Radio-electronic Equipment Research Articles

История башенных сооружений: прошлое и настоящее

Purpose: to make an analytical review of the existing literature and systematization by purpose in various eras of existence for tower structures, as well as to highlight the achievements of mankind in the development of steel lattice towers used as supports for radio-electronic equipment over the past 130 years. Methods: the method of analytical review of the evolution of tower structures from the initial stages of the development of society was used with a description of the vectors of development and expediency of the construction of these structures, followed by the conclusion of modern trends, especially aimed at the development of steel tower structures used for the support of radio equipment. Results: various review and analytical studies have been analyzed, which allow us to draw conclusions about the use of structures in the past and identify the global vector of development of tower structures in various cultures; a comprehensive assessment, analysis and formalization of information presented in the form of a concise overview was carried out, in addition, a comprehensive analysis of the development of steel lattice towers in domestic science of the USSR period was carried out, and modern trends in the development of steel lattice towers were reflected. The result of this work is a generalization of world and national research aimed at accumulating knowledge about the origin and vectors of future trends in the development of tower structures. Practical significance: the accumulation and analysis of existing knowledge about the history of the development of tower structures and their purpose in human economic and household activities in various epochs has been carried out. A systematic series of modern trends in the development of steel tower structures used as supports for radio-technical equipment is presented in order to determine the direction of future research.

Complex systems for controlling thermal modes of radio-electronic equipment

The system of providing thermal conditions of radio-electronic equipment, which is a necessary subsystem of such modern information systems as on-board mobile objects with high requirements to reliability, dynamics and controllability, is analyzed. A solid-state method of cooling energy generation based on the Peltier effect is highlighted, which has such advantages as the possibility of creating a temperature below ambient, small dimensions, mass and increased reliability compared to similar coolers of other physical principles. It is shown that in distributed systems with heat-loaded elements the function of transporting heat flows is necessary, and the most promising for the solved problems is realized on flexible heat pipes, which agree with thermoelectric coolers in terms of reliability, mass and dimensional characteristics. The method of reducing the mass and dimensional characteristics of systems for providing thermal modes with impulse heat generation, typical for tracking systems or on-board systems, is considered. It is noted that the heat of phase transition of melting substances allows to form thermal accumulators, which, when coordinated with the dynamic characteristics of thermal processes of the system, allows to significantly reduce the mass and dimensional characteristics of the system for providing thermal modes. The use of thermal accumulators in systems with pulse-periodic influence allows to increase also reliability indicators due to filtration of high-frequency thermal emissions in heat-loaded elements. The expediency of the system approach to the design of the thermoelectric system for ensuring thermal modes of electronic equipment with heat pipes and thermal accumulators by synthesizing a multidimensional regulator type “Multiple Input - Multiple Output” (MIMO) is substantiated. It is substantiated that to satisfy the basic principles of multidimensional systems of fragility and robustness it is necessary to satisfy the condition of creation of a qualitative model of the thermoelectric system of provision of thermal modes of heat-loaded electronic equipment.

Monolithic integrated circuit LNA 5–10 GHz

One of the features of the current stage of development of microwave electronics is the widespread use of monolithic integrated circuits. The interest of radio-electronic equipment developers in MIS is caused not only by better microwave characteristics compared to modules made using hybrid technology, but also by economic feasibility, ease of setup and reproducibility of parameters of finished products. An integral part of the transmitting and receiving paths of such systems are MMICs of low noise amplifiers. The goal of the work is to implement a matched MIC microwave low-noise amplifier with operating frequencies from 5 to 10 GHz with a noise figure of at least 1.2 dB and a gain of at least 20 dB. To develop an amplifier with operating frequencies up to 10 GHz, technology with a design standard of 0.25 microns was chosen. To meet the requirements, a two-stage circuit with automatic bias was selected. The widths of the transistors were selected taking into account the analysis of the minimum achievable noise figure and the balance between current consumption and output power. The autobias of the first stage is organized using an inductor. This solution allows not only to set the required DC mode, but also ensures input matching of the amplifier. The second stage is covered by negative feedback, which has a positive effect on the stability of the amplifier and its output matching. The amplifier supply voltage is 5 V, while resistors in the DC filter circuits set the required voltage value at the drain of each stage. Based on electrodynamic analysis, a topology was synthesized and an MIC was manufactured in the form of a gallium arsenide crystal 1.8 x 1.8 mm in size and 100 μm thick. An experimental study of manufactured LNA samples showed that in the frequency range from 5 GHz to 10 GHz the noise figure does not exceed 1.2 dB, while the minimum gain in the operating band is 21 dB. Characteristics of the amplifier has good temperature stability. The main parameters of the manufactured microcircuit are at the level of parameters of foreign analogues.

