Russian Equivalents Research Articles

Problematyka przekładu gier planszowych na przykładzie tłumaczenia wybranych nazw własnych w grze Everdell na język polski i rosyjski

THE PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING BOARD GAMES AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE TRANSLATION OF SELECTED PROPER NAMES IN THE GAME EVERDELL INTO POLISH AND RUSSIAN The main aim of this paper is to analyse the Polish and Russian translations of selected proper names from the board game Everdell and its expansions, issued by Starling Games in 2018-2020. The author focuses on the theory of translating (transcreating) board game as a multimodal text and potential translation issues, as well as on the translator’s competences. The analytic part of this work consists of seven selected proper names translated into Polish by Monika Żabicka and into Russian by Daniil Yakovenko, Evgeniia Nekrasova and Stanislav Zagorodnyi: Everdell, Ever Tree, Corrin Evertail, Fynn Nobletail, Poe, Prophet Foresight and Pristine Chapel. The author shows their etymological, historical, and cultural background presented in the source language and then discusses their Polish and Russian equivalents and strategies chosen by the translators. As a result, we can see that the proper names in the Polish version are mostly adapted and relate to the Polish culture and history, whereas in Russian language version most of the proper names are not translated, just transcribed.

The term «neo-mythology» in the foreign humanities discourse of the XX-XXI centuries: the specifics of its existence

The article is devoted to the specifics of existence of the term «neo-mythology» in the foreign humanities discourse of the XX-XXI centuries. The foreign texts, which contain the term «neo-mythology» as a key word, have become the focus of research for this article. The genesis and semantics of the idea of «neo-mythology» in foreign research papers are the subject matter of the research. The origin matters of the term «neo-mythology» in the Italian cinema of the 1950s-1960s are overviewed in detail. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the main tendencies of the development of the notion «neo-mythology». Russian and foreign researches touching upon contemporary mythology differ both in the content and in the usage of the term «neo-mythology» crucially. The following research was inspired by the necessity to find the terminological equivalents in Russian and foreign scientific works on modern mythogenesis. The research is based on structural-semantic and semantic-cognitive methods. Traditional methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization are used. The results of the research enabled us to make conclusions on the peripheral role of the term «neo-mythology» in foreign scientists’ works and conclude that their preferences lie within the terms «contemporary/modern mythology». The term «neo-mythology» in the foreign discourse is mostly used in works, which are either devoted to the research of some aspects of mass culture or closely connected with Russian humanities. The usage of the term «neo-mythology» in foreign research of mass/pop culture reflects the background of theoretical analysis of modern mass consciousness turning to myths. The conclusions made in the research are supposed to help Russian scientists work with foreign studies of contemporary mythology more productively.

Mild hyperprolactinemia in clinical practice: the diagnostic “traps” and treatment strategy

Real world clinical practice frequently poses the question on the advisability of diagnostic and/or treatment interventions for increased prolactin levels of below 2500 mU/mL (100 ng/mL), which is commonly considered as mild and not unequivocally indicating a prolactinoma.
 The aim of the review is to critically analyze the body of literature within the last 10 years on clinical and biochemical particulars of patients with mildly increased prolactin levels. We performed the search in Pubmed and RISC (Russian Index of Science Citation) databases with the keywords of “mild hyperprolactinemia” and “women” (or their Russian equivalents). After exclusion of the studies in patients with primary hypothyroidism or treatment with agents inducing prolactin secretion, as well as of clinical case descriptions, we selected 21 original papers with clinical and biochemical data of female patients with mild hyperprolactinemia (prolactin levels of less than 2500 mU/mL or less than 100 ng/mL). Symptoms of mild hyperprolactinemia include menstrual cycle disorders, anovulatory infertility and/or early pregnancy losses, breast disorders, psychoemotional and sexual disorders, and metabolic abnormalities. Repeated testing of prolactin levels to exclude potential stress related to the vein puncture allows for exclusion of 27% to 28% of the patients from further diagnostic work up. Confirmation of persistently increased prolactin levels warrants a magnetic resonance imaging study of the pituitary. Most patients with persistently increased prolactin levels by repeated tests would have pituitary abnormalities (in most cases, pituitary microadenoma). Taking into account the data on negative effects of even mildly increased prolactin levels on reproductive and metabolic health, it is reasonable to administer a first line agent cabergoline at doses ensuring normoprolactinemia. The results of studies indicate that treatment with cabergoline at doses necessary to normalize prolactin levels would lead to regression of menstrual dysfunction, decrease the probability of early pregnancy losses, improve metabolic parameters, promotes restoration of the sexual function, and diminishes the level of depression. This is especially important when planning pregnancy in patients with menstrual cycle disorders, infertility and/or early pregnancy losses.

