Salmonella Research Articles

Pathogenetic characteristics of infectious diarrhea in Yantai City, Shandong Province, 2018-2019.

Analysis of the pathogenic spectrum, epidemiological characteristics and molecular epidemiological features of important pathogens of infectious diarrhea in Yantai City, Shandong Province, 2018-2019, were analyzed to provide a reference basis for the prevention and control of infectious diarrhea. A total of 1514 stool specimens were collected within 3 days of the onset of diarrhea in secondary or higher hospitals in Yantai from 2018-2019, and all specimens were tested for the presence of seven major viruses and three major bacteria by employing reverse transcription ploymeraer chain reaction (RT-PCR). Population and seasonal analyses were also performed on positive samples for infectious diarrhea. The top two ranked rotavirus and norovirus were focused on genotyping and analysis of geographical distribution. The study showed that the high prevalence of infectious diarrhea in Yantai, Shandong Province, for two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019 was in young children aged 1-5 years, accounting for 48.6% of the total number of cases. Viral diarrhea was distributed throughout the year with no obvious seasonal distribution, while bacterial diarrhea was predominant in summer. Of 1514 stool specimens, the total positive rate of specimens was 43.92% (665/1514). One pathogen was detected in 507 specimens, two pathogens in 107 specimens, and three pathogens in 44 specimens, with mixed infections accounting for 22.71% of positive specimens (151/665). Viral diarrheal pathogens accounted for 93.23% (620/665) of positive samples. The percentages of positive samples for Rotavirus (RV), Norovirus GI, Norovirus GII, Enterovirus universal (EV), Enteroadenovirus (EAdV), Sapovirus (SaV), Astrovirus (Astv), Salmonella (SE), Listeria monocytogenes (LiMo), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) were 48.57%, 3.61%, 15.34%, and 10.68% of the total positive samples. This study analyzed in detail the composition of infectious diarrhea pathogen spectrum, pathogen alternation pattern, seasonal distribution and population distribution of pathogens in Yantai City, Shandong Province, 2018-2019, to provide a basis for improving relevant local preventive measures and reducing the disease burden.

Aetiological Characteristics of Infectious Diarrhea in Yantai City, Shandong Province, China in 2017

This study aimed to analyse the pathogenic spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of infectious diarrhea in Yantai City, Shandong Province, China and provide a reference for its prevention and control. A total of 713 stool specimens collected within 3 days of diarrhea onset from January to December 2017 at secondary or higher hospitals in Yantai City were tested for 10 causative pathogens, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The top two rotaviruses and norovirus were analysed for typing and geographical distribution. The total positive rate was 46.56% (332/713), and 268 of 713 specimens contained at least one pathogen; 64 had at least two pathogens, accounting for 19.28% of the positive specimens (64/332). The positivity rates of rotavirus (RV), norovirus (NoVs) GI, norovirus (NoVs) GII, enterovirus universal (EV), enteric adenoviruses (EAdV), sapovirus (SaV), astrovirus (Astv), Salmonella (SE), Listeria monocytogenes (LiMo), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) were 20.06% (143/713), 1.82% (13/713), 12.84% (89/713), 10.66% (76/713), 4.07% (29/713), 0.42% (3/713), 2.38% (17/713), 1.54% (11/713), 1.82% (13/713), and 1.54% (11/713), respectively. Infectious diarrhea showed a high prevalence in young children aged 1-5 years, accounting for 48.6% of the total number of cases. Bacterial diarrhea was predominant in summer, and viral diarrhea was distributed throughout the year, without a significant seasonal pattern. Rotavirus is dominated by G9P, accounting for 81.82%, while norovirus is dominated by the GII type and has diverse characteristics. The aetiology of infectious diarrhea in Yantai is mainly viral, with RV, NoVs, EV, EAdV, and Astv being the most frequent pathogens. Continuous surveillance of infectious diarrhea diseases can help us understand its epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics, thereby taking targeted preventive and control measures in different seasons.