A method for minimizing voids in solder joints on a printed circuit board

Formulation of the problem. When mounting electronic components on a board during the soldering process, voids inevitably form inside the connection. There are especially many of them in solder joints that have a large area. These voids impair thermal conductivity and generally reduce both the mechanical and electrical reliability of the contact. Therefore, finding ways to reduce the impact of this defect is a fairly urgent task. Target. Consider the effect of solder mask roughness on the distribution of flux around the contact pad, and also identify the dependence of the formation of voids on the configuration and thickness of solder paste application. Results. More active fluxes have been shown to produce fewer voids in terms of average total area covering the pad. Analysis of samples prepared using modified stencils showed a significantly lower proportion of voids than when using a standard stencil. In addition, it has been shown that the choice of solder mask type has a significant impact on the formation of voids in solder joints. The best results were achieved using a thin stencil with a larger aperture when the printed circuit boards were without a solder mask, and the surface has the greatest roughness. However, when modified, thicker, smaller aperture stencils were used, the solder mask had no effect on void formation. Thus, it was found that stencil modification can be recognized as a more preferable and effective way to minimize voids in solder joints. Practical significance. The results obtained can be used to improve the reliability of radio-electronic equipment by selecting optimal soldering technology parameters that affect the reduction of the number of voids in solder joints of components on the board.

Main Results and Directions of Research on the Creation of Antenna Systems for Advanced Radio-Electronic Equipment

Main Results and Directions of Research on the Creation of Antenna Systems for Advanced Radio-Electronic Equipment

Design features of a high-frequency EMI filter in the frequency range 9 kHz – 100 MHz

At the present stage of development of energy-efficient technologies – pulsed devices and systems for amplifying information signals and converting electrical energy, the problem of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of information and computing technology and radio-electronic equipment (REE) is becoming more and more acute. One of the most pressing EMC problems is caused by the presence of conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) traveling along wires. This problem is eliminated by using EMI filters, which localize EMI at the place of its occurrence. Further development of functional REE (sensitivity, expansion of the frequency range by tens of thousands of times) requires the development of design theory, new design principles to meet new requirements for the EMI filters. The article discusses the development of EMI filter with overlapping frequency range 9 kHz – 100 MHz (eleven thousand times) with EMI attenuation of 50–60 dB on a domestic electronic component. Achieving this goal required new principles for designing EMI filter: development of new principles for the synthesis of structural-parametric electrical equivalent circuits of inductors and capacitors in EMI filter; study of the stability of the "filter-converter" system, caused by the negative real component of the complex input impedance of a pulsed voltage converter with negative feedback. A methodology for designing a broadband PDF with an overlap of the protected frequency range from EMI by eleven thousand times (9 kHz – 100 MHz) has been developed. The developed EMI filter with a frequency range of 9 kHz – 100 MHz is used in new radio navigation systems. The proposed methodology for designing EMI filters and methods for creating behavioral models of capacitors and inductors will be expanded to other groups of capacitors and inductors.

