders had been revolutionaries, whose explicit objective had been to overturn British authority in Ireland. Whilst the British ceded control of most of the island to the new state, an Anglo-Irish, Protestant, elite remained. The Royal Dublin Society (RDS) was the most prominent institution of it. As such, it might be expected that relations between the RDS and the new Irish state would be adverse. However, they were excellent. Drawing largely on the recently catalogued RDS archive, this article explains a seeming incongruity. It does so with general reference to the theme of agricultural development and specific reference to the agendas of the RDS and the new state; the role of key figures; the British foot-and-mouth disease crisis of the 1920s; and the response to partition. It also tests the academic discourse on what the Irish Revolution represented in socio-political terms, and the position of the former Protestant plutocracy in post-independence Ireland.

Особенности социальных конструкций Дагестана и их влияние на общественно-политические процессы в регионе

The article examines the features of geographical diversity and socio-political development of Dagestan in the 18th – early 19th centuriy. The major role of natural-geographical determinism is emphasized, which influenced the forms of economic structure, the dominant sectors of economic activity and the socio-political processes that differed depending on the spatial localization of the regions. In high mountain areas, due to harsh landscape conditions and a shortage of available vital resources, archaic forms of economic activity and social structure were preserved for a long time. It was dominated by free rural communities with collective ownership of the main means of production. Foothill, coastal and lowland areas, due to their less closed nature and accessibility to external influences and mutual influence, as well as the possibility of obtaining a large set of life benefits, went beyond the socio-cultural archaism and represented territories with a developed system of social differentiation, which most domestic researchers define as feudalism. In such areas, local societies, earlier than in the mountainous ones, were forced to socio-political development, which took them beyond the boundaries of communal-tribal relations. In economic and socio-political terms, Dagestan was divided into socio-cultural formations that differed and competed with each other.

Cultural narrative, crisis, and contention in Iceland's bid to join the European Union, 2009–2015

In the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, Iceland launched a bid to join the European Union. Joining the EU was presented domestically as a key to economic recovery and as a preventative measure against future economic distress. The bid itself was framed within a rapidly shifting political landscape, set against a backdrop of spreading economic malaise across Europe, accompanied by economic bailout plans and austerity measures. Several aspects of the bid's ultimate failure demonstrate the importance of identities and narratives around national independence and European integration. Most saliently, widespread perceptions about what it would mean to join the EU, particularly around sensitive notions of sovereignty, proved insurmountable to the more economistic rationale of the pro-EU campaign. The Icelandic bid thus presents a distinct opportunity to drill down into the complex relationships between austerity economics, popular politics, and the European integration project, with significant policy implications. To better understand the emergence of the bid and its failure in sociopolitical terms we assess different conceptual frameworks, including functionalist, intergovernmentalist, and post-functionalist approaches and theoretical perspectives on crisis and contentious politics. We also include voices of Icelandic citizens from civil society and government collected in research interviews between 2012 and 2018. Overall, our comparative theoretical approach and original case data sharpen an emphasis in the social sciences and policy research on the importance of cultural narrative and identity as key determinants of EU integration.

CHANGES IN THE LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC SYSTEM OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN 2020-2022

The research paper examines the system of replenishment of the lexical layer of words that entered the lexicographic structure of the Kazakh language during the pandemic of 2020-2022. In the space of institutional discourse, terms that have actively entered the field of medicine have been identified. With the help of an electronic resource "Qazcorpus.kz" the frequency of covid lexemes was determined. The lexico-semantic word-formation structure of new complex words, which are dominated by the covid words, crown, quarantine has been studied. The creation of new periphrases describing diseases that arose during the pandemic was discovered. The topics of media articles and poems of poets written during the quarantine period were analyzed. The new terms were divided into thematic groups: therapeutic term, sanitary and hygienic term, socio-political term, educational term, and psychological term. The activity of occasional words and the pragmatic motive of new figurative expressions were also considered. It is established that a number of neologisms were translated by hybrid words. It was revealed the frequency of words of condolence during the pandemic, and an increase in phobic emotional vocabulary. It is confirmed that changes and global situations in society are primarily clearly expressed in language. As the materials of the paper, new covid lexemes from the media and the social network were collected.