Investigation of the anti-bacterial properties of mangrove fern, Acrostichum aureum in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Mangroves render several ecosystem services globally, one of which is pharmacological products. This study was done to verify whether Acrostichum aureum, a species of mangrove, common in the Niger Delta has anti-bacterial property. Several leaf samples were plucked from the trees at Eagle Island and placed in a cooler and sent to the lab for further analysis. The leaves were dried and ground into fine powder with manual grinding machine and 100 g of the powdered sample was measured and placed in 1000 ml of each of the extraction solvents (hot water and methanol). Five different concentrations (32.25 mg/ml, 65.5 mg/ml, 125 mg/l, 250 mg/l and 500 mg/l) were made from each of the extracts using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Furthermore, bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were isolated and a stock of each sample was made in agar slant and stored in the refrigerator at 4°C. Mueller Hinton Sensitivity Agar (MHA) medium was prepared in agar and triplicate discs of each of the concentrations made from the two extracts were placed on the medium (MHA). The zone of inhibition in diameter in all plates was measured and analyzed statistically using R statistics. The result revealed that there is a significant difference in the growth of the microbes on the different concentrations of A. aureum (F4, 100 = 4.02, P = 0.01). A. aureum had higher effect on E. coli and S. aureus. Similarly, the higher the concentrations of the extracts the more effective it is in controlling the bacteria. Finally, the study revealed that A. aureum has antibacterial properties that can be employed in drug production to treat common diseases prevalent in the region. Key words: Antibiotics, bacteria, Niger Delta, mangrove, microbial species, medicinal products.

Evaluation of the anti-microbial efficiency of scrap metal-based coagulant and local salt modified-biomaterials for point-of-use water treatment

The anti-microbial efficiency of a composite material formulated from a scrap metal-based (iron (III) sulphate) coagulant and indigenous salt (NaCl) activated biomaterials (coconut shell carbon and counter wood) were evaluated by using the composite materials as coagulant and disinfectant adsorbent by treating borehole water and river samples at point-of-use. The results of the microbial analysis of the untreated and treated ABW, FBW, ERWA, and EBRW samples revealed a 75, 75, 80, and 66.6% bacteria genera removal was obtained during rainy season while there was 100, 66.6, 80, and 100% bacteria genera removal during rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Over 500 isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas species, Salmonella species and Vibrio cholera; Pseudomonas spp., E. coli, Bacillus species and Salmonella spp.; Shigella species, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus species; E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. bacteria genera were identified each in the untreated ABW, FBW, ERWA and EBRW samples during the rainy season, while Bacillus spp. and Citrobacter freundi; Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli and Pseudomonas spp.; E. coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., K. pneumonia and Staphylococcus spp.; E. coli and E. faecium bacteria genera were identified during the dry season, respectively. After treatment, 3 and 2 genera of bacteria each were present in 48 and 9 isolates during rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The means of the aerobic bacteria count (ABC) during the two seasons showed no significant variations at p Eƒ 0.05 confidence limit. Key words: Anti-microbial activity, disinfection, coagulant, activated biomaterials.

Different Methods For Testing The Microbial Effects Of Camel's Milk Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria

Overuse of antibiotics is causing some bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics, in addition to their price hikes. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of camel milk as a safe natural product to overcome the pathogens caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi and to test their effect on them by several ways, in vivo, in vitro, and in histology. In addition to the use of an electron microscope, 48 rats were used and they were divided into eight groups, the first group was considered a negative control. For two consecutive weeks, the second group gets the milk. And by intraperitoneal injection of E. coli and S. aureus group 3 and 4, respectively. Group 5 supplemented the infection by oral administration of Salmonella typhi The sixth, seventh and eighth groups were supplemented with camel milk for two consecutive weeks, then intraperitoneal injection of either E. coli or S. aureus and Salmonella typhi bacteria by mouth, and the spleen was collected after 3 weeks to isolate the bacteria. The isolation rate of S. aureus, E coli, and Salmonella typhi was higher in rats in groups 3, 4, and 5 compared to groups 6, 7, and 8 and with milk diluents (10-100). By the agar diffusion method used to test for antibacterial efficacy, 80% dilution achieved the best result, and by using a transmission electron microscope to detect damage to the bacterial cell wall and disturbance in the cellular protein content. The results indicate that camel milk has an effect on the internal structure and cell wall also in the pathological anatomy. It was found that the pathogenic bacteria had fewer effects in the liver and kidneys in the groups treated with camel milk compared to the groups infected with bacteria only, and therefore we conclude that the camel milk Promising anti-bacterial properties.

