Radio-electronic Equipment Research Articles

Matching the output voltage level of the energy recovery device and the voltage of the on-board network

This article deals with the possibilities of applying magnetic dampers for damping of mechanical vibrations, both of car body and of radio-electronic equipment. An electronic device is proposed to adapt the output voltage of the energy recovery device to the voltage of the car’s onboard network or to the power supply voltage of the radio-electronic equipment. In addition, the developed device can be used in conjunction with an energy recovery system for vehicle braking.

Теплопередавальні характеристики мініатюрних теплових труб для систем охолодження електронної техніки

Decrease in mass and dimensional characteristics of semiconductor devices with simultaneous increase in allocated power dissipation creates conditions of heat-loaded operation of the most critical elements of radio-electronic equipment. Such growth of heat flows requires effective small-size systems for maintaining safe temperature conditions of electronic equipment and its reliable functioning. The use of miniature heat pipes (MHP) commensurate in size with the microchip crystals can significantly reduce their temperature level of operation. The paper presents the experimental results of investigation of thermal resistance and maximum heat fluxes of miniature heat pipes with diameters from 3 to 6 mm and lengths from 150 to 300 mm with metal-fiber capillary structure. The porosity of the capillary structure varied from 70% to 88%. Water and ethanol were used as coolants. The study was carried out at different orientations of MHPs in space: vertical by gravity forces, horizontal, and vertical against gravity forces (+90°, 0°, –90°). It is shown that the heat transfer characteristics of the MHPs are affected by both geometric and mode factors. It is determined that the minimum thermal resistance and maximum heat flux significantly depend on the diameter of the vapor channel, porosity of the capillary structure and thermal physical properties of the heat transfer medium. The data on the heat transfer intensity in the heating zone depending on the size of the vapor channel are given. It is shown that decreasing the diameter of the vapor space of MHPs worsens their heat transfer characteristics.

Відновлення працездатності радіоелектронних пристроїв шляхом реінжинірингу

Domestic radio-electronics, which is still incorporated in many electronic devices, has practically exhausted its technical resource. The longer modernization is postponed and the radio-electronic equipment based on outdated elements remains in use, the more its efficiency declines and operating costs increase. This paper analyzes the problems of maintaining the operational efficiency of radio-electronics that has exhausted its technical resource and the production of its elemental base has been discontinued. The authors substantiate the approach to extending the life cycle of technical products by updating the target functions of modules and cells through reengineering. The reengineering was performed for the functional control system 4PK, which is part of the radar 5N86 (“Hen House”), which has been in operation since 1975. To check the possibility of preserving the existing operating principles, simulations of cells and modules on the new elemental base and existing modules were carried out using Tina-Ti software simulation tools (Texas Instruments), Electronics Workbench, Micro Cap. The results of the reengineering of the 2TM modules indicated the problem of choosing a new element base — they use negative logic, which complicates the using a series of modern elemental base, the vast majority of elements of which are designed on positive logic and positive supply voltage. In order not to disturb the power supply architecture of the active radar, a way was found to coordinate different levels. Testing the model showed a positive result, and a number of cells showed the possibility to build a universal cell using reconfigurable electronic microcircuits in its composition.

Possibility of unification of requirements for radiation resistance for spacecraft with different operating conditions

During the period of active lifetime in different types of orbits, spacecraft are exposed to various factors of outer space. Die main factor influencing the performance of electronic equipment is the ionizing radiation of outer space. The main effect associated with the impact of the ionizing radiation of outer space on the spacecraft (dose effects), in its physics, is determined by the radiation dose absorbed in the components of the electronic component base and construction materials during the entire lifetime. This effect explains the failures in the operation of radio-electronic equipment due to the degradation of the parameters used in the products of the electronic component base and materials. Calculation of levels of exposure to absorbed doses depending on various parameters of the orbit is a necessary and important task for ensuring the functioning of the spacecraft during a given lifetime, since calculations of radiation resistance are based on the levels of exposure in orbit. The key, from the point of view of minimizing mass protection and the scope of testing of critical electronic component base products, is to carry out calculations taking into account the design features of the spacecraft and on-board equipment. In addition to taking into account the design of the spacecraft and the spacecraft, an important aspect when calculating the radiation resistance is taking into account the relative position of the spacecraft in the spacecraft. This article considers the possibility of unifying the requirements for radiation resistance for spacecraft with different operating orbits and lifetime, as well as the possibility of carrying out a unified calculation without taking into account the design features of the spacecraft, spacecraft and relative position within the spacecraft.