Mawlana Wahiduddin Khan’s Critique of Political Interpretation of Islam

The article presents a critique of the political interpretation of Islam, proposed by the Indian thinker Malwana Wahiduddin Khan. The question of the place of politics in Islam has become enormousespecially in the face of the extremist actions of militant Islamists: do such actions fit into a particular reading of Islam that springs from a certain understanding of religion, or do they pursue the main purpose of the religion? Is the establishment of an Islamic political order the primary task of every Muslim? This kind of question comes naturally to anyone concerned about the terrorist activities of militant Islamists. Since they are trying to justify their actions with a particular interpretation of Islam, it is necessary to present a narrative in opposition to theirs interpretation, and to show that such persons, who are far from a sincere adherence to Islam, are guilty of a serious misinterpretation of it. The article serves this purpose by presenting Mawlana Wahiduddin Khan’s critique of political Islam. By the term „political Islam” is meant a particular interpretation of the religion of Islam that sees the faith mainly in socio-political terms. Khan’s criticism is one of the earliest intellectual objections to this understanding of Islam. Although many thinkers have contributed to the theory of political Islam, the article focuses only on the writings of the Indo-Pakistani scholar Mawlana Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi and their critical assessment by Wahiduddin Khan. Since the polemic between two thinkers can often be dismissed as inspired by personal conflict or pretension, the article is not limited to Kahn’s criticism of Mawududi, but also assesses it in the light of later scholars.

Mass Violence as Tragedy: Analyzing the Transmission of Discourses

Mass violence—killings and other forms of violence that aim at exterminating large groups of people—is often called a tragedy. The trope can be found in testimonies of victimization, justifications of perpetration, journalistic, political, and academic language as well as in popular parlance. The article examines the divergent usages of the travelling trope of tragedy with particular emphasis on its role in forming justificatory discourse. The issue at stake is that the trope of tragedy does not remain confined to outright justifications such as juridical legitimization, moral vindication, political propaganda etc., but permeates condemnation and critique as well. The rationale of the analysis is that justifications of acts of mass violence that are negotiated in key areas of the cultural canon give a culturally specific, often identificatory, meaning to acts that are, from a critical perspective, mostly either considered senseless or comprehended in economic and sociopolitical terms. Yet it is largely owing to justificatory discourses that acts of mass violence do not remain single, exorbitant events, but have a lasting impact by shaping the linguistic and heuristic framework of their subsequent evaluation. When condemnation and critique adopt these terminologies and frameworks—such as the notion of purity underlying the term ‘ethnic cleansing’, or the ethnopolitical paradigm informing the concept of genocide—this effects an uneasy mimetic participation in transmitting justifications of mass violence. The trope of tragedy makes it possible to address the issue of mimetic participation by drawing attention to the audience as an indispensable element of the discourse.

Supporting Antiracism Through the Thoughtful Conduct, Evaluation, and Use of Research

Supporting Antiracism Through the Thoughtful Conduct, Evaluation, and Use of Research

Теоретичната инверсия на Асен Игнатов – основания и следствия

The article’s task is to generally clarify the grounds for the theoretical reversal in Asen Ignatov’s concepts by diachronically pointing out the main theoretical changes in them. At the same time, synchronic analysis is related to indicating general attitudes, ideological and political frameworks, and actions during the fixed time period. This would allow us to go beyond the personal reasons for such a transition, and to build a more complete picture of this inversion respectively, both in theoretical and socio-political terms. The article seeks to reveal what the consequences are of perceiving the dogmatic limitation of Marxism in socialist countries, as well as Ignatov’s position on this. In this way, the synergistic action of the various factors studied would expand the possibility of a truer understanding of the events in Ignatov’s creative life after his emigration in 1972.