Study on the antibacterial activity of dandelion leaf tea

In this paper, Shandong dandelion tea was selected as the research object. Its water-soluble and fat-soluble components were extracted by alcohol precipitation method and Soxhlet extraction method, respectively. Antibacterial effects were tested on four different types of strains including Staphylococcus aureus (S.A), Salmonella (SE), Escherichia coli (E. coil) and Candida albicans (CA) in vitro by coating and drilling method. Results showed that dandelion tea powder had certain bacteriostatic effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Candida albicans. Water-soluble components mainly had bacteriostatic effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Escherichia coli, and showed the strongest bacteriostatic effect on Staphylococcus aureus but nearly no bacteriostatic effect on Candida albicans. Fat-soluble components had obvious bacteriostatic effect on Candida albicans, but not on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING, VITAMIN ASSAY AND GCMS ANALYSIS OF CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF Azadirachta Indica (NEEM) LEAVE.

Azadirachta Indica (Neem) plays a pivotal role in various problems associated with human health. Azadirachta indica is a member of maliaceae family and every part of the Neem tree has some medicinal potential which makes it of great demand in our world today. The plant parts such as leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots and bark have been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation, fever, infection, dental disorder and skin diseases. The present study aims at identifying and characterizing the different bioactive compound from chloroform neem extract by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) in addition to the study of the antimicrobial potency as well as the vitamin content of neem leaves. Antimicrobial result revealed that chloroform extract of Azadirachta indica has a strong antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria strain (Salmonella spp, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogene). Result of vitamin content showed that the vitamin contents are in this order C > B1 > B2 > E. GC-MS analysis revealed presence of 32 compounds. Among the 32 compounds, the most predominate compounds are fatty acids, esters, oleic acid, hydrocarbons, alcohols, aromatics, alkamides, cyanides, steroids, halo compounds, pyrazine, isothiocyanate, thiocyanate, urea and unsaturated alkenamides, alkyne, indol and N-hydroxyimine.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF 2 - (PHENYL SULFONYL) AMINO PYRIDINE.

The synthesis of 2-(phenylsulfonyl)amino pyridine is reported. This was achieved by sulfonylation of 2-aminopyridine using benzenesulfonyl chloride in alkaline medium while employing water as solvent. The structure of the synthesized compound was elucidated using the Ultra Violet, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra data obtained. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized compound was tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi using agar well diffusion method to establish the inhibition zone diameter for these microbes. The result of inhibition zone diameter obtained showed that the synthesized compound inhibited the growth of the test organisms and so have potential as an antimicrobial agent

Recycling Sprout-Growing Mediums in Urban Areas as Compost and New Growing Mediums