Some terminology features of sculpture reproductions

The paper is devoted to the clarifying research of the terminology surrounding the production and reproduction of sculpture. One of the most common problems is the incorrect application of the terms “copy” and “reproduction”. All these words are borrowed from the other languages and have no semantic equivalents in Russian. Incorrect applications of these words lead us to the errors in determining the artistic value of the sculptures. The copy is created manually in two ways: 1) carving of stone, wood etc.; 2) modelling in clay, plasticine and wax. The technology of molding and casting cannot be considered as an artistic method because of this workflow is carried out by molders and casters. However, the most part of sculpture in a wide variety of materials (metal, plaster, concrete, ceramic, plastic, glass, etc.) produced by using molding and casting technologies is one of the kinds of edition (reproduction). The only exception is the variety of cast made under the sculptor’s direction and finished by him have a special importance. Each of these works is unique and equal in value to the original. Plaster is the most versatile material for replication. Electroplating (galvanoplastics) is one of the main methods of reproduction, so the term “galvanocopy” is wrong. This technique of replication is the most precise but it is suitable exclusively for metal. Russian sculptors and technologists started using the word “reproduction” at the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore we can find a lot similar examples in the historical documents of The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. The newest method of replicating of sculpture is three-dimensional scanning and printing but this technology is not sufficiently advanced yet.

About the first edition of the International Neuronatomical Terminology (TNA) and its Russian equivalent

About the first edition of the International Neuronatomical Terminology (TNA) and its Russian equivalent

Перевод сленга в англоязычных кинотекстах в свете несовпадения жанрово-стилистических канонов русского и английского языков

The aim of the article is to compare slang units in English-language films and their equivalents in Russian film translations in relation to stylistic coloring and register. The relevance is due to the normalization of the translation of slangisms from English into Russian in view of the differences in stylistic, genre and artistic canons of Russian and English. In English, slang is less expressive, emotive, but much more frequent in literary and everyday speech, slangisms are allowed by the artistic (literary, cinematographic) canon. The materials of the study are 300 slangisms, selected by the method of continuous sampling from the transcripts of the originals and translations of 21 Jump Street, Orange Is the New Black, New Girl, House M.D., How I Met Your Mother, The Big Bang Theory, Black Books. The research methods were lexicographic, stylistic, comparative-comparative, and statistical ones. The first group of slangisms and their translation samples (54%) manifest the strategy of “smoothing”, i.e., neutralizing or raising the low style, especially with regard to obscene expletives and invectives. Smoothing implies a number of stylistic shifts: (1) English slang > Rus. neutral or literary word/expression; (2) English slang > Rus. colloquial, familiar, low-colloquial, expressive or slang word/expression; (3) English slang-image/idiom > Rus. generalized, neutral or ameliorative word/expression; 4) an English utterance with slang > a Russian utterance with related, but different meaning without slang. The second group (35%) refers to cases of semantic, emotive and expressive equivalence of English and Russian units, we call this strategy “translation honesty”. Due to the lowness of the threshold of perception of low lexis with the Russian speakers, the Russian equivalents of English-language slangisms are often perceived as more expressive, rude, careless or familiar. The third group (11%) shows a pejoration of meaning and register, i.e., dysphemization in translation (downgrading of style, scandalization). This strategy in Russian translation is not justified due to the more-than-intended shocking effect of low vocabulary on Russian recipients. In conclusion, the regularities that determine the preference for smoothing when translating from English into Russian are given: (1) the difference in the genre-stylistic and artistic canons of languages; (2) different thresholds of perception of low-colloquial vocabulary by English and Russian speakers; (3) different expressiveness, emotivity, register and frequency of familiar/low-colloquial vocabulary in the two languages; (4) historically determined rigid differentiation between high, literary and low, colloquial registers in Russian, which is not the case in English.

PECULIARITIES OF THE LANGUAGE POLICY OF THE SOVIET AUTHORITIES IN THE USSR/USSR IN THE 1930 S.