Pragmatic enantiosemy of socio-political terms and its reflection in modern media

In terms of regularity enantiosemy is inferior to such systematic manifestations as polysemy or synonymy, but it also takes an important place in the language system and manifests itself at all the language levels. The research deals with such a special type of enantiosemy as pragmatic enantiosemy of socio-political terminology. On the example of the term “optimization” the author presents how a radical change in the pragmatics of the term, at first meliorative one, forms enantiosemy. For the identification of the social, psycholinguistic and linguocultural causes of pragmatic enantiosemy, the media contexts of the term “optimization” were studied, the method of discursive-contextual and linguopragmatic analysis, as well as the technique of internal introspection, appealing to linguistic intuition and knowledge of the social and linguocultural situation were used. An important criterion for changes is the reflection of the authors of media texts about not only the concept, but also the term itself. The semantics of the term “optimization” was polarized relating to the original one: the word began to mean not ‘improvement,’ but ‘deterioration,’ ‘destruction,’ ‘scrapping,’ ‘collapse,’ even ‘catastrophe,’ which makes it possible to talk about the enantiosemy formation. It is important to emphasize that the change in the pragmatics (and at the same time the semantic essence) of the word “optimization,” occurred solely under the influence of extralinguistic social factors, led to the formation of enantiosemy, since a positive context remained possible in principle.

Study on the Translation of Culture-Loaded Expressions in Shengsi pilao

Despite a large number of studies on translation strategies of culture-loaded expressions of Mo Yan’s novels, researchers have mostly investigated the translation of such expressions as a whole. The present study aims to explore the translation strategies applied by Howard Goldblatt in translating different categories of culture-loaded expressions of Mo Yan’s novel Shengsi pilao (Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out). It is necessary to identify the translation strategies of culture-loaded expressions employed by the translator, since they are large in number and are key to understanding the theme of the novel. In light of Peter Newmark’s translation theory, the present study analyzes the translation of two categories of culture-loaded expressions and finds the translator applies different strategies in translating each category of them, namely semantic translation for sociopolitical terms and communicative translation for culture-specific terms.

Tendencies of Change of Socio-Political Lexicon in Persian and Azerbaijani Languages

Socio-political terms exist in all world languages and are directly related to the socio-political structure of each country. The words related to statehood, religion and political system were mentioned in sources associated with the ancient period of Persian and Azerbaijani languages. In the article, among such sources, "The Book of Dede-Gorgud", Orkhon-Yenisei" on Turkic languages, and the samples selected from the work "Shahnameh" on Persian are analyzed by the historical-comparative method. When studying terms related to religion, it should be investigated in more detail whether these terms correctly reflect events in the socio-political life of the country they belong to, as they are subject to purposeful interventions in several cases. Considering Manichaean, Islam, Sufism and other religious directions, which are thought to be related to Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrianism in Iran, this picture is further complicated. In the article, medieval Persian dictionaries were also reviewed among the sources related to the Middle Ages. It was noted that words related to almost all areas of social life are included in them. The social and political situation after the Iranian Islamic Revolution and the terms that were created in connection with this situation is considered in the history of Iran. The article also contains information about using borrowed words in both languages' social and political fields. Then the place of the terms in the form of abbreviations in the speech was analyzed. In the article, the data gives grounds to say that as a result of any historical event, the most profitable sphere is linguistics. So, although the changes in other areas cause stagnation and decline in some instances, linguistics is enriched with new words. Political linguistics is also included, and the rising line of political discourse during World War I can serve as an example.

Reply to Critics

Reply to Critics

Donbass at limbo: self-proclaimed republics in the inter-war period (2014–2021)

