Russian Equivalents Research Articles

The portrait of an imperfect person in contemporary Japanese and the means of conveying it in Russian: a study of the collocations with the word 残念 <i>zannen</i>

This article focuses on the word 残念 zannen and its transformed meaning in contemporary Japanese. Initially having the semantics of regret and used in reaction to an undesired outcome, 残念 zannen has come to be used in describing human flaws. The paper analyses the definitions of 残念 zannen in Japanese dictionaries and highlights the key semantic components that are not revealed in its Russian equivalents “вызывающий сожаление” (“regrettable”) and “досадный” (“disappointing”). The paper identifies the features that determine the dividing line between 残念 zannen and a closely related notion ダメ dame with regard to the description of a person. 残念 zannen is subsequently studied in the Japanese Internet discourse. The paper analyzes its semantics in collocations with the words 人 hito (person), 美人 bijin (beauty) and イケメン ikemen (handsome man), reveals the features linked to 残念 zannen, and provides their possible translations into Russian. The semantic components identified in the Japanese dictionary definitions and in discourse analysis are then used to translate the word 残念 zannen in contexts. Where possible, the translation of the word combination 残念 zannen-na hito into Russian should reflect the semantics of disappointment, imperfection, and the possibility for improvement, whereas the translated collocations 残念な美人 zannen-na bijin and 残念なイケメン zannen-na ikemen should convey the semantics of the conflict between the good looks and a flawed personality. The literal interpretation of 残念 zannen is inappropriate from both stylistic and semantic points of view, which can be compensated by translation transformations, such as concretization and loss-of-meaning compensation. The article is intended for Japanologists, cultural linguists, and translators, as well as Japanese language instructors and students.

Prospects of provision of radiation safety from natural sources of ionizing exposure on the new territories of the Russian Federation

This study is aimed at the analysis of perspectives of provision of radiation safety from natural sources of ionizing exposure on the territories included into the Russian Federation in 2022. The study contains comparison of the requirements of legislative acts and regulations on the radiation safety that were active in 4 new subjects of the Russian Federation (Donetsk and Lugansk republics, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions) on the time of their integration with their Russian equivalents. The results indicate the lack of harmonization between acting radiation safety sanitary acts of the Russian Federation and the Ukraine with recommendations of the international organizations. The study contains results of the surveys on the exposure of the public of the Donbass republics and Zoporozhye region by natural sources of ionizing exposure, analysis of the perspectives of the provision of radiation safety of the public of these regions and the Kherson region. Additionally the study includes the evaluation of the existing legislative base on the protection from natural sources of ionizing exposure in the Russian Federation and perspectives of harmonization with the recommendations of international organizations.

Unreasonable borrowings in the metalanguage of public administration of the construction industry

Introduction. The purpose of this research is to analyze the frequency of use of foreign-language terms (in particular, anglicisms) in the modern official style, to evaluate the comprehensibility of terms, used by students majoring in public and municipal administration in their professional communication in the field of construction, and to prove the inexpediency of use of some loanwords in the speech of public and municipal government officers. The authors also investigated the availability of Russian equivalents, capable of replacing anglicisms, as well as the influence of loanwords on the quality and purity of the native language. The issue of loanwords has always been debatable in the Russian language, and it gained particular relevance after amendments to the Federal law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation” had been adopted.
 
 Materials and methods. Works addressing the reasons for and trends in (1) loanword borrowing by the Russian language, (2) official documents, published in Russian in 2000–2023, and (3) speeches delivered by representatives of public and municipal authorities, as well as (4) results of the survey, carried out by the authors among the bachelor students of the Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education “Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University)” in the field of studies number 38.03.04 “Public and municipal administration” served as the materials for the research. The authors used such methods as observation, description, survey, quantitative and statistical analysis, comparative analysis, structural analysis, semantic and stylistic analysis, method of distributive semantics, frequency analysis, etc. to draft the article.
 
 Results. The authors studied the reasons for and types of borrowings in the Russian language. Foreign words of various extents of assimilation, most widely spread in the field of public and municipal administration, are identified. Some widely spread borrowings are analyzed in terms of their comprehensiveness, relevance, extent of assimilation, existence of adequate Russian equivalents and expediency of their use. The analysis of the results of the survey, launched among the ba-chelor students, majoring in Public and Municipal Administration, confirmed the assumption about the frequent failure to fully understand the foreign-language terminology, as a result of which loanwords are used incorrectly in the formal speech.
 
