Russian Phraseological Units Research Articles

Phraseological Units as Means of Subjective-Evaluative Categorization on Scale ‘Confidence — Probability — Uncertainty — Approximation’

The question is raised about the possibility of a systematic description of Russian phraseological units as a means of expressing a more or less confident categorization of objects and situations. The results of definitional, component and contextual analysis of 300 phraseological units are presented. The author’s classification of phraseological units into 4 groups is proposed: “confident categorization”, “most probable categorization”, “uncertain, borderline categorization”, “most approximate / ‘empty’ categorization”. It has been established that in most cases phraseological units express the speaker’s complete confidence in the categorization and evaluation of any objects or situations. It is noted that this confidence is often associated with the signs of ‘true / false’, ‘important / unimportant’, ‘similar / unlike’, ‘good / bad’. It was revealed that a smaller part of phraseological units characterizes the cases of the most probable, borderline and most approximate categorization. In general, the analysis shows that phraseological units most often verbalize such signs of a situation as its truth or falsity, the possibility or impossibility of establishing the truth, trust or distrust of the person from whom some information comes, which indicates the special importance of “truth” in the Russian language picture of the world.

Variability of Russian phraseological units with personal names

The topic of variability is one of the most demanded in the field of phraseology, since the interrelation of variability and stability is the essential characteristic of phraseological expressions as reproducible language expressions. The relevance of the research is the need to study the trends of phraseological changes, including new approaches to systematizing these changes, which requires the development of methods and techniques of analyzing different types of variability. The aim is to analyze the phenomenon of phraseological variation on the material of phraseological units with anthroponyms, identify types of variation of anthroponyms as parts of phraseological units, describe the traditional and occasional nature of changes and determine the boundaries between variations and autonomous units. With the help of analytic-descriptive method, semantic analysis of dictionary definitions, contextual analysis and corpus method, the role of anthroponymic component in the semantics and structure of phraseological units and the significance of this component variation for changing phraseological units and defining them as variants or autonomous units are characterized. The usual and occasional nature of variation is shown. The following types of variation of the component-anthroponym are identified and examined in detail: variation of forms (onym or its forms); lexical variation (onym/onym; onym/appellative; no lexical variation of onym); syntactic variation. The first type is represented by phonetic, word-formation, morphological, structural variation of the units. Lexical variation is manifested, as a rule, in the substitution of assonant names, including names with gender inversion. Syntactic variation associated with quantitative changes in onyms leads to figurative and structural-semantic changes, modification of the unit, its convergence with phraseological schemes. The analysis of the impact of certain changes in the anthroponymic component on the semantic identity of phraseological units allows to determine the status of phraseological units as variants or autonomous units. The study shows that the anthroponym within phraseological units of different types is a representative component in describing the phenomenon of phraseological variation. In the future, the types of variation of the anthroponym identified may classify the types of Russian phraseological units variation, as well as identify the specificity of variation of phraseological units in other languages.

LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF PHRASEOLOGIES ON THE SYMBOLS OF EXCITEMENT IN THE UKRAINIAN AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES

The article reveals the national and cultural specificity of phraseological units for excitement in the Ukrainian and Russian languages. The purpose of this work is to determine the national and cultural features of Ukrainian and Russian phraseological units (PhU) for the designation of concern, excitement, worry, anxiety based on the specifics of customs, beliefs, and everyday life that are reflected in them. The object of the study is Ukrainian and Russian phraseological units for the designation of concern, excitement, worry, anxiety. The subject of the study is the presence / absence of nationally and culturally specific features of Ukrainians and Russians in the display of such PhUs. As a result of comparative analysis of the similarities and differences of the PhU of this phraseological microsystem in the Ukrainian and Russian languages, based on the structural-grammatical, semantic and functional features of the PhU in each of these languages, as well as the use of selection criteria and the appropriate method of researching the material, it was found that they are equivalent, close or similar and non-equivalent Ukrainian and Russian equivalents of phraseological units denoting concern, excitement, worry, anxiety. Conclusions are made about the presence of equivalent, non-equivalent phraseological units and analogous phraseological units in the Ukrainian and Russian phraseological systems.