ПРИСТРІЙ ДЛЯ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ТЕХНІЧНОГО СТАНУ ЦИФРОВИХ ТЕЗЩО ВИКОРИСТОВУЄ ПАРАМЕТРИ ЕНЕРГОДИНАМІЧНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ

The article examines the structural and functional diagrams of the device for diagnosing existing and prospective typical digital replacement elements, which contain microprocessor-based on large integrated circuits and are part of the radio-electronic equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The principle of operation of the device is based on the use as diagnostic information of initial reactions (IR) of object of diagnosis and parameters of the energy-dynamic process. The use of two power supply voltages and the step-by-step construction of the test sequence (TS) makes it possible to make a decision about the operational efficiency of the object of diagnosis with reliability no lower than specified for an acceptable time. Decision-making about the technical condition of a typical replacement element and localization of defects is carried out with the help of a personal computer based on the theory of fuzzy logic. The computer is the core that provides the analysis of the available and received diagnostic information, the formation of test sequences (TS) and decision-making about the technical condition of the object of diagnosis. It allows you to quickly process a large amount of diagnostic information, carry out its analysis, storage and replenishment due to the knowledge of experts and the accumulation of statistics. This makes it possible to exclude some elementary test effects, the need for which is eliminated based on the results of the obtained data, as well as to reduce the number of sets in the TS, which leads to a reduction in diagnosis time. Step-by-step execution of commands and current analysis of the situation allows not only to carry out diagnostics up to the first faulty element, but also makes it possible to conduct a further search for faulty elements. The advantage of the proposed device is the possibility of increasing the reliability of diagnosis without increasing its duration.

Applying topological optimization methods for radio-electronic equipment thermal state ensuring

Applying topological optimization methods for radio-electronic equipment thermal state ensuring

Method of Using radio-electronic Equipment Diagnostics Durable Systems and Devices for Localization of Defective Elements

This article focuses on enhancing fault tolerance and reliability in electronic systems by providing recommendations for diagnosing and repairing basic semiconductor devices. The study introduces a novel method for diagnosing radio-electronic equipment using a device that localizes faulty elements. The goals of the research include improving fault localization accuracy and reducing repair time. The proposed method is based on the principles of fault isolation and utilizes advanced diagnostic techniques. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, showcasing significant improvements in fault detection and repair efficiency. The implications of this research suggest that implementing the proposed method can enhance the reliability and maintainability of electronic systems, leading to reduced downtime and improved overall system performance. 
 Highlights:
 
 
 Improved fault localization accuracy: The article presents a novel method for diagnosing radio-electronic equipment that focuses on accurately localizing faulty elements, leading to enhanced fault detection and diagnosis precision.
 
 
 Reduced repair time: The research aims to provide recommendations for repairing basic semiconductor devices, resulting in reduced repair time and improved system availability, ultimately minimizing downtime and improving overall system efficiency.
 
 
 Enhanced system reliability: By implementing the proposed method and incorporating advanced diagnostic techniques, the article highlights the potential for improving the reliability of electronic systems, leading to increased system performance and reduced maintenance efforts.
 
 
 Keywords: fault tolerance, reliability, electronic systems, diagnostics, repair.