ANALYSIS OF THE MAGAMP POWER CONVERTER STABILITY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT OF THE INTERVAL UNCERTAINTY OF THE MAGAMP CORES PARAMETERS

To ensure the functioning of radio electronic equipment (RAE), semiconductor power converters (NPEs) are used, which perform the functions of converting and adjusting the parameters of electrical energy. The modern consumer needs NPEs with a rigid set of operational characteristics - ensuring functional parameters in a wide range of changes in all disturbing factors. The existing principles of NPE construction do not always allow such a set of characteristics to be realized. The article analyzes the stability of the pulse voltage stabilizer based on high-frequency magnetic amplifiers, taking into account the technological spread of their core parameters. The circuit of the voltage stabilizer is presented, its operation is described, the principle of operation of the high-frequency magnetic amplifier is disclosed, and its transfer function in the frequency domain is found. The study is based on the use of interval analysis theory. The conducted analysis of the stability of the NPE, taking into account the interval uncertainty of the parameters of the cores of high-frequency magnetic amplifiers, confirmed their performance both with technological dispersion of the parameters of the cores and with a wide range of changes in all disturbing factors, including the parallel operation of voltage stabilizers on a common load.

Formalizing the Development of Diagnostic Support for Radio-Electronic Equipment

Formalizing the Development of Diagnostic Support for Radio-Electronic Equipment

Algorithm for Non-Contact Monitoring of the Performance of Electronic Equipment Elements

The research, described in the article, relates to the field of technical diagnostics – one of the componentsof the process of repairing electronic equipment. The main reasons that influence the correct operation of radioelectronic equipment are identified, and the types of technical malfunctions that arise during its operationare identified. The types of faults in printed circuit units have been identified and systematized, a classificationof methods for their diagnosis has been made, an algorithm for contactless monitoring of the performance of radioelectronic equipment elements has been developed, and a device structure for its implementation has been proposed.

RECEIVING METALS FROM SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS. POWDER OF SILVER

Purpose of research. Powder of silver is one of the most widely used materials in industry. In the free or sintered (compressed) state, it is widely used in medicine as an element of antiseptics, in electronics as the basis of conductive pastes, conductive adhesives and contacts intended for closing and opening electrical circuits, in the production of multilayer ceramic capacitors, etc. Due to its high electrical conductivity, powder of silver is also used as a cathode material in solar cells. In today's conditions, the development of materials for alternative energy sources is quite relevant. Powder of silver can be used as a component of the active mass in chemical current sources. It is known that the characteristics of the active mass are influenced by the properties of the powder, namely, the size and shape of the particles. Materials and methodology. In this work, it was proposed to use boards of radio-electronic equipment as raw materials for the production of powders of silver. The reductant, recovery rate and modes of obtaining finely dispersed powders of silver after processing of secondary raw materials were identified. Results. The influence of the parameters of the reduction of powders of silver, namely, the type of reducing agent and the rate of reduction, was studied. It was established that in the process of forming powders of silver, a developed morphology and space between particles are formed, which increases the surface area, due to which the performance characteristics of various devices, in which powder of silver can be used as a component, will improve. Scientific novelty. Factors that affect the size and shape of powder of silver particles, namely, the type of reducing agent and the rate of reduction, have been established. Conclusions. It was established that the size of particles of silver depends on the speed of recovery. The stronger the reducing agent, the higher the rate of metal reduction, and the larger the particle size. Changing the speed of recovery (slowing down or speeding up) allows you to get particles of silver with the desired size. The indisputable advantage of the method of obtaining powder of silver by reduction is the formation of high-purity metal, which positively affects the properties.