In order to better understand the new phase of the war in and around Donbass that started in February 2022, the article suggests looking back at the “interwar” period in the region. This period is analyzed through the prism of a combination of three interpretations of the conflict – as an irredentist movement to join the “historical homeland” which the region had been “separated from”, as a civil conflict for a different (multiethnic, multilingual, more decentralized) Ukraine, better disposed towards the aspirations of the people of Donbass, and as an international geopolitical confrontation between Russia and the West. All three interpretations are seen as valid. In 2014–2022, self-proclaimed republics (the DNR and the LNR) went through the stages of their formation in the context of a historical cataclysm, early postconflict development when their economic and social life was still oriented towards Ukraine, the cut-off stage resulting from a strict economic blockade by Kiev, and the concluding period of creeping integration into Russia. The article specifically addresses the limbo phase that lasted from 2016 to early 2022. While this phase brought a greater level of security that allowed life in the DNR and the LNR to go on, security was brittle and prone to significant disruption. However, in both security and socio-political terms, the worst was the sense of a lack of clarity about the entities’ future, with three scenarios circulated by politicians at once: return to Ukraine on the basis of the Minsk agreements, joining Russia, and building up their own “statehood”. The Minsk Agreements that were initially viewed positively, as they reduced the level of hostilities, progressively lost their value. Special status was not what the war had been fought for and it remained an amorphous and abstract idea, which the years that passed since failed to fill with practical content. Balancing on the verge of renewal of hostilities necessitated the resources that the two republics did not have, which locked them into dependency on the Russian government. While the republics survived as self-governing entities with a political and cultural proximity to Russia and established proto-state institutions, they also experienced governance deficit and economic decline. By the early 2020s, any illusions of the two republics’ independent agency evaporated. What started as a people’s rebellion, when the region asserted its right to make choices and act upon them, came to the situation that their future was to be determined elsewhere. This future seemed to clear up since Russia’s formal recognition of the DNR and the LNR and the start of Russian military operation in Ukraine in 2022, but its contours lie beyond the article’s scope.

INFLUENCE OF EXTRALINGUISTIC FACTORS ON THE QUALITY OF TRANSLATION OF THE TERMINOLOGY OF ENGLISH TEXTS OF PUBLIC AND POLITICAL TOPICS INTO THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

This article has established that the analysis of the linguistic units of the English and Ukrainian languages at the extralinguistic level from the point of view of their semantic structure and cultural significance is of the greatest interest in terms of comparison and translation. Within the framework of the study, the authors identified extralinguistic aspects, translation means and methods of transferring information, which the translator uses when working with a sociopolitical text. In the course of the study, it was established that the peculiarity of socio-political translation is to convey and show the means of transmission of information, which the translator uses in a socio-political text, in which not a simple transmission is highlighted or which is not considered from the point of view of its aesthetic values, and where the axiological aspect of its content is revealed. After all, the success of a text is determined by how effectively language means of influence are used in translation and how an advanced text meets the norms of mass communication adopted in another language community. The authors concluded that any translation focused on conveying only the content of a socio-political text and ignoring the need to ensure its cultural adaptation, in principle, cannot be recognized as adequate. Summing up, we will indicate that when translating socio-political terms, it is necessary to use certain techniques. By means of analysis, the authors revealed that the main translation transformations for high-quality translation of socio-political terms are: tracing, transliteration and transcription, descriptive translation, functional replacement.

Sources of difficulties and selection of strategies in translation of socio-political terms

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the most common difficulties faced by students in translating socio-political terminological units from English and Ukrainian and the strategies they choose to overcome these difficulties. To achieve this goal, two lists of terminological units had been compiled in English and Ukrainian. The total number of units per a testee was one hundred and fifteen words and word combinations in each language. The testees were third and fourth year students of the School of Foreign Languages at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, who had mastered specialized courses in the socio-political field of translation during several semesters, and therefore had gained some experience in translating the relevant terminology. They were asked to translate the above mentioned terms within seventy minutes. Then their translations were analyzed: the types of difficulties that caused errors were identified and systematized. The analysis of erroneous answers showed that most errors were caused by: unjustified word-for-word translation, which was caused by faulty selection of a translation equivalent; interlingual and intralinguistic interference; semantic modification; structural complexity; low frequency of the terminological unit and lack of subject knowledge. The sources of difficulties that students have in translating socio-political terminology, and the strategies they choose to overcome them, are generally the same as in other fields of translation. These sources and strategies should be considered in designing training courses for future translators.