Used sprout-growing mediums (SGMs) are nutrient-rich biomass characterised by high lignocellulosic content and low levels of natural biodegradability, producing waste, commonly in urban areas. Accumulation of used SGMs has caused severe environmental pollution in sprout production areas. To reduce waste volume at the source, this study proposed several methods for effectively reusing SGMs in urban areas: producing compost (M1), creating new mediums for growing sprouts (M2), and creating new mediums for growing hydroponic vegetables (M3). First M1, a mixture of used SGM, peanut stalks, urea fertiliser and BIMA microbial product (C: N ratio of 30: 1) was thermophilically composted for 63 d. Then, its chemical and biological properties were analysed. For M2, a mixture of sun-dried used SGM and mung bean sprout husks was crushed and then incubated with the BIMA microbial product for 21 d. For M3, the used SGM was mixed with lime powder and incubated for 7 d before being dried. The products obtained after treating the used SGM demonstrated almost neutral pH reactions (6.37 for M1; 6.31 for M2; 7.52 for M3 - a weakly alkaline reaction). The nutrient content of M1 demonstrated the most organic matter content (OM, 58.44 %), total nitrogen (T-N, 1.77 %), total phosphorus (T-P2O5, 1.62 %), and total potassium (T-K2O, 4.01 %) with a C: N ratio of 15. The M2 medium contained 58.70 % OM, 1.16 % T-N, 0.86 % T-P2O5, and 0.98 % T-K2O, with a C: N ratio of 23. The M3 medium included 72.07 % OM, 0.54 % T-N, 0.55 % T-P2O5, and 0.58 % T-K2O, with a C: N ratio of 63. The heavy metal content (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As) for all products was within the permitted limits. There were no pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella spp. found in any of the products. Based on the phytotoxicity test, M1 was confirmed to be mature, and M2 could be used to grow sprouts. Lettuce planted in M3 according to the hydroponic method was safe and of good quality. The SGM treatment methods evaluated are accessible and could be applied widely in sprout production locations, especially in urban areas.

Salmonella bacteremia and its disseminated infection should not be neglected

Salmonella bacteremia and its disseminated infection should not be neglected

Composting of Pineapple Residues and Food Waste: A Pilot-Scale Study

Spraying herbicide, followed by burning, is a common practice for clearing pineapple residues (leaves and stems) and preparing subsequent cultivation crops in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. This is an unsustainable agricultural practice that causes environmental pollution. In this study, pilot-scale pineapple residue composting was studied at Tan Phuoc district, Tien Giang province. Approximately 5.5 t of pineapple leaves and stems were mixed with 10 wt% food waste and 0.1 % v/w effective microorganisms. Chopped pineapple residues and food waste were distributed in layers in sequence and sprayed with the microorganism solution. Composting was carried out in a pyramid-shaped pile with a bottom diameter of approximately 5 m and a height of about 1.5 m. The composting temperatures were monitored daily using a digital thermometer. The composting mixture was withdrawn, mixed thoroughly and then re-distributed to the composting pile every 3 d. Composting was performed after 45 d when the composting pile temperature almost reached ambient temperature. The compost product was subjected to pH and mesophilic/thermophilic microorganism cell density measurements. Phytotoxicity tests were carried out, and other important parameters such as organic content, useful/harmful microorganisms and heavy metals were determined. Mesophilic and thermophilic microorganism densities were approximately 2 x 108 and 3.8 x 107 CFU/g. The compost pH was 7.3, and the organic matter content reached 32.3 wt%. Heavy metals and harmful microorganisms, such as E. coli and Salmonella, were also within Vietnamese standards. Root length and number of roots were 372.8 % and 22.6 % higher than controls; stem length and diameter were 137.5 mm and 15.1 mm, and were not significantly different from controls (p

S olanum aethiopicum Extract Used as Coagulant Affected Nutritional and Rheological Characteristics of Cheese

White cheeses made using extract from Solanum aethiopicum shum or calf rennet were compared for their microbiological, physicochemical, rheological, and sensory characteristics. Except Staphylococcus aureus which was higher in cheese manufactured with Solanum extract, the microbiological parameter values (coliforms, Lactobacillus spp, Listeria monocytogenes, yeasts/moulds, Escherichia coli, sulfito-reducer germs, Salmonella spp) were similar in all cheeses. In the same way, chemical parameter values (pH, ash, proteins, fats and sugar) were equivalent. Soluble nitrogen values were observed to be higher in the cheese made using Solanum extract than in the cheese made using calf rennet. The values for the non-protein nitrogen did not exhibit any difference according to the type of coagulant used. Textural profile showed different behaviour. However, cheese made with 1x Solanum (low quantity of extract) was close to calf rennet-based cheese. Such a trend was observed for the following parameters: cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness and adhesive strength. Cheese made with calf rennet was statistically harder than that made with Solanum extract. This hardness decreased with Solanum extract quantity. The values for sensory parameters did not show any difference between the 1x Solanum extract and calf rennet, excluding texture (hard, friability and soft). Therefore, the results suggest that Solanum extract might be used successfully to make cheese of acceptable nutritional quality.