 Conclusions. The results of the research let the authors make a conclusion that the decline of foreign words is impossible and unnecessary. However, there is a need to stop overusing loanwords, and to use them consciously and reasonably. That will allow avoiding incorrect or ambiguous interpretations of official texts, prevent any negative effects, and, in the end, facilitate improvement in the quality of the official language, as well as public and municipal administration in general.

Паремии как источник экземплификации в испанской грамматической традиции XVI-XVIII веков

The study aims to present a description of the functioning of paroemias as grammatical examples in the Spanish linguistic tradition of the XVI-XVIII centuries. The analysis of the texts of the most notable works of the said period (works by J. de Valdés, C. de Villalón, A. del Corro, G. Correas, J. Villar, B. Martínez Gómez Gayoso, B. de San Pedro) is carried out. The paper provides examples of proverbs and sayings and their equivalents in Russian and specifies the grammatical provisions that they illustrate. The historical conditions of publication of the analysed works are briefly described. The study is novel in that it is the first in Russian philology to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the approach to the use of paroemias in the process of exemplification in Spanish grammars of the period in question. As a result of the study, it has been found that almost all Spanish grammarians of the period under consideration resort to paroemias as a source of exemplification, however, the approach to their use changes over time. Their function shifts from serving as a model of ethical norms or authentic folk speech and later as an element that adorns speech, to illustrating the entire richness of the grammatical structure of the Spanish language.

Лингвокультурный аспект цветообозначений в языковой картине мира (на материале английского и русского языков)

The study of the color picture of the world is of interest in the linguistic and cultural aspect, since color is one of the most important means of emotional impact on the reader, color meanings express the author’s view of the world, and are also important for constructing a national picture of the world. There are some patterns that link color values in different cultures of the world. It is worth noting that there are differences in color symbols in different languages. It depends on the historical past of the people, its geographical location, etc. Despite this, we trace some similarities using examples of phraseological units with elements of color designations. An important factor is that color has a psychophysiological effect on a person. In Russian and English, “red” has a positive connotation to a greater extent. This is their common feature, although in both languages there are more or less negative characteristics of this color. The similarity can also be seen in phraseological units with the color component. There are quite a lot of equivalents in both Russian and English. Along with the common symbolic features that still prevail, there are also distinctive features that are associated with Russian and English history and culture.

Translation features of BBC media article headlines (evidence from English and Russian equivalents)

The aim of this paper is the analysis of the translation features, typical of BBC article headlines. The material included 107 news headlines selected randomly, which had their Russian equivalents. A semantic and comparative analysis served as the research method. The close attention to media texts in the era of digital technology proliferation explains the relevance of the study. The findings show that translation equivalents convey both the communicative and pragmatic potential of the original headlines. For this purpose, a complex of semantic transformations is used for maintaining the adequate meaning of original news in the target language, considering background knowledge of the target audience. The theoretical value lies in the fact that media headlines constitute an individual sub-genre which requires special research. The results can be used in the practice of teaching translation techniques to students specializing in linguistics and translation studies.

Дидактика технического перевода с использованием отраслевого словаря-тезауруса

The paper is about the didactics of technical translation based on the thesaurus-type dictionaries on particular industries. The paper outlines the problems that arise in the process of translating scientific and technical terminology from French into Russian. The main focus is on modern methods of translation of foreign technical terminology on the basis of the thesaurus. In this regard, the authors present a technology for translating French automotive terms into Russian using a French-Russian automotive thesaurus. The methodological algorithm for technical translation includes didactic operations that provide the following: searching for a French technical term in the alphabetical index to the thesaurus in order to determine the addresses of semantic fields; sequential access to the semantic fields of the French technical term at the specified addresses in the thesaurus; the final choice of the Russian equivalent of a foreign technical term as a result of the analysis of its semantic fields taking into account the current context. Thesaurus technology used in the process of teaching special technical translation in the professional training of linguist-translators best contributes not only to the development of knowledge, skills, and translation experience that make up the professional competence of a linguist-translator, but to their effective application in the future professional activities. The main objective of this work is to increase the efficiency of training future translators through the development of their professional competence based on the thesaurus approach as a linguo-didactic tool. The thesaurus approach to the translation of technical texts is considered as a linguo-didactic tool for the formation of a translator’s professional competence.