The article highlights the peculiarities of the implementation of the Soviet language policy in the territory of the Ukrainian SSR in the 1930s. The main methods and means of implementing the process of Russification by the Soviet authorities, which began after the curtailment of Ukrainianization, are considered. A characteristic feature of the Soviet language and cultural policy was the combination offorce and ideological methods.In other words, the process of Russification under Soviet totalitarianism involved the physical destruction of the national intellectual elite, native Ukrainian speakers, the formation of preferences for the Russian-speaking population, interference with spelling, the formation of a list of forbidden words, the spread of Russian equivalents, the glorification of the Russian language as the language of the elite,the spread of the Russian language in education, science, the press and other spheres of society, etc. It is shown that this policy, which was based on mass terror, had a certain effect. It is established that the Soviet language policy in the Ukrainian SSR in the 1930s became the basis for the implementation of assimilation in the 1960s–1980s, which the Soviet authorities characterized as a process of «rapprochement of nations».The process of Russification in the educational, scientific spheres, and the press is highlighted. A detailed analysis of the available sources and materials has shown that the Soviet authorities used comprehensive approaches to Russification of the population of the Ukrainian SSR. In view of this, it was found that Ukrainian identity was significantly damaged, which has negative consequences at the present stage. In the context of this study, the Soviet language policy of the 1930s is characterized as an attempt to rapidly and forcibly assimilate Ukrainians and other ethnic groups. Given the current realities of Ukrainian state-building, the challenges of the Russian-Ukrainian war, and the importance of restoring historical memory, the study is of great theoretical and applied importance.

How Did the Meaning of an Institution Get Distorted?

We advocate a return of the term "instituciya" (institution) into active parlance of Russian social studies. Contemporary economists stick exclusively to the term "institut". The term "instituciya" is totally absent from university economics textbooks. We show that the meaning of "instituciya" is different from "institut". The founders of institutional economic tradition in the United States did say "institution", for which the proper Russian equivalent is "instituciya" rather than "institut". John Commons pointed out that all economic theories draw a distinction between activity (e.g., "production") and the objects created by that activity (e.g., "product"). Thus, institution is designated as collective action in control of individual action, whereas institutes are the products of that control. In Russia, the term "institute" locked in as the only name for both substances. Rare attempts to distinguish between them were rejected by the research community, mostly by disregard. We look at the common points against the reintroduction of the term "instituciya". They illustrate a path dependence, the inertia of mental models, and, importantly, a bias meant to protect personal and collective interests. We argue that the absence of one of the two key terms may hamper our understanding of the writings of John Commons, Gustav Schmoller and other great scholars; it creates a confusion. There is no need to replace mechanically one term by another because they complement each other and make a tandem. The recovery of the concept and term "instituciya" in Russian-language research papers would help focusing on culture-specific socio-economic practices of a particular community. It would facilitate the use of qualitative research methods and also cut down scholastic discussions unrelated to empirical material.

Neologisms in the media coverage of the Russia-Ukraine war in the context of information warfare

The article provides a comprehensive account of English words and phrases that gained media prominence during the first 10 months of the Russia-Ukraine war. Three categories of lexical units were identified: lexical neologisms (new coinages), such as sanctionista, war fatigue, Zelensky-washing, etc.; semantic neologisms – words and phrases that had existed prior to the war, but acquired new meanings due to it – such as deputinization, Russian exodus, etc.; units that had been used occasionally and inconsistently up to 2022, but gained new relevance in light of the war – such as ruscism, stalinization, digital iron curtain, etc. Some of the units under study were first coined in the Ukrainian or Russian languages and subsequently spread to other languages (missile terrorism, ruscism), while others are limited to English only and have no equivalents in either Ukrainian or Russian (sanctionista, archivocide). Focusing on news media and social media discourse on the Russia-Ukraine war, we trace the etymology of these words and phrases, their recurrence and context of use, as well as the pragmatic value they have in shaping public stance on the war in the West. We also take into consideration humorous occasionalisms, memes and monikers that trended on social media during this period of the war, providing a way of tension release while also contributing to Ukrainian information warfare and fundraising purposes. The study is instrumental in driving our understanding of the mechanisms of media framing of emotionally loaded and potentially dividing political issues.