Заимствования в составе фразеологических единиц островных российско-немецких говоров

The aim of the study is to determine the features of the formation and functioning of phraseological units containing borrowings from the Russian language in the dialects of the Russian Germans. The article analyses the use of direct borrowings as a part of phraseological units and also reveals the mechanism of calquing, in which the structure and semantics of the corresponding Russian phraseological units are conveyed by means of the German dialect. The scientific novelty lies in describing the features of phraseological units containing borrowings in their composition in insular Russian-German dialects. As a result, it has been proved that the most typical is the use of direct borrowings as separate components of phraseological units; borrowings can act as a basic element of a phraseological unit or a secondary element that clarifies the meaning of an idiom.

Cultural and historical conditions of modifications in Russian phraseological units with letter names

The article discusses causes, ways, and results of modifying Russian phraseological units with a letter-name component, which play a significant role in all written linguistic cultures. The relevance of the theme is proven by the sustained attention of linguists to the origin and functioning of phraseological units, the objective to comprehend the underlying processes of interacting between extralinguistic reality, including culture, and language structures, and by the social demand - the rise of interest of native Russian speakers in the national essence and history of the alphabet. The study aims at identifying causes for modification of Russian phraseological units with letter-name components, demonstrating the central role of cultural and historical factor in the modification process, analyzing modification ways and results. The material of the study includes dictionaries and text corpora, along with the authors’ own collection of examples from spontaneous speech in Russian films and digital media. Descriptive and historical-etymological methods, contextual, semantic and structural analysis, and the method of double application were used in the research. The paper argues that the main historical and cultural causes of modifications of phraseological units in question include spelling reforms, progressive methods of teaching reading and writing, language contacts of Russian speakers with people using other writing systems, changes in cultural and ideological priorities, influential works of art. The main way of modification - lexical change of the old letter name to the contemporary one - concedes to more creative ways not only in the sphere of occasional creation of phraseological units, as before, but also in common usage. As a result of this modification, former international models of phraseological units develop national features.

Innovative lexicographic discourse: educational representation of phraseology

The article presents an innovative authors’ approach to representing Russian phraseology in a dictionary for schoolchildren. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to improve educational lexicographic technologies in connection with the increasing role of the dictionary as a means of teaching languages and a motivation for language learning. The purpose of the study is to reveal the linguodidactic potential of innovative educational lexicographic discourse in the detective genre. The topic is revealed on the material of the author’s phraseological dictionaries developed in this genre by experimental laboratory of educational lexicography at Pskov University, which have no analogues in the domestic phraseographic practice. The dictionary materials are based on the method of parametric lexicographic modeling. Special attention is paid to developing the etymological parameter by the method of parametric etymological paraphrasing. The method is based on the chosen model of etymologization depending in the method of phraseme formation. The linguodidactic potential of innovative lexicographic discourse is revealed by the descriptive method (techniques of systematization and interpretation). Fragments of dictionary entries illustrating the main provisions of the concept are given. The revealed possibilities and mechanisms of combining the parametres of educational and artistic discourse in the entries of phraseological dictionary for the junior school student are shown. The new models of etymologization, linguoculturological commenting and representating functional and pragmatic features of Russian phraseological units within the educational lexicographic discourse of the detective genre are presented. It is proved that the innovative lexicographic discourse organized in this way allows to effectively solve the problem of multidimensional educational representation of phraseology, and also supports the process of teaching schoolchildren genres of speech. The authors outline the possibilities of using the presented lexicographic technology of designing interactive educational dictionaries on paremiological and lexical material.

French Phraseological Units Numerological Component

Annotation: Components in the phraseological units of the French language. A comparative analysis of French and Russian phraseological units with a numerological component from zero to nine, the results of which are presented in the article, makes it possible to judge the similarities and differences in the cultural connotation of numbers. Keywords: Phraseological units; numerological component; French; Intercultural connotation.

Positive Character Traits in Zoonymic Phraseology (Macedonian-Russian parallels)

: Anthropocentrically directed phraseological units, as a kind of core of the phraseological fund of any language, are always an interesting object for linguistic research. This paper will consider Macedonian and Russian phraseological units that have a zoonymic component in their composition and are used to denote positive traits of a person’s character (meekness, fidelity, diligence, courage).