Control of complex thermoelectric cooling units with mixed electrical connection in a uniform temperature field

The possibility of optimal thermal management of a number of temperature-dependent and heat-loaded elements of radio electronic equipment with calculated power dissipation is considered. Studies have been carried out in a uniform temperature field using a set of thermoelectric cooling devices and defined geometry of thermocouple branches. The correlation for determining the relative operating current depending on the relative temperature drop for a given supply voltage, thermal load and geometry of thermoelements branches has been obtained; the range of valid values of the relative operating current has been determined. Acomparative analysis of the basic parameters, reliability indices and dynamic characteristics of a group of thermoelectric devices included in the complex for different supply voltages and heat loads has been made. The possibility of selecting supply voltages of thermoelectric devices complex with regard to limiting factors for mass-size, power, dynamic and reliability characteristics to ensure the optimum thermal mode of a number of thermo-dependent elements of radio electronic equipment has been shown. With increasing supply voltage of thermoelectric devices complex with mixed electrical connection in uniform temperature field at given thermal load and geometry of thermoelements branches the following results are achieved. Steady-state time increases, the number of thermoelements increases, the cooling coefficient decreases, the amount of consumed energy increases, the heat dissipation capacity of the heat sink increases, and the functional dependence of the probability of failure-free operation on the total supply voltage has a maximum.

Nonlinear Inertial Diode Model Considering the Dependence of Nonequilibrium Charge Carrier Lifetime on Direct Current to Improve Simulation of Radioelectronic Equipment

Introduction. Adequate modeling of semiconductor devices with a p–n-junction in reverse bias represents a relevant research problem. The existing quasistatic and non-quasistatic models fail to provide a satisfactory description for the dependence of nonequilibrium charge carrier lifetime on current density. This leads to significant simulation errors (tens of percent) at pulsed broadband signals. Simulation errors arise, because the existing models regard the lifetime as a constant value.Aim. To propose and investigate an equivalent circuit of a p–n-junction considering the dependence of the lifetime of nonequilibrium charge carriers on direct current, with the possibility of its simple integration into CAD.Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the example of a fast recovery silicon diode BAS16J with a p–n-junction manufactured by Nexperia. A modified diode model is proposed in the form of an equivalent circuit that considers the dependence of the lifetime of nonequilibrium charge carriers on the direct current of the p–njunction at high injection levels.Results. The discrepancy between the experimental and simulated curves did not exceed ±9 % under pulsed diode operation. The extraction of parameters in the proposed model is carried out conventionally, from the current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics of the diode.Conclusion. The proposed non-quasistatic equivalent diode circuit can be used when designing radio electronic devices operated at short-pulse broadband signals. The proposed diode model can be easily implemented in modern CAD systems at the user level.

Analysis of Single Event Effects Created by Space Ionizing Radiation in the Microcircuits of the Interplanetary Spacecraft Radio Electronic Equipment

Analysis of Single Event Effects Created by Space Ionizing Radiation in the Microcircuits of the Interplanetary Spacecraft Radio Electronic Equipment

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЗАХИСТУ ЕЛЕКТРОТЕХНІЧНОЇ ТА РАДІОЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ АПАРАТУРИ ВІД ВИСОКОВОЛЬТНИХ КОРОТКОЧАСНИХ СПЛЕСКІВ НАПРУГИ В МЕРЕЖІ ЕЛЕКТРОЖИВЛЕННЯ

A problem of electrical and radioelectronic equipment’s high energy pulse disturbance immunity is considered in the paper, in particular against microsecond high voltage disturbances (MHVD) in the power mains. It is showed causes of MHVD with amplitude up to 4 kV and even higher. A review of various protection methods against MHVD is carried out and it is shown that the use of a two-terminal network (TTN) with a significantly nonlinear current-voltage characteristic: varistors, suppressors and gas arrestors is the most effective. The report analyzes the operation principle of these two-poles and shows that the typical inclusion of such a device directly at the equipment’s input is not effective enough for cases where the high-frequency impedance of the mains is low. An L-circuit for connecting the TTN together with an LR link is proposed, and results of computer simulation with the aid of PSPICE showed that such a scheme reduces the MHVD amplitude on the network input of the equipment by 1.5 times comparing with the typical inclusion of such a device even under a low impedance of the mains Adding the low-pass filter to the L-circuit allows to reduce the MHVD amplitude by 40 and more times comparing with the typical inclusion of the TTN. References 8, figures 6.