Polskie gniazda słowotwórcze z rzeczownikami wyjściowymi nazywającymi pory roku w porównaniu z rosyjskimi

The article discusses derivational nests of Polish nouns ‘wiosna’, ‘lato’, ‘jesień’, ‘zima’ in comparison with their Russian equivalents ‘весна’, ‘лето’, ‘осень’, ‘зима’. The analysis shows that in both languages the nests include nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, and that the most productive method of word formation is the attachment of a derivational suffix. The semantics of the derivatives is influenced by the primary meaning, i.e. the name of the season. The main difference lies in the number of derivatives based on ‘zima’ / ‘зима’. In the Polish language there are 21 lexemes against 62 in Russian. Also, derivational nests in Russian contain a greater number of verbs, as well as deverbal nouns and adjectives.

Балтийские заимствования в Stratagema Oeconomicum С. Губерта и их лексические эквиваленты

The German-language guide Stratagema Oeconomicum, oder Acker-Student by Salomon Gubert contains numerous words from the spheres of agriculture, farming and housekeeping, including colloquial object names that were used by peasants of the Baltic region in the 17th century. In the Russian translation – Liflyandskaya ekonomiya (Economy of Livonia) – signed by Mikhail Lomonosov, fragments with Baltic borrowings are abridged. Using data from scientific, reference and archival literature, we can clarify the referential attribution of some Baltic borrowings and their synonyms in the German text, as well as draw conclusions about the relationship between them and their Russian equivalents. For instance, the combination Dwessel laike refers to the pagan peasant holiday in remembrance of the deceased relatives and their souls, mentioned in 16th-century texts; Zirzing ‘cricket’ is a synonym for Embten and Grylle, while Skudra ‘ant’ is a synonym for Ameise and Formica; the name Szuring, as well as its colloquial German equivalents Flöhe-Kraut Persikaria and Schmertzkern Persikaria, most likely refer to water pepper (Polygonum hydropyper L.), a medicinal plant. In the Russian translation of excerpts containing colloquial borrowed names, numerous errors can be found, as well as cases when these names are not translated at all, which most likely indicates that these words and phrases presented difficulties to the translator. In some cases, the omission of parts of the original text does not significantly change the meaning, while in others, it distorts the practical recommendations given in the book.

Cross-Linguistic Correspondences and Current Problems in Terminography

The paper investigates the current development of digital technologies, its terminology, the problems in cross-linguistic terminography and shows that at present terminography becomes an autonomous and leading multidimensional linguistic digital discipline. Its most urgent task is to create effective digital termilonological resources of cross-linguistic correspondences to authentic extended language-specific and idiomatic digital terminology in English, including its equivalents in Russian. A wide collection of corpus data, compiled for the last five years (over 1 mil. words) out of leading authentic journals and books in English on Natural Language Processing (NLP) and corresponding authentic texts in Russian, provided with translation of titles, abstracts and key words from Russian into English, as well as the analysis of computer translation systems, shows that contemporary English-Russian dictionaries and digital lexicographic resources need serious improvement. It can be based on contemporary linguistic knowledge in cross-linguistic English–Russian and Russian–English correspondences, particularly concerning “translation universals”, such as explication, implication and normalization.

Specifics of objectification of the social exclusion, social inclusion categories (territorial aspect) in German

The article deals with specific features of objectification in German related to the categories of social exclusion and social inclusion in the territorial aspect on the example of the concepts «Kaff» and «Einöde». As a result of the definitional analysis of the similar lexemes, denoting these concepts, the author establishes nuclear semantic features – the absence of appropriate social conditions, low-population density area /uninhabited area (Einöde) and its small length, aimlessness of the subject’s existence (Kaff). These notions are described as the semantic field. The study found that the core of the semantic fields of the concepts «Einöde» and «Kaff» are the linguistic units directly indicating the nuclear semantic features and the periphery – the units actualizing the processes of social exclusion and in separate (rare) cases of social inclusion. The author identifies the units expressing spatial remoteness from the center, as well as static, absence of movement, changes as common leading language means expressing the category of social exclusion; as different – the units indicating a small spatial extent, verbs of socially determined movement with certain efforts of the subject (semantic field «Kaff»); verbs of unnoticed, aimless existence of the subject within the given object (semantic field «Einöde»).The results of the research suggest that the lexeme Kaff to a greater extent as compared to the lexeme Einöde objectifies the processes of territorial social exclusion in the context. The author notes that the language units Kaff and Einöde do not have unambiguous equivalents in Russian. As a result of the contextual analysis the author reveals additional semantic features, specifying these concepts, which are not reflected in the glossary of the German language.