Aspectuality and Variability of Verbal Phraseological Units in Russian Language and Speech

The article deals with the problems of classification of verb phraseological units and their variants in the Russian language. Formalized criteria for the differentiation of phraseological variants depending on their syntactic and derivational structure are presented on the example of Russian verbal phraseological units. The criteria are based on the grammatical features of verbs, which are the core component of phraseological units, such as aspect and phase, taking into account the theoretical provisions of modern Slavic aspectology on the correlation and derivation of verbs. The work was done at the intersection of phraseology and aspectology, its results have both theoretical and practical significance, in particular, for clarifying the lexicographic description of Russian verbal phraseological units. More than 4,000 verbal phraseological units and more than 10,000 actual contexts in which these phraseological units and their variants are used served as the material for the analysis. The authors proposed criteria for distinguishing phraseological variants (grammatical, lexico-grammatical and lexical) and phraseological synonyms based on the morphological features of verbs (the semantics of aspect and phase), lexical composition and syntactic structure of phraseological units. The phase valence and “creative potential” of verbal phraseological units are shown, which serves as a potential source of replenishment of the phraseological fund of the Russian language.

LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF RUSSIAN AND CHINESE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH PRAGMATONYMS

The article describes Russian and Chinese phraseological units with key words — pragmatonyms — in linguocultural and applied aspects. The purpose of this work is to determine the mental national and cultural specificity of Russian and Chinese phraseological semiosis. This is based on the specifics of folk life, which the identified equivalent, background and non-equivalent phraseological units reflect. The key words of these phraseological units are the pragmatonyms of several LSG, naming food, clothing and footwear, household items: dishes, household utensils, household tools, haberdashery. Object of research is the Russian and Chinese phraseological units with Key words-pragmatonyms. Subject of study is reflection of Russian and Chinese national and cultural specifics through the prism of primordial pragmatonyms in the composition of folk phraseology. As a result of the study, it was concluded that pragmatonyms that become Key words in phraseological units, as a rule, symbolize a variety of values: social, spiritual, personal, religious, moral, and others. Among the analyzed phraseological units of the Russian and Chinese languages there is a small group of correlate phrases (equivalent phraseological units); much more often Russian and Chinese phraseological units similar in meaning have different lexical content, being background phrases (divergent phrases); a significant place is occupied by non-equivalent phraseological units, the selection of analogues for which in the compared language (for Russian phraseological units — in Chinese, for Chinese — in Russian) is difficult.

Lexeme Fear In Polish And Russian Phraseological Units, Proverbs And Sayings

In the article we analyze the lexeme fear from the point of view of linguistics.The lexeme fear refers to a group of words that come from a common ancestor, but are now used in many Slavic languages, for example: Polish, Russian, Czech. This word has a common etymology in both Polish and Russian.First of all, we study the meaning of phraseological units containing the word fear in Polish and Russian. From the research material, which includes Polish and Russian proverbs and sayings, we are trying to highlight the same and different meanings of the lexeme fear. An analysis of this type allows us to determine how the meaning of the word fear has changed in Polish and Russian.

Semantic compatibility of phraseological units: accompanying words and satellite words

The article describes the semantic collocability of Russian phraseological units. The main indicators of the combinability of phraseological units have been studied. The different views of linguists on idiom collocability are valence. Phraseologism does not exist without an environment, isolated, therefore, in the limit of inaccuracies, it is necessary to delimit the words included in the phraseological unit from those that go beyond its scope and environment. Accompanying words included in the obligatory environment of a phraseological unit clarify its semantics and combined properties, and satellite words are also present in the environment of a phraseological unit, but already more distant from it, optional, the scope of the Russian language and are once again found on various compatibility possibilities subject to it. Accompanying phraseological units that are closer in terms of identification, they can be called "comrades", assistants in the implementation of the meanings of phraseological units. Companion words are more distant from phraseological units than accompanying words, words of the environment, which, when used with separate phraseological units, reveal our semantics to a greater extent. The author found out that with the development of polysemy and abstractness of the semantics of accompanying words, their gradual convergence with the components and blurring of the boundaries between phraseological units can occur. Sometimes a satellite word can become a constant companion of a phraseological unit and, as a result, move into the category of accompanying words. Accompanying words and satellite words are a necessary part of a phraseological unit and a dictionary entry of a modern phraseological dictionary of any type. Both traditional and educational dictionaries should not only offer an explanation of the meaning of an unknown word or expression, but also show how to use it correctly in speech. As the title implies the article describes.

