Rational Land Use Research Articles

The Role of Public-private Partnerships In Land Administration

The earth occupies a special place among the living material conditions of man and is a necessary condition for the existence of society. Thus, it is important to see how effectively the natural, agricultural and economic potential of the land will be used. Unfortunately, under the conditions of the agrarian reform, the possibilities of rational land use were not properly taken into account and, consequently, it was not possible to achieve satisfactory results. It is known that land, as a spatial basis for the location and operation of productive forces, plays an important role in all areas, but it is especially important in agriculture, where land is an instrument of labor and an object of labor. The administration of land, as an important natural resource and a key factor of production is a task of political and socio-economic importance for the country. International experience shows that the necessary condition for the development of an effective market economy is active cooperation between state authorities and business. In the process of institutionalization, this cooperation took on the character of a public-private partnership (PPP) and was renamed public-private partnership. The public-private partnership is a framework that recognizes and structures the role of government in fulfilling its social responsibilities, successfully reforming the sector and implementing public investment, and at the same time integrates the private sector into these processes. Public-private partnerships are vital to economic development as engagement, participation and collaboration contribute to more effective laws and policies. Public-private partnerships in land administration bring flexible and customer-oriented land registration services and significantly improve land registration procedures. In addition, PPP brings a higher level of service delivery, cost-effectiveness, and reduced investment risks to participating parties. Keywords: Land Administration, Public-Private Partnership, Blockchain.

Legal problems of rational use and protection of agricultural land in Ukraine

Agricultural lands, like other categories of land, perform an ecological function as the main object of nature and habitat of man and all living and plant organisms, as well as an economic function as the main object of real estate and the main means of production in agriculture. In order to protect the land, landowners and users are obliged to take measures: to restore the fertility of agricultural land; to protect lands from water and wind erosion, mudslides, flooding, waterlogging, secondary salinization, drying, compaction, chemical pollution, production and consumption wastes and other negative impacts; to protect agricultural lands from overgrowing with trees and shrubs, weeds, preservation of the achieved level of reclamation. Greening of agricultural activity, observance of norms and requirements of land and ecological legislation by subjects of agricultural production are of fundamental importance. The article analyzes the current state of agricultural land use and provides suggestions for improving the efficiency of these lands.

Land policy, the quality of land relations regulation and administration of agricultural lands

The article deals with the problems of state regulation of land relations in the field of agricultural land use. The paper also considers the state of development institutions for the rational use of agricultural land, their accessibility for citizens and legal entities, and savings for future generations.

What Drives Land Abandonment in Core Grain-Producing Areas? Evidence from China.

Food security remains a major issue for developing countries. Reducing arable land abandonment (ALA) is crucial to ensuring food security. In China, the ‘decline in both quantity and quality’ of arable land resources, especially in major grain-producing areas, has become increasingly serious. This study uses fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to explore the core conditions and combinations of paths leading to explicit and implicit abandonment using 30 typical cases in the main grain-producing areas of Hubei Province. The results show that (1) three combined pathways lead to explicit ALA (EALA) and that two pathways lead to implicit ALA (IALA); (2) laborer health (LH) is the core condition leading to EALA; and (3) LH, agricultural laborer (AL), per capita income (PCI) and social relationships (SRs) are the core conditions leading to IALA. To effectively alleviate ALA, the government should improve production conditions, pay attention to laborer health issues, improve agricultural returns and strengthen food security publicity and guidance, thereby promoting the rational use of arable land in these areas. The findings in this study link the changes in arable land use and provide a reference for other developing countries in ensuring food security.

Scientific fundamentals of economic regulation of rational agricultural land use

The article has highlighted methodological approaches to the economic regulation of ecologically safe agricultural land use, taking into account the requirements of the state system, regardless of the social system. The understanding of rational land use to achieve ecologically balanced nature use has formulated. The most important methodical approaches to the economic regulation of land use, which are based on conceptual provisions in solving environmental and organizational problems taking into account market transformations, have proposed. This allows us to state that land use contributes to the development of positive ecological processes and is economically expedient. The determining the amount of compensation for losses associated with management on agricultural land of poorer soil quality has substantiated.

Land resources as the foundation of economic and social transformations in Russia

The article deals with the organization of rational and efficient use of land resources, which are the main wealth and the foundation of economic and social transformations in the country. The organization of rational and effective land use is one of the most important tasks of the state. Under market conditions, the basic tool for the rational land use is land use planning based on integrated territorial land management, which is carried out throughout the country, regions, municipalities and for each land user. These land documents have to be the basis for the master plans of territory development, planning projects, integrated development of river and lake basins, projects for environmental and economic protection of land, land cadastral and other works.