Russian equivalents of the English over

Abstract The article deals with a comparative analysis of the English over and the Russian language items that serve as its approximate translation equivalents. The main attention is on such Russian equivalents of over as the prepositional phrases nad with the instrumental case, čerez with the accusative case, za with the accusative case and po with the dative case, as well as the prefixes pere- and pro-. The research is undertaken using the Cognitive linguistic framework or, more precisely, the theory of conceptual metaphor. The aim of the article is to analyse the Russian language means of coding the spatial relations that are similar to those expressed by the English over and to trace patterns of extension of spatial meanings into non-spatial domains in these languages. The study reveals that although English is an analytic language and Russian is a synthetic (fusional) language and, therefore, they use different means to express meanings, similar conceptual-metaphorical motivations of semantic extensions can be traced in both languages.

Действующие лица христианской религии. Тварные существа. Фрагмент систематического французско-русского словаря религиозной лексики

This work is a continuation of the publication of separate parts of the Systematic French-Russian Dictionary of Religious Vocabulary. This is part of a large section on "Characters of the Christian Religion", which also includes a subsection on "God", which has not yet been published. The material of this publication is divided into chapters, which unite the vocabulary devoted to certain aspects of the topic. As in previous cases, not only individual lexemes are presented, but also the usual phrases accepted in the religious language, clichés, statements characteristic of Orthodoxy and Catholicism and reflecting a special view of the world order. Speaking about the purely linguistic side, one must keep in mind that the Russian religious usage is characterized by the use of more archaic lexemes than the French one. Therefore, we considered it possible to include, along with the usual translation into Russian, also especially original Russian equivalents of Orthodox authors, Church Slavonicisms, if they occur in the texts of the XX-XXI centuries. In this case, such translations are marked church-arch.As in previous publications, expressions in quotation marks not only illustrate the use of a single word, but also contain, as a rule, a new unit or reveal the content of a concept related to the section. Usually they are made up of elements (both individual lexemes and phrases) appearing in French and Russian sources, but are not direct quotations. This work was submitted for review to a candidate of theology, a specialist in comparative theology, rector of the St. Nicholas Patriarchal Cathedral in New York, Fr. Igor (Vyzhanov), whom I thank for thoughtful reading and help. At the same time, the work on the topic (as in previous cases) is far from being completed by the publication of this story, and all comments, both conceptual and purely linguistic, please send to my email address.

“Chicago Manual of Style” (Bibliographic References and Bibliographic Indices Presentation in the English-Speaking World)

The article deals with the styling of bibliographical data in the English-Speaking world, mainly with the rules of the ISBD and of the Chicago Manual of Style. Special attention is paid to the styling of bibliographic references in scholarly papers and of bibliographic indices. The author comes to the conclusion that the conceptual framework of Anglo-American bibliographic standards and styles is quite different from their Russian equivalents, including a wide variety of citation styles instead of a single standard, styling bibliographic references according to the common rules of English punctuation and typography, providing full names instead of surname and initials etc. The English bibliographic terminology is also quite different from the Russian one; for example, the meaning of the term “bibliographic reference” in English is wider than in Russian. As a consequence, bibliographic lists and bibliographic indices in English are usually styled according to the same rules as those used in bibliographic references, in sharp contrast to the Russian practice.