UPDATING THE PARADIGM OF CORRESPONDENCES TO GERMAN COMPOUND WORDS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

In Russian linguistics, there is a categorisation of equivalents to German compound words in Russian. The article discusses the features of the existing approach and suggests refinements based on the conducted analysis. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that it complements the existing criteria and expands the ideas concerning possible correspondences to German compound 66 words in Russian, which is a contribution both to the study of compound words in German, and to the comparative study of German and Russian languages, in general. Compound words in the German language as a specific phenomenon in the word formation of this language present the object of the study, and its subject is the categorisation of correspondences between compound nouns in German and their equivalents in Russian. The method of comparison includes correlating German compound nouns with their equivalents in Russian, identifying the frequency of using certain models when translating German compound nouns into Russian on the basis of an excerpt from the original text and its translation. The purpose of the article is to systematise the correspondences of German compound nouns in Russian on the example of a certain literary text. The author’s task is to update the categorisation of correspondences for compound nouns in German and their equivalents in Russian, suggested in previous studies, in the process of identifying the predominant type of correspondences on a specific literary material. The following methods were used: a continuous sampling method, the component analysis, a descriptive method, a comparative analysis of the original and translation, and the method of quantitative analysis. The study combines the comparative (proper linguistic) aspect and the translational one. The main models of correspondences to German compound nouns in Russian found confirmation within the analysed material, while the author suggested some additions, which present the novelty of the research. The following results were noted: in terms of frequency the model of “an adjective plus a noun” takes the first place among correspondences to German compound nouns in Russian; the second place is taken by root and derivative words of the Russian language; the third place occupies a group of translation transformations, supplemented by the author; the fourth place is taken by a model of “a noun plus another noun in the genitive case”; the fifth place goes to prepositional word combinations. Two small groups - compound nouns of the Russian language and set expressions - are added by the author. In the identified group of transformations, the use of various translation techniques is noted, for example: adding and omitting lexical units, replacing parts of speech, generalisation, concretisation, semantic development, holistic transformation, replacement of one syntactic construction with another.

Учебно-методический потенциал пособий по домашнему чтению в практическом курсе основного иностранного языка

The authors of the article share their experience in teaching philology students of Saratov State University Home Reading aspect as part of Practical English Course. The article highlights the teaching and methodological potential of the Home Reading guides in the course of studies. The Home Reading guides are made to be used as a series of original readers in the form of workbooks for the students of four different language proficiency levels: Elementary + (A1+), Pre-Intermediate (A2), Intermediate (B1), Upper-Intermediate (B2). The above guides contain groups of tasks on pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, reproduction and speaking to improve the needed competence. The guides develop phonetic competence (transcribing, preparing a passage for good reading with the correct pitch-and-stress structure, learning a passage by heart and reading it out), lexical and grammatical competence (looking up in dictionaries and giving English and Russian equivalents to the active vocabulary, doing tasks on translating the active vocabulary into English and Russian, on rephrasing it, and on searching for mistakes of different type), retelling competence (drilling the needed structures to improve indirect speech skills to use while retelling the stories), speaking competence (preparing reports to answer the given questions for discussion of the stories). The guides for Intermediate (B1), Upper-Intermediate (B2) levels contain the tasks to develop text analysis skills, skills in looking for different types of realia in texts with their further analysis. The article shows different forms of assessment of the provided tasks and introduces some possible types of tasks and forms of assessment of the students with different English language proficiency levels.

Listening to the Universe

The present article focuses on listening conceptualized as an active process of perception, with no fixed boundaries, directly connected to thought, and highlighting the ethical underpinnings of communication. Overall, listening is discussed as the primary and authentic characteristic of being with a double movement – towards the Other and towards oneself. A close link between obedience and listening is emphasized, which is demonstrated by emplying the Russian equivalent of the verb ‘to obey’ and the peculiarities of its cases. The dynamic nature of listening is also discussed in terms of metaphor (transfer based on similarity) and metonymy (transfer based on contiguity). It is argued that listening reveals the liminal and sacred nature of communication.

Sposoby opisaniya odezhdy v stat'e N.Ya. Bichurina «Odѣyanіe kitajcev"»

In the article the author considers purely linguistic methods and techniques of describing Chinese clothing items, which are used by N.Ya. Bichurin (Father Iakinf) in order to ethnographically accurately depict objects of the Chinese material culture during the Qing Dynasty. These methods are transcription of names of clothing items in Cyrillic, search for Russian equivalents, detailed description of differential features, search for a known analogue in Russian. Particular attention is paid to the evaluation of Russian equivalents chosen by Bichurin when interpreting exotic Chinese clothing items.