Food security and innovative solutions in crop production

Global food and energy crises, rational land use, and environmental conservation are urgent problems in the world that determine the existence of human civilisation. The success of solving certain problems requires significant changes and innovative decisions in various production areas and in agriculture in particular. The purpose of the study is to analytically review data on food and energy security, rational use of crop production, problems and innovations in crop production, and identify ways to solve them. When preparing the paper, general scientific research methods were used: analysis and synthesis; system analysis, abstraction and concretisation, interpretation and generalisation of data. Sources for the preparation of the paper were reports of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations of the US Department of Agriculture, statistical databases, and scientific sources. The political crisis in the world, population growth, changing consumption patterns, and climate change are driving the level of production and growing demand for crop production. Stabilisation and controlled production, innovations in crop cultivation technologies, land use efficiency, and environmental protection are mutually conditioned and require a comprehensive solution. Global changes in the use of plant material, where in addition to the traditional areas – food, fodder, technical processing – a powerful consumer, bioenergy, has emerged, causing increasing problems. Gas emission, conservation and restoration of plant biodiversity, and ecosystem protection are also pressing issues. Innovative technologies in crop production consider the need to preserve the biodiversity of plants and soil, the efficiency of using CO2, the latest forms of fertilisers, in particular, nanofertilisers, which provide for targeted, prolonged, regulated use of batteries, minimisation of losses; energy efficiency of technologies, and require constant improvement. These innovative ways of optimising crop production are important for practitioners who can use the proposed solutions in technological processes

Changes in Soil Aggregate Fractions, Stability, and Associated Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Different Land Use Types in the Loess Plateau, China

Rational land use can enhance soil nutrient sequestration and control erosion, but the mechanisms of the ecological restoration of soil-aggregate-associated carbon and nitrogen are still not well understood. A large-scale ecological restoration program was launched in the Loess Plateau during the 1990s. The ecological restoration programs involved converting slope farmland to woodland, grassland, shrub land, and terrace. We studied their effects in relation to cultivated land as control on soil aggregate structure and stability and their associated organic carbon and total nitrogen contents to 60 cm soil depth in the Loess Plateau. Our results indicate that the restoration practices reduced soil aggregate fragmentation, increased soil structure stability, and transformed micro-aggregates into small and large aggregates. Comparing with the soil aggregate >0.25 mm in cultivated land, the amount in woodland, grassland, shrub land and terrace increased by 71%, 66%, 46%, and 35%, respectively, which improved soil health overall. The mean weight diameter of aggregate indicates that soil aggregate stability (SAS) increased and soil hydraulic erosion resistance improved. In conclusion, ecological restoration directly or indirectly affected SAS through the influence of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in different soil layers. Results of this study provide a scientific reference for understanding stabilization of soil aggregate and regional restoration.

TAX INCENTIVES TO MANAGE LAND AS A NATURAL ASSET

Topicality. Successful economic development of agriculture is one of the components of Ukraine's sustainable development. But this development very often leads to changes in natural and climatic conditions and to increased risks for doing business. Agricultural land is a natural asset and it should be taken into account that the change oflandscapes from natural vegetation to any other use can lead to loss, degradation, and fragmentation of the environment, all of which can have devastating consequences for biodiversity as a source of ecosystem services. Therefore, it is important to find ways to rationally manage the land.Aim and tasks. The purpose of our study was to substantiate the relevance of taxes for the management and rational use of land as a natural asset. As a tool, we consider a tax on crop rotation, which leads to a decrease in soil fertility and the release of carbon from dying plant residues. Crop rotation planning will help reprioritize crop selection, increase fertility and reduce carbon emissions.Research results. The main component of the sustainable development of the agricultural sector is soil fertility. At the same time, land use and agriculture are the main natural agents for reducing air pollution. Today, agriculture accounts for about 20% of greenhouse gas emissions, and humus losses range from 19% to 22% in different natural areas. Considering agricultural land as a natural asset, it should be taken into account that their irrational use leads to a change in natural and climatic conditions and an increase in risks for doing business. We have proposed to introduce carbon crop rotations as a tool for soil quality management. In our opinion, this should contribute to a change in priorities in the choice of agricultural crops, and as a result, an increase in fertility and an increase in carbon sequestration. To stimulate agricultural enterprises, we consider it expedient to introduce a tax on crop rotation. To substantiate this idea, we have created a model for the dependence of CO2 absorption/emission on the yield of various crops and a decision-making model for planning the costs of an agricultural enterprise.Conclusion. We have conducted a study of the relationship between the yield of various crops and the absorption/release of carbon dioxide. We put forward a hypothesis: there is a certain relationship between the yield of different crops and the balance of absorption/release of CO2. We have studied this connection. The model of dependence of CO2 uptake/emission on the yield of different crops shows that the ability to release carbon by plant residues of different agricultural crops has both a direct and inverse relationship with the yield of various crops. We have developed a decision-making model for planning the costs of an enterprise, subject to planning for environmental risks or paying a tax on carbon crop rotations. Thus, the problems of land use as a natural asset in agriculture can be solved by: the introduction of carbon crop rotations, which should help change priorities in the choice of agricultural crops, and the introduction of a balanced and evidence-based approach to the development and implementation of environmental taxes.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ НОРМ ДЛЯ ЯКІСНОГО ПРОЄКТУВАННЯ І БУДІВНИЦТВА АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ДОРІГ