Russian Sign Language: Main Problems of Vocabulary Study

The article gives a brief description of the world’s sign languages, i.e., of their features, genealogy, and status. It also considers possible approaches to studying the vocabulary of Russian sign language (RSL). Particular attention is paid to signs, which are currently of great interest to researchers, native speakers, and students learning RSL as a second language. Furthermore, they cause serious difficulties in translating them into other languages. In many cases, sign lexemes of RSL can be translated using Russian phraseological units. In different periods, various terms have been introduced to denote such sign lexemes: from idioms to non-equivalent vocabulary, multichannel signs, and language-specific vocabulary. The article analyzes the studies on this issue, starting with the works of G.L. Zaitseva from the 1990s to the present, as well as the classification of the vocabulary of sign languages by Russian and foreign specialists, including those used in cognitive linguistics. T. Johnson and L. Ferrara described the nature of some lexical signs as idiomatic and considered the concept of lexico-grammatical continuum and idiomaticity as the two properties of all sign languages. Here the features of RSL vocabulary are analyzed, examples of non-equivalent vocabulary are given, and it is proposed to consider RSL idioms as indivisible and integral combinations of two or more signs that perform the function of a single lexeme.

КОНТЕКСТ КАК СРЕДСТВО АКТУАЛИЗАЦИИ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ С ИМПЛИЦИТНО И ЭКСПЛИЦИТНО ВЫРАЖЕННЫМ МИЛИТАРНЫМ КОМПОНЕНТОМ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ НЕМЕЦКОГО И РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ)

The growing interest in the study of phraseological units (hereinafter - PhU) in the pragmatic aspect is due to their widespread use in speech. German and Russian phraseological units with a military component represent a special subsystem of the language, the source of which is military-political relations, military affairs, events of military history. Within the framework of the considered array of PhU with a military component, two subgroups were identified - PhU with an explicitly and implicitly represented military component. The article examines the linguistic context in which PhU is used, and applies the method of contextual analysis to identify linguistic units-actualisators. Studying the context of the phraseological units with an explicit and implicit military component in Russian and German, namely intra-textual actualisators of the PhU meaning, allows concluding that the context largely determines the choice of one or another PhU, revealing and implementing its semantics.

Russian and Lithuanian Phraseological Units with Component береза / beržas: Linguocultural and Ethnolinguistic Aspects

The present article deals with the problem of distinguishing between two types of analysis – linguocultural and ethnolinguistic, which can be cleared up by a contrastive study of Russian and Lithuanian phraseological units containing the name of a tree Russ. berjoza ‘birch’ (Lithuan. beržas). This linguocultural analysis emphasized considerable differences in the cultural and symbolic meanings of Russ. berjoza ‘birch’ and Lithuan. beržas. In the Russian linguistic picture of the world, a birch is generally seen as a light, positive tree associated with youth and beauty that is endowed with many positive qualities, while in the Lithuanian linguistic picture of the world, beržas is a useless tree. Еhe opposite features are also noted in both Russian berjoza and Lithuanian beržas. The ethnolinguistic aspect analyzed according to some of the more important parameters showed that the characteristics of the tree reflected in phraseology are often rooted in ancient concepts which are largely common to both peoples. The ethnolinguistic study that referred to the ancient ideas of the two ethnic groups reveals not only their differences, but also their strong similarity (the connection of the tree with the idea of the generations, death, with the chthonic world, and protective functions of a tree, etc.).

Kilka uwag o antropocentryzmie i dydaktyzmie jako wykładnikach relacji homo–animal (na podstawie polskich i rosyjskich frazeologizmów z nazwami wybranych zwierząt gospodarskich)

The aim of the article is to show the relationship between the homo and animal spheres. The research material consists of Polish and Russian phraseological units in a broad sense (idioms, comparisons and proverbs) with zoonyms being the names of farm animals. The main emphasis was placed on the inherent – in faunal phraseology – and the closely related features of anthropocentrism and didacticism. Tracing the relationship between humans and animals clearly indicates the pejorativization of the linguistic image of fauna by a man. People like to use animal portraits to speak of the dark sides of their own world. Ascribing disabilities to representatives of fauna at the same time exposes the value of everything that is human. Parallel however, there is a phenomenon of hyperbolization of the negative portrait of a man who tries to subjugate living creatures from outside his species, guided by heartlessness, greed and selfishness. The lack of morality or culture cannot be considered animal traits, since higher feelings are characteristic of homo sapiens and constitute the foundation that distinguishes humans from the fauna world. Animals only fight for food, domination, and take care of the young. Their behavior is not due to ill will, lack of morals or culture. In the behavior of animals, their nature prevails and their innate instincts ensure their survival. Animals are not uncultivated and immoral, it is only a man who thinks of them in this way, involuntarily projecting his own world onto the animal world. There is a human interpretation of the world in animalistic phraseological units.