Amplitude methods for forming frequency-independent radiation characteristics of multibeam reflector antennas

The trend towards expanding the operating frequency ranges of radio-electronic equipment has led to an increasing interest in recent years in the study of ways to constructing multi-beam frequency-independent reflector antennas, which requires systematization of the principles and methods of their construction. When constructing reflector antennas, methods based on the selection of the directional properties of the feeds and methods based on the selection of the frequency-selective properties of the reflectors are used. Methods based on the choice of directional properties of feeds are divided into methods using horn feeds and methods using feeds in the form of cluster arrays with intersecting apertures. Horn feeds are used to create single-beam reflector antennas. Using cluster arrays, it is possible to form a plurality of beams of frequency-independent partial radiation patterns. Using the example of a hybrid reflector antenna, the possibility of forming nine beams in the azimuthal sector of 20° with a beam width of 3.2° ± 0.45° in the frequency band from 2 to 8 GHz is shown. The level of side lobes outside the working sector in the operating frequency band does not exceed –35 dB, the slope of the direction-finding characteristics varies from 4.8 to 9.8 dB/deg. Among the methods based on the choice of selective properties of reflectors, there are methods using frequency-selective surfaces and methods using corrective coatings on the working surface of the reflector. Frequency-selective surfaces are made in the form of wire meshes with variable pitch, in the form of a set of parabolic plates and in the form of a set of square waveguides with a side size ranging from half-wave at the upper frequency in the middle part of the reflector to half-wave at the lower operating frequency at the edges of the reflector. The disadvantages of using frequency-selective surfaces are the complex and expensive design of the reflector, low antenna efficiency, high side lobes and the need to use a large absorbing screen. When implementing the method using corrective coatings, the separate functions of a frequency-selective surface and a radio-absorbing screen are combined in one structural element – a frequency-dependent corrective coating applied to the working surface of the reflector. Among the advantages of this method, it is worth noting the simple design of the reflector and the possibility of its operation at any polarization, since the reflection characteristics of the coating are practically independent of the type of polarization. A common disadvantage of reflector antennas based on the choice of frequency-selective properties of reflectors is distortion of the shape of the main lobe of partial patterns and a larger range of scatter in the pattern width in the operating frequency band, which prevents the formation of linear direction-finding characteristics and reduces direction-finding accuracy. Due to the low efficiency of multibeam mirror antennas built using amplitude methods for forming frequency-independent radiation characteristics, their use as transmitting antennas is impractical. The completed review and identified features of methods for constructing frequency-independent radiation characteristics can become a methodological basis for the design of broadband multi-beam reflector antenna systems for advanced radio-electronic equipment.

Автоматизированная система оперативной регистрации технических изменений предприятия радиоэлектронной промышленности

The modern production of radio-electronic equipment is a typical example of a make-to-order type of production. With custom-made products, each order is a unique product. The repeatability of orders in the total volume of orders is quite small compared to new orders, which leads to a large increase in the product range. As a rule, manufactured products are complex, high-tech products that can have a large structure, consist of a large number of components, and have a complex manufacturing process. Thus, the implementation of the full cycle of production of products and the preparation of design documentation requires the support of specialized software. Given the complexity of finished products and the large number of participants involved in production activities, there is an exponential growth in the volume of information. Without the availability of up-to-date data and methods for quick decision making, the development and production process will not be effective. The issues of automating the tracking of operational changes in design documentation at all stages of the production of radio-electronic equipment are considered. Automated systems responsible for managing the life cycle of products are called PLM – Product Lifecycle Management – this is a strategy for the production of industrial products that manages the product at all stages of the life cycle. Existing commercial solutions in this area have redundant functionality and are difficult to integrate into the existing information space of the enterprise. Aim. Study of the process of registration of technical changes in design documentation. Methods. The article presents the process of implementing technical changes in the form of a formal model and a functional model for implementing the changelog using the IDEF0 notation. The architecture of the electronic log of operational registration of changes in the form of diagrams of UML graphic notation is presented. Results. Models for the development of an automated system for managing the electronic journal of operational registration of changes are proposed. The software implementation of the system for managing the electronic journal of operational registration of changes at a research and production enterprise is considered. Conclusion. The automated system proposed in the study allows in a short time to bring to the production shops of the enterprise information about the proposed changes in the design of a prototype product, stop production, take the necessary corrective actions and finalize the product with minimization of losses for the production of a new prototype.