Social Media and Cross-Border Political Participation: A Case Study of Kyrgyz Migrants’ Online Activism

In an attempt to address the debate among social science scholars regarding whether or not online political engagement is a legitimate form of political participation, this study investigates the conditions under which migrants engage politically with virtual communities, and when and how online participation spills over to real-world social mobilization. The case study of Kyrgyz migrants’ online activism in virtual social media groups and pages on Facebook and its Russian equivalents VKontakte and Odnoklassniki demonstrates that, although migrants are not likely to routinely participate in, initiate, or continuously engage with political conversations on these platforms, crisis conditions, such as the October revolution in 2020, the first COVID wave the summer of that same year, and the Kyrgyz–Tajik border conflict in April–May 2021, trigger bursts of political activism on social media which carry over to the real-world in the form of fundraising and protest mobilization.

LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF PHRASEOLOGIES ON THE SYMBOLS OF EXCITEMENT IN THE UKRAINIAN AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES

The article reveals the national and cultural specificity of phraseological units for excitement in the Ukrainian and Russian languages. The purpose of this work is to determine the national and cultural features of Ukrainian and Russian phraseological units (PhU) for the designation of concern, excitement, worry, anxiety based on the specifics of customs, beliefs, and everyday life that are reflected in them. The object of the study is Ukrainian and Russian phraseological units for the designation of concern, excitement, worry, anxiety. The subject of the study is the presence / absence of nationally and culturally specific features of Ukrainians and Russians in the display of such PhUs. As a result of comparative analysis of the similarities and differences of the PhU of this phraseological microsystem in the Ukrainian and Russian languages, based on the structural-grammatical, semantic and functional features of the PhU in each of these languages, as well as the use of selection criteria and the appropriate method of researching the material, it was found that they are equivalent, close or similar and non-equivalent Ukrainian and Russian equivalents of phraseological units denoting concern, excitement, worry, anxiety. Conclusions are made about the presence of equivalent, non-equivalent phraseological units and analogous phraseological units in the Ukrainian and Russian phraseological systems.

Methodological approaches to creating a Russian-language version of the AGROVOC thesaurus

The article considers the methodological principles used in the creation of the Russian-language version of AGROVOC, the multilingual thesaurus of the international information system for agriculture and food of the UN FAO AGRIS. The stages and content of the works on the creation of the Russian version are considered. The results of the work done are presented: studying the lexical composition of the AGROVOC thesaurus; comparative analysis of approaches to assigning the status of a term in the dictionary entries of national thesauri; researching in solving issues of lexical polysemanticism and disambiguate in the AGROVOC thesaurus; analysis of the meaning of synonymy relations; studying the functions of the “Note” field. When creating the Russian-language version, the methodology of translating terms directly by agricultural specialists was used, ensuring thereby a high-quality selection of equivalents to English terms of the English-language version of the thesaurus and with the minimal revision needed. The work started with finding equivalents for the descriptors, then proceeded to translating synonyms. Word combinations and relators were used to eliminate lexical polysemanticism and disambiguate of terms. When selecting an equivalent to an English AGROVOC term, the developers of the Russian-language version were guided by the following basic rules: the undesirability of literal translation; the differentiation of concepts and the use of relators to emendate terms; artificial formation of equivalents when accurate translation was impossible. For precise selection of the Russian equivalent of a term of the thesaurus we analysed all its relationships with the other terms -broader and narrower, synonyms, associated terms, as well as the text of notes, which could indicate limitations of the scope of use of the term, emendation of a concept, etc.

ACCOUNTING TERMINOLOGY AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF IMPROVING THE PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE

The aim of this paper is to explore the comparability and understanding of accounting terms in two languages – Russian and English. The paper deals with the content and accuracy of the Russian equivalents of English accounting terms based on English-Russian-English professional dictionaries. By analysing the translations of in bilingual dictionaries the difficulty in translating and understanding accounting terms correctly, and the danger of miscommunication, is highlighted.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ АСПЕКТУАЛЬНО-ТЕМПОРАЛЬНОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ОСЕТИНСКИХ ГЛАГОЛОВ НАСТОЯЩЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ В СОПОСТАВЛЕНИИ С ИХ ВИДО-ВРЕМЕННЫМИ РУССКИМИ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТАМИ

The meanings of typicality, ordinaryness of action appear in the Ossetian verbs of the present tense as a combination of the potentials of the present irrelevant and imperfect form, and in Russian they are expressed by the forms of the imperfect form in the past tense too. The expresser of these meanings is the verb with the prefix фæ-, in Russian - the context or determinants of the corresponding semantics. Polytemporality of actions with actional shades of habituality and usality is indicated in the Ossetian grammatical category of multiplicity, and in Russian equivalents – by context, lexically, syntactically. The revealed discrepancies are interesting as a reflection of the universal and specific in the linguistic pictures of the world.