Modern everyday realities in neo-phraseological locutions

This article examines the ability of the language to include new everyday realities in neologisms, namely in recently formed phraseological locutions in the German language. The Russian phraseological units (primarily idioms) are involved for comparative purposes. It is demonstrated that the process of creating phraseological units is not left far back in the past, but remains to the present day. The article considers one of the aspects of figurative reflection of reality by means of phraseological neologisms that emerged in the XIX and XX centuries. Phraseological locutions, and idioms in particular, which designate everyday realities, incorporate valuable information on the historical and cultural life of the country of the studied language. The conclusion is made on the degree of reflection of everyday realities in phraseology, as well as on possibility of using phraseology for reconstruction of representations on the life of people of a particular generation. Most of the time, neo-phraseological locutions occur in the language through the metaphor based on figurative reinterpretation of the phenomenon, or relevant situation. Restoration of the resemblance of situation may contribute to using phraseology for reconstructing the representations on the life of people of a particular generation. However, restoration of the image of the past is not always accurate. The emergence of certain phraseological units correlates with a particular historical situation or event.

ROLE OF LEXEM OF TURKISH ORIGIN WITH THE SIGNIFICANCE OF «THE SPHERE OF TRADE» IN THE RUSSIAN LEXICAL AND PHRASEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

This article examines the structural and semantic features of the lexical and phraseological etymological fields of the Russian language, formed on the basis of lexemes-turcisms denoting the sphere of trade. In the structure of the lexical and phraseological etymological fields under consideration, the nucleus, perinuclear and peripheral zones were identified. Semantic analysis of the lexical etymological field «the sphere of trade» made it possible to identify semantic microfields in its composition. In addition, the role of lexemes of Turkish origin with the meaning «trade sphere» in the Russian vocabulary and phraseology is revealed. In addition, the role of Turkish-language components with the meaning «sphere of trade» in the composition of Russian phraseological units is identified and described: most of them are used to form the internal form of phraseological units and thus participate in the motivation of the general phraseological meaning, their smaller part forms the actual form of phraseological units without participation in motivation of general phraseological meaning.

Individual author’s phraseology in I. S. Turgenev’s novel "Home of the Gentry" ("Dvoryanskoe gnezdo")

The paper focuses on a variety of methods used by I. S. Turgenev to transform the phraseological units (PU) in his novel "Home of the Gentry" ("Dvoryanskoe gnezdo"). It is noted that it is those phraseological unities which in the language system display variation that are, as a rule, subject to transformations in the novel. Continuous sampling was employed to detect and analyse the individual author’s phraseological units while studying the text of the novel. Additionally, the common and occasional variants of such phraseological units were compared by means of referring to dictionaries. The paper highlights the mechanism of the author’s transformation of Russian phraseological units, i. e. shows the peculiarities of building occasional phraseological semantics in the text. Moreover, word-forming and morphological modifications of the common variants of phraseological units, the syntagmatic peculiarities of individual author’s idioms are described. The study investigates the role of occasional phraseologisation in the semantic space of the novel and comprehensively defines the structural-semantic and expressive-stylistic characteristics of occasional phraseological units.

Phraseological units with names of clothes in english, german and russian

The article deals with the comparative analysis of the English, German and Russian phraseological units with the component “clothes”, namely the names of accessories, garments, items of clothing and shoes. The relevance of research is defined by the interest to interaction between different languages and the process of cross-cultural communication in the modern world. A deep study of set expressions helps to learn the unique system of language that is characteristic of its native speakers. The study of phraseological units with the names of clothing opens opportunities for understanding the traditional, material and spiritual culture of a nation. The aim of the study was to compare phraseological units with the component “clothes” of three languages: English, German and Russian and carry out the quantitative analysis of these units. The authors used such methods as descriptive, comparative, interpretative, continuous sampling method and statistical method. The object of the study is different types of phraseological units, including proverbs and sayings, with the names of clothes belonging to five thematic groups: “garments”, “clothing items”, “clothing materials”, “accessories” and “shoes”. The study revealed that the biggest thematic groups of phraseological units are those with the names of pieces of clothing and accessories.