Criteria for Evaluating the Processes of Designing Onboard Radio-Electronic Equipment of Space Vehicles

The authors of the article conducted an analysis of approaches, methods, and criteria for evaluating the design processes of onboard radio-electronic equipment. In particular, the key criteria influencing the enhancement of efficiency in designing onboard radio-electronic equipment processes were examined, along with ways to improve them when addressing business process reengineering tasks in design organizations. Based on the analysis conducted and the authors experience in the field of engineering business processes for designing onboard radio-electronic equipment for spacecraft, fourteen groups of quality assessment criteria for business processes were developed. The developed criteria were tested in evaluating the performance of reengineering business processes in the instrumentation department of the Information Satellite Systems named after M. F. Reshetnev Joint-Stock Company. However, due to the vast amount of material obtained during the research and design work conducted, the authors of the article have provided only examples of the development and coordination of the technical specification for the design of onboard radio-electronic equipment for spacecraft as indicative results. The results of the testing showed the effectiveness of the developed criteria for evaluating the design processes of onboard radio-electronic equipment for spacecraft, substantiating the potential for innovation implementation.

Engineering calculation of a transformer for radio-electronic equipment

One of the possible methods for simplified calculation of a transformer, as the most critical and vulnerable element of radio-electronic equipment in conjunction with other elements, is considered. The calculating results of transformers for electronic equipment using the proposed method showed convergence with the results of calculations using methods developed by specialists from similar industries. Keywords electronic equipment, transformer, coil, magnetic field, magnetic induction

A synergetic approach to the development of the economic potential of the aviation complex enterprises

The potential of aviation enterprises makes it possible to increase the volume of development and production of aviation equipment, in particular: regional passenger and transport aircraft; aircraft engines and units; on-board radio-electronic equipment aimed at the use of satellite communication, navigation and observation systems; helicopters and general aviation aircraft, including unmanned ones; military goods and dual-use products. It is substantiated that the harmonization of the modern system of state regulation of the integration of the foreign trade sector of Ukraine into the EU should be carried out based on the fact that the parties have excellent reasons for forming an integration association. The consistent implementation of worldview and methodological procedures for maximizing the use of potential is, first of all, a tool for overcoming the low level of economic development, efforts through unification to create better conditions for the industrialization and development of aviation enterprises, the possibility of qualitative transformation of the foreign trade sector by attracting foreign investments and high technologies. This approach should contribute to the fundamental restructuring and diversification of export supplies, increase the opportunities to use positive development trends, and increase the level of international competitiveness of domestic economic entities. The results of the diagnostics of aviation enterprises made it possible to reveal the expediency of forming a new structure of interaction of enterprises and systematizing them into an aviation complex, which is considered as a set of organizations involved in the development, testing, production, sale, operation, modernization and repair of aviation equipment, which form several interconnected clusters.

Оценка влияния непреднамеренных помех на линию вверх канала управления беспилотного летательного аппарата

Modern unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming increasingly important in solving many problems, for example, when delivering goods, video recording, conducting aerial monito¬ring of the condition of remote and hard-to-reach objects, etc. When solving these problems, UAVs may experience unintentional interference from other radio-electronic equipment (RES). Currently, virtually no attention is paid to issues related to the analysis of the quality of operation of civilian UAVs in the presence of unintentional interference from other civil electronic distribution systems. The proposed method is intended to somewhat fill this gap. It is based on the assumption that a decrease in the quality of reception of useful signals in the radio control channel below a certain value due to the low signal-to-noise ratio at the input of the UAV receiver in its bandwidth will lead to errors in the UAV flight control commands and the wrong starting of on-board specialized equipment. The level of the interfering signal delivered to the UAV receiver from a stationary land-based transmitter depends on interaction areas between transmitter and receiver antenna patterns. A method for determining these areas, consisting of main and side lobes of antenna patterns, is proposed. This method can be used to solve the more general problem of analyzing the electromagnetic compatibility of UAV radio stations, control panels and ground-based electronic devices, as it is an integral part of solving this problem.