Practical Aspects of Calibration of Airborne Particle Counters According to ISO 21501-4 Standard

The article reviews the practical aspects of calibration of airborne particle counters according to GOST R ISO 21501-4 (Russian equivalent of the international ISO 21501-4) standard. The authors share their gained experience and explain what difficulties can be faced during the procedure described in the standard, how to avoid and how to revise them. The article may be useful for specialists as an introduction to the standard or for particle counters’ users who want to learn more about practical metrology aspects of these devices without going into the specifics and the basis.

INTERGRATION OF LANGUAGE TESTING AND ASSESSMENT TERMS FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN

Today language studies are one of the most popular international practices, both for everyday purposes and academic reasons. That is why development and implementation of reliable tools and methods for testing and assessment of language proficiency have become an important goal for instructors and linguists across the globe. To promote a universal understanding of the concepts in this area of knowledge there should exist a comprehensive terminology system of testing and assessment. Borrowing of terms from a more developed terminology system has become a common practice, but whether it always brings satisfactory results remains to be seen. This research paper aims at describing the techniques of integrating English language testing and assessment terms into Russian. In order to establish those techniques we conducted the comparative analysis of the most frequently used English terms on language testing and assessment based on their appearance in specialized texts on the subject and their Russian equivalents. The analysis procedure involved examining the phonetic and orthographic form, definitions and contextual usage of both the original terms and their equivalent borrowed into Russian language. Based on that, we can point out the most productive ways of transferring these terms into Russian, in particular, using calques, half-calques and transformational translation. Those methods prove to be effective in terms of securing the transparency of the meaning and providing a universal understanding of the concepts behind the terms which is necessary for successful communication of the experts in the field on international level and development of valid testing instruments. Nevertheless, integration of some terms is less successful due to the significant discrepancies in meaning between the original and borrowed terms leading to misunderstanding and potentially faulty testing and assessment practices. Therefore, the subject matter of borrowing terms in the abovementioned area shall be addressed in a more thorough fashion, and there should be more studies conducted on this issue.

Do the Minority Shareholders of Russian Corporations Need More Protection?

Russian corporate governance has traditionally been viewed as lacking in contrast to that of Western states. The major concern has been controlling shareholders’ expropriation of minority shareholders, especially in the setting of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). However, in recent years, the law and court treatment of minorities’ rights have taken a positive turn, drawing more investors to joint-stock companies (JSC), the Russian equivalent of US corporations. This article examines whether such developments sufficiently protect minority shareholders’ interests in the areas of (1) access to information, (2) controlling shareholder transactions, (3) takeovers by a controlling shareholder, and (4) dividend distributions. This article examines the formation and current state of the law and court practice in these areas, and proposes legislative reform, where appropriate. The article concludes that, although there is room for improvement, the law and the courts generally afford sufficient protections to minority investors, but the key factor that may boost the quality of corporate governance is minority shareholders’ active participation in corporate affairs, especially in the general meetings of shareholders. corporate governance, minority shareholder protection, Russian corporate law

ASSIMILATION OF BORROWINGS IN THE LANGUAGE-RECIPIENT

In the Russian language of the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, the significant part of foreign words were German lexical borrowings. According to the degree of development of the language loanwords recipient traditionally distinguish two main groups of words - assimilated and unassimilated. One of the main bits of foreign words, allocated according to the degree of assimilation, are actually borrowing assimilated words about the skill that scientists have no disagreements. The only problem in this sense is to hold the line between borrowing and internationalism. Internationalism represented, first of all, in the terminological lexicon. By the terms-internationalism: a) socio-political lexicon: congress, constitution, minister, meeting, party, politics, revolution, republic, resolution, senate, etc.; b) scientific terminology: biology, geography, geodesy, geology, zoology, history, linguistics, mathematics, physics, etc.; c) the technical name: unit, antenna, apparatus, harvester, monoplane, tank, tractor; d) art criticism lexicon: aria, ballet, drama, genre, novella, opera, poetry, tenor, etc. When classifying loanwords must be considered the formal features (assimilation of words in the borrowing language) and functionality (use of words in the borrowing language). According to the degree of adaptation of lexical units in the system of the Russian language-recipient, both full and partial assimilation of the German-language vocabulary is possible. Partially assimilated vocabulary can be divided into the following groups: 1) German vocabulary assimilated at the graphic and grammatical levels; 2) German- language vocabulary assimilated at the grammatical level; 3) German-language vocabulary assimilated at the word-formation level; 4) German-language blotches with preceding and following Russian equivalents. The research is based on actual data obtained by different linguists, and on the results of the author's own observations.