Abstract Introduction. This article considers the issue of modernization of the regulatory and technical base of the road sector in the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads (hereinafter - highways) on the basis of analysis of existing regulations, regulations, technical literature, which refers to the objects of regulation and, of course, taking into account the requirements dictated by today's safety and environmental protection. The work concerns the basic building codes for the design and construction of roads, namely those innovations that have already been approved and are planned to be put into operation in the near future. Problem statement. Implementation of a common technical policy in road construction, ensuring their reliability and durability, increasing the efficiency of capital investments, implementing the provisions of Directive 2008/96 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on Road Infrastructure Safety Management, harmonizing international and European standards, implementing scientific and technical standards achievements of science and advanced domestic and world experience in the practice of design and construction, saving material, labor, financial and energy resources, improving design solutions, construction quality, occupational safety and health, rational use of land, other natural resources and environmental protection, encourages the continuous improvement of state building codes, as fundamental documents for the design and construction of roads. Objective. The main documents governing the requirements for the design and construction of roads, namely DBN B.2.3-4: 2015 "Roads. Part I. Design. Part II. Construction ", which were republished in 2015 and DBN B.2.3-5: 2018" Streets and roads of settlements ", republished in 2018, taking into account the current traffic intensity, increased requirements for the load on pavement, safety requirements and environmental protection, as well as the development of regulatory and technical framework, developed appropriate changes and additions. In order to reveal and detail their essence, effectiveness and purposefulness, the relevant material developed in this article has been developed. Materials and methods. The presented work is based on analytical, practical and theoretical research related to standardization requirements for the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads. Results. Amendments to the state building norms have been developed, which set requirements for the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads, taking into account modern design requirements, the latest materials and technologies. Conclusions. The requirements set out in the developed amendments to the state building codes for the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads are internal indicators. They are formed by complex analytical and practical calculations from many variables and unknowns, numerous public meetings and legal meetings, long-term coordination with central executive bodies, there are complex expert verification of the basic organization that implements scientific activities in construction and approval. Huge amounts of statistics and the best world and domestic experience were used to achieve the end result. Based on the results of the work performed, the most optimal requirements have been established, the main requirements that regulate the principles of design and construction of high-quality roads in Ukraine according to modern European standards. Keywords: building norms, public highways, streets and roads of settlements, design of highways, construction of highways, changes to building norms.

Effects of Different Land Use Types and Soil Depths on Soil Mineral Elements, Soil Enzyme Activity, and Fungal Community in Karst Area of Southwest China.

The current research was aimed to study the effects of different land use types (LUT) and soil depth (SD) on soil enzyme activity, metal content, and soil fungi in the karst area. Soil samples with depths of 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm were collected from different land types, including grassland, forest, Zanthoxylum planispinum land, Hylocereus spp. land and Zea mays land. The metal content and enzyme activity of the samples were determined, and the soil fungi were sequenced. The results showed that LUT had a significant effect on the contents of soil K, Mg, Fe, Cu and Cr; LUT and SD significantly affected the activities of invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and catalase. In addition, Shannon and Chao1 index of soil fungal community was affected by different land use types and soil depths. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota were the dominant phyla at 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil depths in five different land types. Land use led to significant changes in soil fungal structure, while soil depth had no significant effect on soil fungal structure, probably because the small-scale environmental changes in karst areas were not the dominant factor in changing the structure of fungal communities. Additionally, metal element content and enzyme activity were related to different soil fungal communities. In conclusion, soil mineral elements content, enzyme activity, and soil fungal community in the karst area were strongly affected by land use types and soil depths. This study provides a theoretical basis for rational land use and ecological restoration in karst areas.