Tıbbi Amaçlı Kullanılan Terminalia chebula ve Terminalia citrina Bitkilerinin Kurutulmuş Meyvelerinde Antiradikal, Antibakteriyel ve Mutajenik Aktivite Analizleri

Terminalia cinsi üyeleri Combretaceae familyasındandırlar. Cinse ait yaklaşık 250 tür bulunmaktadır. Bu türler içerisinde özellikle Terminalia chebula ve Terminalia citrina bazı hastalıkların önlenmesinde geleneksel olarak halk tıbbında kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’de bu bitkilerin kurutulmuş meyveleri sırasıyla kara ve sarı halile olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, aktarlarda yoğun olarak satılan ve halk tarafından çeşitli amaçlarla kullanılan T. chebula ve T. citrina bitkilerine ait kurutulmuş meyvelerde bazı biyoaktif bileşen içerikleri, antioksidan kapasite, antibakteriyel ve mutajenik aktiviteler analiz edilmiştir. Toplam fenolik madde içerikleri T. citrina’da 108.3, T. chebula’da 226.3 mg GAE/g değerlerinde, toplam flavanoid madde içerikleri ise T. chebula’da 40.7, T. citrina’da 55.9 mg QE/g değerlerinde tespit edilmiştir. Antioksidan aktivite analizleri üç farklı metoda göre (ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) ve FRAP (Demir iyonu indirgeyici antioksidan güç)) yapılmıştır. Her üç metoda göre de T. chebula örneklerinin
 T. citrina örneklerine göre daha yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. T. citrina ve T. chebula’nın metanol ekstraklarının test bakterilerine karşı oldukça iyi seviyede antibakteriyel etki gösterdiği, her iki ekstrakta karşı ise en duyarlı bakterinin Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kuru meyve ekstraktlarının farklı dört dozu (12.5, 25, 50 ve 100 µl/plak) mutajenite deneylerinde kullanılmıştır. TA 98 ve TA 100 suşları üzerine her iki örnek ekstraktının en yüksek dozları ile TA 100 suşu üzerinde denenen T. citrina ekstraktının 50 µl/plak dozları sitotoksik olarak tespit edilmiştir. T. chebula ve T. citrina ekstraktlarının Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 suşu üzerine etkisi her iki örneğin 50 µl/plak dozlarında çözücü kontrole göre istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur.

Isolation, Molecular Detection and Antibiogram of Multi-drug Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 from Selected Dairy Farms in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

The Salmonella typhimurium DT104, an emerging cause of human illness has received an increasing attention due to its multidrug resistant properties. Since it has been isolated from human and other sources including food-producing animals around the world; it has become a worldwide public health concern. Therefore, the present study was designed to isolate, identify and study the antibiogram profile of multidrug resistant S. typhimurium DT104 from several dairy farms in Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. A total of 135 fecal samples from diarrhoeic cattle were collected aseptically and subjected for bacterial isolation, molecular detection using PCR followed by antibiogram study. Salmonella spp. could be isolated from a total of 39 (28.88%) samples based on cultural and staining methods which were further confirmed by PCR using invA gene specific primers. However, out of 39 Salmonella spp., 6 isolates were confirmed as S. typhimurium DT104 strain. Results of the antibiotic resistance patterns demonstrated that 100% (39/39) isolates were resistant to erythromycin followed by tetracycline (73.68%), colistin (89.47%), ampicillin (47.36%), gentamicin (21.05%), ciprofloxacin (31.57%), streptomycin (42.10%), enrofloxacin (10.52%) and chlormphenicol (31.57%). Moreover, about 23.07% isolates were resistant to more than 5 antibiotics. However, all the isolates were found to be sensitive to amikacin. These results suggest that antibiotic resistant S. typhimurium DT104 strain has been circulating in dairy cattle in Bangladesh which is alarming and may impose threat to livestock and public health due to lack of proper hygienic management. This study will be helpful for the selection of proper antibiotics against salmonellosis in cattle.