Climatic testing of radio-electronic equipment

Climatic testing of radio-electronic equipment

Neutron attenuation in some polymer composite material

The scientific paper presents studies of the radiation-protective features of a polymer composite material for protection against space radiation based on poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene, Bi2O3 bismuth oxide, WC tungsten carbide, B4C boron carbide, TiH1.7 titanium hydride shot. The composite provides for a high degree of protection against ionizing radiation, including protection against exposure to secondary neutrons: macroscopic fast neutrons removal cross-section (E > 2 MeV) 0.1331–0.1414 cm−1, thermal-velocity neutrons removal cross-section (E < 0.4 eV), cm−1 0.1183–0.1257 cm−1. A shield made of the tailored composition of the proposed 6 cm thick polymer composite attenuates the intensity of neutron radiation by more than 50 % at energies from 0.1 to 5 MeV, in particular, the greatest attenuation of the neutron radiation intensity occurs at an energy of 0.1 MeV with a sharp increase in attenuation when passing through a 2 cm thick shield and complete absorption occurs passing through a 6 cm thick shield. This material can be used to protect astronauts and radio-electronic equipment from the effects of adverse or harmful space factors, including exposure to secondary neutrons, and this material can also be used to protect crews of ships with mobile nuclear reactors such as atomic submarines and nuclear-powered icebreakers.

Analytical Models for the Time Response of a Microstrip Line with Two Additional Symmetrical Conductors on Top under Different Boundary Conditions at Their Ends

Introduction. Protection of radio electronic equipment (REA) against various electromagnetic interferences is an important aspect of electromagnetic capability. Among interferences for REA, ultra-short pulses of picosecond and nanosecond ranges represent the highest danger due to their high voltage, short duration, and wide spectrum. One effective protection measure consists in the use of bandpass devices based on modal decomposition, such as modal filters (MF). This requires an analysis of distortion of the temporal response of bandpass devices, which is usually carried out numerically. However, even for simple configurations, this approach is associated with high computational costs. Yet simple analytical time-response models are acceptable in some cases. In the initial design stages, such models are extremely useful in providing a preliminary solution and a rapid assessment of response distortions. Therefore, comparison of time responses obtained by numerical methods and analytical models appears an important research task. Aim. To compare the time responses obtained by quasi-static analysis and analytical models. Materials and methods. Analytical models for computing time responses based on a modal analysis technique were considered. A quasi-static modeling of a microstrip line (MSL) with two additional symmetrical conductors on top in the TALGAT system was carried out. Results. Analytical models are proposed for an MSL with two additional symmetrical conductors on top taking different boundary conditions at their ends into account. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed models are verified by comparing the time responses obtained by quasi-static analysis and the proposed models. The results obtained showed good agreement. Conclusion. It is shown that an MSL with two additional symmetrical conductors on top can be used as an MF under different boundary conditions at the ends of these conductors. The proposed models allow the shape and amplitude of the response to be estimated with acceptable accuracy, reducing time and computational costs.

Оценка влияния параметров травления на характеристики однопроводных и многопроводных линий передачи

Modernization of radio-electronic equipment leads to the need to improve the methods of manufacturing the components that are a part of it. Printed circuit boards are predominantly manufactured using subtractive methods. Under conditions of constant miniaturization, it is necessary to consider the impact of conductor subtractive etching on the performance of the fabricated prototype. In this paper, the effect of etching parameters on the performance of single and coupled microstrip lines is evaluated. An algorithm for evaluating the influence of etching parameters on the characteristics of the considered structures is proposed. In the future it is planned to conduct a laboratory experiment with the extraction of etching coefficients and evaluation of their influence on the characteristics of the considered structures.