«ҚАЗАҚ» (1913-1918) ГАЗЕТІНДЕГІ ЭКОНОМИКАЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ ҚОҒАМДЫҚ-САЯСИ СӨЗДЕРДІҢ ҚОЛДАНЫСЫ

The article shows that the origins of most doublets of the economic and socio-political vocabulary of the language can be found in the works of the intelligentsia of the early twentieth century, as well as in the texts of the newspaper Kazakh. However, in the newspaper Kazakh of the early twentieth century there are no terms related to macroeconomics, microeconomics, economic theory, such as economic choice, opportunity costs, motivation of economic choice, marginal costs, variable costs, normative economics, positive economics, etc. It is difficult to say that the terms of economic theories are found even in the articles of A. Bokeikhanov, written for acquaintance with famous people from different countries. However, some words, as well as borrowed words with economic meaning and related to economic activity, are found in texts, in newspaper strips, messages devoted to the social and political life of the people of that period. Therefore, socio-political words sometimes had economic meanings. And the Arabic-Persian words used in the newspaper Kazakh mean that they are one of the prerequisites for the appearance of lexical, phonetic doublets, variable uses in the modern language, including in the ranks of economic terms. The written models of borrowed economic and other words of the early twentieth century differed from the written models of the modern language. Therefore, in order to clearly see the differences in writing, the spelling models of that time were partially preserved in the examples given. Thus, it is possible to compare the linguistic facts of that period, i.e. the beginning of the twentieth century and the present in economic and socio-political terms.

Research, Clinical, and Sociological Aspects of Autism.

The concept of autism continues to evolve. Not only have the central diagnostic criteria that define autism evolved but understanding of the label and how autism is viewed in research, clinical and sociological terms has also changed. Several key issues have emerged in relation to research, clinical and sociological aspects of autism. Shifts in research focus to encompass the massive heterogeneity covered under the label and appreciation that autism rarely exists in a diagnostic vacuum have brought about new questions and challenges. Diagnostic changes, increasing moves towards early diagnosis and intervention, and a greater appreciation of autism in girls and women and into adulthood and old age have similarly impacted on autism in the clinic. Discussions about autism in socio-political terms have also increased, as exemplified by the rise of ideas such as neurodiversity and an increasingly vocal dialogue with those diagnosed on the autism spectrum. Such changes are to be welcomed, but at the same time bring with them new challenges. Those changes also offer an insight into what might be further to come for the label of autism.

A comparative critical metaphor analysis on the concept of democracy in Turkish and American English

Abstract This corpus-based study concentrates on the metaphorical conceptualizations of the concept of ‘democracy’ in Turkish and American English to find out how this socio-political term is conceptually represented in the minds of Turkish and American speakers. The database consists of 4000 concordance lines that were extracted from four different corpora: TNCv3.0, TS Columns, COCA, and NOW. Critical Metaphor Analysis (Charteris-Black, 2004) and MIP (Pragglejaz, 2007) were employed in the identification, explanation and interpretation of metaphors. Findings indicate various linguistic metaphors that can be grouped under several source domain categories including physical object, conflict and living organism as the most frequent ones. The most widespread metaphor in Turkish is democracy is a destination, whereas it is democracy is war in American English, embodying two different worldviews. The study proposes that the way the concept of democracy is composed has a role in manipulating people’s perception of the type of a democracy they are ruled by.

Main methods of Russian-Yakut translation of legal terms (based on the material of Russian-Yakut legal dictionary by B. N. Alekseev, V. N. Nikonov)

The subject of this article is the methods of terminographical translation of legal terminology of the Sakha language employed in the Russian-Yakut legal dictionary. The goal of this work consists in determination of peculiarities of legal terminological lexicon and ways of conveying it to Yakut language. Terminographical analysis of the dictionary demonstrated that there is no strict rule for selecting the framework legal terms and terminological phrases. For example, the legal status of some commonly used words is questionable; the so-called “non-terminological” parts of speech manifest as the head term, and the form of feminine gender is presented excessively, which the authors propose on the equal basis with the form of masculine gender. This article is first to conduct a detailed analysis of instances of application of Russian-Yakut translation techniques of legal terms, such as equivalent, alternative translation, calquing, transliteration, as well as descriptive, situational and other translation methods. The article is based on the inductive-deductive method and method of selective sampling for terminographical analysis of translations of translation of legal terms and terminological phrases. The results terminographical analysis of the Russian-Yakut translation of legal allow concluding on the need for comprising the more extensive Russian-Yakut dictionaries of legal and sociopolitical terms.