Prevalence, Etiology and Risk Factors of Endometritis in Zebus Cattle Slaughtered at the Municipal Abattoir of Ngaoundere, Adamawa Region, Cameroon

Objective: Identification of pathogens and risk factors associated with bovine endometritis is helpful in treatment and management decisions. This study was aim to determine the prevalence, etiology and risk factors of endometritis at the Ngaoundere municipal abattoir. Specifically, it was a question of characterizing slaughtered cows, evaluating the prevalence of endometritis, determining the bacterial species involved in endometritis, determining the risk factors for endometritis and the correlated effect of risk factors on the bacterial species responsible for the endometritis. Methodology: Three hundred and forty-four non-pregnant zebus cows slaughtered at the abattoir of Ngaoundere were evaluated. They were characterized and their uteri were collected, cleaned and the diameters of the cervix and uterine horns were measured using an electronic caliper. The affected uteri were sampled to determine the bacterial species responsible for the endometritis. Results: Data analysis revealed a prevalence of 12.5% for endometritis (at 95% CI). The bacteria species: Citrobacter braakii, Actinomyces pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bulkhoderia cepacia, Provendencia stuartii and Salmonella spp with the following proportions: 41,86%; 20,93%; 11,62%; 9,30%; 4,65%; 4,65%; 2,32%; 2,32% and 2,32%, respectively, were recorded in the positive cows. The correlation between the risk factors and the bacterial species showed that; there is a direct relation between the season and Citrobacter braakii; the rainy season and Citrobacter braakii was found to have correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 1, respectively. Nevertheless, moderate correlation values were observed between the bacteria species and the BCS (body condition score); emaciated animals and bacteria species; the Red Fulani breed and Escherichia coli with correlation coefficients of 0.42; 0.44 and 0.43, respectively. Conclusion: Endometritis is present in the bovine population ofAdamawa, and the age of the animals was a principal risk factor, with the age group (5-9 years) being the highest risk group.

Elaboração e avaliação do iogurte de leite de cabra com geleias de abacaxi (Ananas comosus) e noni (Morinda citrifolia)

Objetivou-se elaborar iogurte de leite de cabra com adição das geleias de abacaxi (Ananas comosus) e noni (Morinda citrifolia) e avaliar os parâmetros físico-químico, microbiológico e sensorial do produto. Foram desenvolvidos cinco tratamentos do iogurte de leite de cabra com diferentes concentrações das geleias de abacaxi e noni (0, 0,5, 1,25, 2,5 e 5%). Nos tratamentos foram determinados a composição físico-química (umidade, cinzas, lactose, acidez, pH, gordura, proteína), microbiológicas (coliformes a 45ºC, mesófilos, psicrotróficos, salmonella spp., e staphylococcus coagulase positiva), e em relação as análises sensoriais, 20 (vinte) provadores treinados realizaram testes como: análise descritiva quantitativa (ADQ), teste de intenção de compra e aceitação. Não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entres os tratamentos para as variáveis físico-químicas, mostrando-se que os atributos pH, acidez titulável, gordura e proteína, assim como o perfil microbiológico encontravam-se dentro dos padrões vigentes pela legislação. Em relação a avaliação sensorial a amostra com 5% das geleias de abacaxi e noni, obteve uma boa aceitação pelos provadores. Conclui-se que o tratamento com 5% das geleias tem se destacado dos demais, caracterizando-se como um produto inovador para comercialização dos derivados lácteos de origem caprina.