The Lexico-Semantic Field of Post-Truth in Socio-Political Discourse

The purpose of the review article is to identify conceptualizations of the post-truth era in the English-language socio-political communication, based on the key vocabulary of a number of reviews and sources representing the component post-truth in the media. The object of the analysis is lexical representation of the component post-truth in the media. The subject matter of the analysis is conceptual interpretation of the post-truth component in such relevant phrases as post-truth era (or politics, world of politics, politicians, society, age, knowledge and power, condition, campaign, etc.) in various authorial sources. The Russian equivalents of truth in the item post-truth are reliability (достоверность), accuracy (точность), credibility (доверие); in the media the phrase post-truth comes to mean ‘to abandon or neglect the principles of objectivity and reliability’. It has been shown that in the USA and UK socio-political field expert assessments and interpretations of the claim itself are contradictory and are often marked with skepticism. It is clear, however, that it cannot be taken literally and that in science and education discourse, with the exception of history, it manifests itself differently: in close relation to scientific rational truths or facts, but not to daily factual truths described by H. Arendt. Also, specific sets of key words are used to describe manifestations of post-truth in the media and science. “Fake news” and election campaigns don’t seem to be the major features of the post-truther media. Instead, the concepts bullshit by H. Frankfurt and post-truth game by S. Fuller are competing for this role; however, they can’t be regarded as elaborated formal rhetorical schema either. Yu.Shatin alone made a pertinent and significant attempt to describe the new post-truther rhetoric. The specialist literature review shows that the media post-truth discourse is actually a manifestation of a deep crisis in the ‘canonical’ democracy, a reflection of its agonal state in the American-British vocabulary and narratives. The paper emphasizes that this kind of discourse has not only a home dimension, but also a foreign policy one and, consequently, internal and external addressing. Its reception in Russia is distorted due to remoteness of observers, which does not allow them to see how fakes and the new post-truth vocabulary are actually interpreted by the agents in the process of intra- or intercultural confrontation.

Semantic analysis of the words denoting the term "reason" in Persian

The term "reason" refers not only to linguistics, but also to a number of other sciences, including philosophy and logic. In Russian and Persian there are different words denoting the cause. However, each of them has a specific shade of meaning that distinguishes it from the others. These words include: علت ( ellat), سبب ( sabab), and دلیل ( delilah), the reason, cause, etc. And there are also some cases when it is possible to replace these words, and in some cases it is impossible to replace them with each other. This work is devoted to the semantic properties of Persian words denoting the cause, as well as their relationship with similar Russian words. Here we briefly talk about the words that denote the term "reason" in Persian and their relationship, as well as the difference between them, and also compares them with Russian equivalents. This study will help Russian-speaking students who study Persian in understanding of different Persian words - synonyms, as well as help Russian and Iranian translators to choose an adequate words when translating texts from Russian into Persian and vice versa.

Состояния души верующего. Фрагмент систематического французско-русского словаря религиозной лексики (часть вторая)

This work is a continuation of the publication of separate parts"Systematic French-Russian Dictionary of Religious Vocabulary" and is part of a large section "The Characters of the Christian Religion", as well as the subsection "States of the Human Soul". In contrast to the already published topic “Manifestations of piety”, in this case, attention is focused on the state of the believer’s soul, his spiritual quest, and moral character.The material is divided into chapters, which unite the vocabulary devoted to certain aspects of the topic. Special attention is paid to some well-known virtues: love for one's neighbor, mercy, peacefulness, selflessness, etc. Catholicism and reflecting a special view of the world order. Speaking about the purely linguistic side, one must keep in mind that the Russian religious language is often generally characterized by more archaic ways of expressing thought than French. At the same time, we considered it possible to include, along with the usual translation into Russian, the original Russian equivalents of Orthodox authors, Church Slavonicisms, if they are found among the authors of the XX-XXI centuries. In this case, such translations are marked "church-arch".As in previous publications, phrases in quotation marks not only illustrate the use of a single word, but also contain, as a rule, a new unit or reveal the content of a concept related to the section. Usually they are made up of elements (both individual lexemes and phrases) appearing in French and Russian sources, but are not direct quotations.This work was submitted for review to a candidate of theology, a specialist in comparative theology, rector of the St. Nicholas Patriarchal Cathedral in New York, Fr. Igor (Vyzhanov), as well as Bruno Bisson, simultaneous interpreter, candidate of philological sciences. I would like to thank them for their thoughtful reading and comments.

Two Convergent Effects of Language Contact in Romanian: The Relative Pronoun cine ‘who’

This paper focuses on a construction attested in Old Romanian and Lipovan Romanian, but unavailable in standard Modern Romanian: the use of cine ‘who’ as a relative pronoun in headed relative clauses. We put forth the hypothesis that this structure is an effect of language contact. In particular, the interrogative cine ‘who’ acquired its relative value and the possibility to be used in headed relative clauses by grammatical replication of the Old Church Slavonic equivalent, respectively of the Russian equivalent. Although the two scenarios appear to be similar, the two varieties followed two distinct diachronic paths.