System and organizational structure of public administration in the field of land management, geodesy, cartography and land cadastre

Issues related to land relations occupy an important place in the activities of the state. The implementation of state land policy involves the implementation of public authorities activities in the field of land relations, aimed at rational use and protection of land, ensuring food security of the country and creating environmentally friendly conditions for economic activity and residence of citizens. The quality of state land policy is determined taking into account the criteria (requirements) of proper state management of land resources contained in the recommendations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
 The results of the analysis of the real situation in Ukraine allow us to state that today these measures have not been fully implemented. The state land policy can be considered as being in the process of formation and not fully meeting European and world criteria and requirements for proper land management. Today in Ukraine there is no approved at the legislative level of the general strategy for the development of land resources and land relations [1].
 Among a wide range of public administration entities in the field of land relations, organizational activities of public administration in the field of land management, geodesy, cartography and land cadastre, has a separate system of entities designed in accordance with regulations to ensure implementation of state policy in the field of national infrastructure of geospatial data, topographic, geodetic and cartographic activities, land relations, land management, in the field of state land cadastre, state supervision (control) in the agro-industrial complex in terms of compliance with land legislation, use and protection of lands of all categories and forms of ownership, soil fertility.
 On the basis of the analysis of normative-legal regulation the article defines the range of subjects of public administration of general, special and subject competence in the field of land management, geodesy, cartography and land cadastre.

Scientific fundamentals of land technological passport of agricultural enterprise

The article highlights the essence and concepts, and the content of land-agro-technological passport of an agricultural enterprise as a scientific basis for environmentally safe and cost-effective land use, ensuring adequate productivity of soil cover, protecting it from degradation processes. The basis of ecologically safe land use of the enterprise is the productivity of soils for growing major crops within the zone of their location, which is expressed by the degree of compliance of soil properties with agricultural requirements of plants and opportunities to achieve appropriate yields. The graphic materials substantiate and show the soil-technological characteristics of crop rotation fields, cartogram of agrochemical characteristics of soils, restrictions on property rights and land use. The passport will serve as a reliable legal document for control over the rational use and protection of agricultural land.

State and use of lands in the Republic of Kalmykia

After the transition of the country's economy to market relations, the basis of the development of domestic agricultural production was the use of the entire potential of lands. The development level of domestic agriculture is entirely dependent on the rational land use. Each region of the country, including the Republic of Kalmykia has to use its own natural resource potential effectively. The article discusses the conditions and use of agricultural lands in the Republic of Kalmykia. The author underlines the changing area of agricultural lands, and pays the attention to the quality of the existing lands.

Basic Principles of Land Administration

Land is the greatest resource, life would not exist on earth without land. Land is an object of both physical and abstract content. Land is the state territory for the nation, which is called motherland in Georgian and in fact is a necessary area for the existence and creativity of the nation. In Summary, one of the most important part of man-made management activities is land management. The need to protect and rationally use land as the main condition of life, its defined volume and means of irreplaceable production is due to the growing population of the world and the demand for good received from the land. Land administration is part of the infrastructure that contributes to successful land management. Land resource management is a systematic, targeted impact on land relations and it aims at the rational use and protection of land. Keywords: Land Administration, Land Management, Cadastre.

Assessing sustainable urban development based on functional spatial differentiation of urban agriculture in Wuhan, China

Harmonized development of urban agricultural functions is necessary to ensure sustainable urban development, in which rational utilization of land plays a key role. With rapid urbanization, urban agricultural land has been encroached, the development of urban agriculture functions has become unbalanced, and differences between land, agriculture, and urban systems have become more evident. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of land use structure and the functional spatial differentiation of urban agriculture in Wuhan and studied the quantitative relationship and influence mechanisms between them. We found that the spatial differentiation of urban agricultural function in Wuhan was closely related to the urban developmental structure, comprehensive index of land use degree, and information entropy of land use structure; moreover, urban agricultural land rate showed different effects on urban agricultural functions of different clusters. Based on these results, we proposed optimization strategies for streets and towns with different development levels of urban agricultural functions to promote sustainable development of both urban agriculture and cities through the rational use of land.

Management and rational use of land resources in agriculture

The article identifies the factors of management and rational use of agricultural land. The key macro-conditions and micro-factors of the rational use of land resources are highlighted, including the innovative potential and a set of environmental protection measures, state monitoring and quality characteristics of agricultural land, the chemicalization of agriculture and the functional use of agricultural land. As part of the study, an econometric model of effective management and rational use of land resources in the region has been built. Trends in the use of land resources in modern conditions have been determined; the main directions for improving the use of agricultural lands have been substantiated, taking into account the development of innovative activity, intensive use and protective measures, the level of innovation and environmental friendliness of products. The proposed measures will improve the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the land used, increase the efficiency of land management in modern conditions.