Análise microbiológica do feijão caupi submetido a diferentes níveis de reposição hídrica com efluente doméstico tratado

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica do feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata) quando submetido a diferentes níveis de reposição hídrica em função da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) com três concentrações de efluente doméstico tratado. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos dispostos em Delineamento de Blocos Casualizados (DBC) em esquema fatorial 3 x 4. A cultura foi submetida a quatro níveis de reposição hídrica (75, 100, 125 e 150% da ETc) com três concentrações de efluente doméstico tratado (0, 50 e 100%), com quatro repetições. Para a concentração correspondente a 0% foi utilizada água de abastecimento urbano, enquanto que nas concentrações de 50 e 100%, o efluente foi coletado da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Foram avaliados: coliformes termotolerantes (NMP g-1) e Salmonella sp. Os resultados das amostras foram submetidos à análise de acordo com os parâmetros recomendados pela Resolução n° 12 de 02/01/2001 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA. Os resultados demonstraram a ausência de Samonella, bem como de microrganismos indicadores de contaminação fecal nos grãos de feijão caupi, independente do tratamento utilizado.

Produção de bolo com substituição parcial da farinha de trigo por pólen apícola produzido na Caatinga-Ceará-Brasil

O pólen apícola é um produto das abelhas que tem ganhado atenção pelas suas características nutricionais e funcionais. As características deste produto variam de acordo com fatores como à vegetação onde as colmeias de abelhas estão inseridas principalmente. Deste modo, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade nutricional do pólen da caatinga e aplicá-lo no desenvolvimento de bolos. Para tanto, as amostras de pólen foram colhidas de colmeias localizadas na caatinga passando pelas etapas de seleção da matéria prima, secagem em temperaturas de 40°C a 60 °C por 21 dias, catação de matérias estranhas e moagem. Na amostra de farinha produzida foram realizadas as análises de: umidade, proteínas, cinzas, lipídeos, fibras e carboidratos. Em seguida a farinha foi aplicada em formulações de bolo nas proporções de 0, 10, 20 e 30% de substituição da farinha de trigo. Após o preparo, as formulações foram submetidas à análises microbiológicas de Coliforme a 45 °C e Salmonella sp., e analisadas sensorialmente pelos pesquisadores. Ao final pôde-se concluir que a condição de secagem não foi suficiente para adequar o pólen à legislação. Percebeu-se também que o teor de lipídeos do pólen do Nordeste é superior ao registrado para o sul do país. Com relação a aplicação no preparo de bolos, pôde-se concluir que o enriquecimento interfere escurecendo o produto e tornando-o mais macio. Recomenda-se que em pesquisas posteriores seja realizada a análise sensorial afim de ratificar os fatores observados.

Multi‐country outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Anatum infections linked to Brazil nuts – 21 October 2020

Multi‐country outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Anatum infections linked to Brazil nuts – 21 October 2020

Avaliação da qualidade de polpas de maracujá congeladas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e as características físicas e químicas de polpas de maracujá congeladas comercializadas em dois supermercados da cidade de Machado/MG, com intuito de verificar a adequação do produto aos padrões estabelecidos pelas legislações vigentes. As seguintes análises foram realizadas: coliformes a 35oC, pesquisa de Salmonella spp., contagem de bolores e leveduras, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, sólidos totais, açúcares solúveis totais e cor (valor L*, ângulo hue e croma). Todas as polpas de maracujá analisadas apresentaram valores menores que 0,3 NMP.g-1 para coliformes a 35°C, ausência de Salmonella spp. em 25 g e contagem de bolores e leveduras menores que 5x10³ UFC.g-1, estando em conformidade aos padrões microbiológicos da ANVISA e do MAPA para polpa de frutas. As polpas de maracujá congeladas, comercializadas nos supermercados, apresentaram valores de pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis e sólidos totais dentro dos padrões de identidade e qualidade estabelecidos pela legislação vigente para polpa de maracujá. Os teores de açúcares solúveis totais das polpas de maracujá congeladas comercializadas nos supermercados A e B, foram de 4,69% e 3,79%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que as polpas de maracujá congeladas comercializadas em Machado/MG, encontram-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação vigente, indicando que as condições higiênico-sanitárias satisfatórias do produto não comprometerão a saúde e o bem-estar dos consumidores, e que os supermercados apresentaram boas condições de armazenamento e comercialização.