Dynamics of crop production and rational use of agricultural lands

The article discusses the dynamics, structure of crop production, development trends, issues of rational and efficient use of agricultural land, problems of the industry. The main indicators of the development of the plant growing industry, the efficiency of the use of arable land, the productivity of the main agricultural crops for the period from 1990 to 2020 have been studied. The main problems facing the industry are outlined.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCENARIOS FOR EFFICIENT USE OF LAND RESOURCES OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The most important irreplaceable wealth of society ever has been land. It serves as the main natural resource, the material condition of people's life and activities, the basis for the location and development of all branches of the national economy, the main means of production, in agriculture and the main source of food. Rational use of land is the most important aspect of agriculture, the main task of land management. Currently, the issues of assessing agricultural land use and its territorial organization, improving the efficiency of using the potential of productive agricultural lands are becoming more and more relevant. First of all, this is due to the economic well-being of both commodity producers and consumers. In the modern domestic practice of land management, tremendous attention is paid to the issue of increasing the efficiency of agricultural land use, including the issue of forecasting and planning in the field of land use. It was found that the processes taking place in nature, the economy, and the social sphere often make it difficult to solve these issues, in connection with which the use of traditional approaches does not always lead to obtaining reliable information. It is emphasized that in order to implement effective land use, it is necessary to take into account the ecological situation of the studied territory, the area of arable land, climatic features, while assessing the possible consequences of interference with the environment. Ensuring the rational and efficient use of agricultural land is of particular importance and it is the most important economic and social factor for the sustainable development of the economy and ensuring the national security of the country. However, this vital resource, due to a number of reasons, is not used sufficiently fully and efficiently. The further development of the agricultural sector within the framework of the study of the intensity and size of land use should be considered in several scenarios, each one is oriented to a set of natural-climatic, organizational-economic, social-political and regulatory-legal conditions. Keywords: land resources, efficiency, agricultural enterprises, state regulation, land relations.

Legal provision of sustainable development as a condition for rational use of land

The article examines the theoretical and legal approaches to the rational use of land in terms of sustainable development. the use of land resources should be carried out within the concept of sustainable development, which is recognized as the dominant ideology of civilization in the XXI century, and is designed to ensure the needs of citizens while preserving natural resources and acceptable environmental conditions. Land reform, as part of the economic reform aimed at land redistribution, unfortunately did not cover the full range of legal relations related to both land protection and rational use.
 Under such conditions, it is proposed to review the existing legal approaches to the rational use of land and its protection in order to develop general principles for the rational use of land, taking into account the goals of sustainable development. The mechanism of legal regulation of rational use of lands through a prism of maintenance of sustainable development is offered. In particular, the legal criteria for the rational use of land resources should be to ensure their inexhaustibility and environmental friendliness of operation while ensuring sustainable development, subject to a number of factors due to a combination of public and private interests. The author substantiates that the main form of land use should be the right of ownership, which determines the personal interest in obtaining a stable income and preserving and improving land as an attractive investment resource; implementation of management functions related to land protection on the basis of public-private partnership, which will provide the possibility of self-control by the owner over the condition and properties of land, the presence of incentive and punitive mechanisms, provided an effective state control service in land protection. Accordingly, rational land use in the context of sustainable development will involve the constant receipt of the greatest possible amount of vital benefits, provided that land resources are kept unchanged or improved.
 The need to use land in accordance with their functional purpose as a place, condition, and source of human life determines the content of legal regulation in the context of sustainable development. The multifunctional purpose of the land creates conditions for human life, and therefore requires clear legal mechanisms that will ensure the safety and sufficient living standards of people when using land in various legal titles, the primary among which is land ownership. All other legal forms are derivative and are usually limited in time, so it is the owner who is primarily responsible for ensuring the quality of land use, which covering the full range of their functional purpose will ensure consistency, and in some cases improve the properties of this a unique natural resource.
 At present, there is an objective need to implement appropriate legal structures on the content of domestic regulations on land ownership in order to achieve sustainable development, which provides for mutual satisfaction of public and private interests in the use, preservation and protection of land. After all, land as an object of property rights according to the constitutional norm always remains a national property, and therefore its use should take place by satisfying both private and public interests, which is to preserve and restore soil quality, increase their fertility, produce quality agricultural products, in accordance with established standards; ensuring the preservation of natural objects, landscape environment, the territorial base of which is a particular land plot of the relevant purpose; ensuring free access to natural recreational, health aesthetic facilities used for the right of general nature use.