Разработка устройства защиты от сверхкоротких импульсов для цепей электропитания бортовой радиоэлектронной аппаратуры

Correct and uninterrupted operation of on-board radio-electronic equipment (REE) operating in extreme space conditions is an important requirement in spacecraft (SC) development and operation, since its violation can cause irreparable damage. Ensuring interference immunity of power supply bus (PSB) of on-board REE of SC. When designing the PSB, the task of ensuring the integrity of the power supply was solved by developing a protection device against conductive interference, including protection against ultra-short pulses (USP). The duration of such interference is in the nanosecond and subnanosecond range. Due to their wide range, such interference overcomes traditional means of protection. To protect against USP, devices called modal filters (MF) have been proposed. MFs are designed to be integrated into PSBs and provide effective protection against USP. Meanwhile, in order to obtain a complex protection effect of a spacecraft against radiated and conductive large-amplitude USP, a joint use of MF and an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter on elements with concentrated parameters is proposed. For the first time, recommendations on step-by-step development of an PSB protection device against USP, which is a hybrid consisting of MF and EMI-filter, are presented. Experimental studies have shown that such a hybrid attenuates common and differential interference in the frequency range up to 5 GHz by 5.81 and 11.9 times, respectively. In addition, the device is small and lightweight, which is important for space applications.

Thermal control of parallelly connected thermoelectric coolers in a uniform temperature field

The possibility of using a set of thermoelectric devices to control the thermal regime of a number of thermo-dependent and heat-loaded elements of radio-electronic equipment, which are subject to increased requirements for reliability indicators and dynamic characteristics, is considered. A mathematical model of a thermoelectric device has been developed for a uniform temperature field, a typical range of power dissipation of the products used, a range of standard values of the supply voltage, and a fixedgeometry of thermoelement legs. A relation is obtained for determining the relative operating current depending on the relative temperature difference at a given supply voltage, the geometry of the thermoelement branches, and the magnitude of the thermal load. The region of real values of the relative operating current in the zone of relative temperature differences is determined for a given geometry of branches and thermal load. An analysis is made of the relationship between the relative operating current of a single-stage thermoelectric cooler and the coefficient of performance, the amount of energy expended, the heat-removing capacity of the radiator, the time to reach a stationary mode, and the probability of failure-free operation. The dependence ofthe relative failure rate and the probability of failure-free operation, the amount of energy expended, the heat-removing capacity of the radiator, and the number of thermoelements on the supply voltage of the thermoelectric cooler has been studied. This made it possible to evaluate the control features and identify the effectiveness of the control actions when the coolers are connected in parallel in a uniform temperature field. The possibility of choosing the optimal supply voltage is shown, taking into account a number of restrictive factors in terms of weight, size, energy, dynamic and reliability characteristics of a complex of thermoelectric coolers as part of systems for ensuring thermal regimes of heat-loaded radio-electronic equipment.

Promising directions for increasing reliability radio-electronic equipment based on physical diagnostics using information technologies

In modern economic conditions, the renewal of the fleet of radio-electronic equipment is carried out relatively slowly. The subsequent operation of complex objects of high-cost radio-electronic equipment with a standard operating life of 25-30 years becomes possible with the availability of high-quality diagnostic, metrological and information support, the use of which will allow to determine the technical condition of objects with high reliability and to predict the residual life.
 Known methods for diagnosing typical replacement elements as components of electronic equipment blocks are based on comparing output reactions with reference ones, which makes it possible to determine their technical condition at the moment. This also causes the difficulty of performing the third function of technical diagnostics - forecasting the residual resource. These reasons lead to the development of diagnostic methods that will allow determining the technical condition of typical replacement elements, as well as making predictions with high reliability, which, in turn, dictated the need for forced testing of typical elements for reliability. The result of such tests was to obtain the dependencies of diagnostic parameters on the operating time, the comparison of which with those obtained during routine maintenance will allow solving the above problems. To improve the reliability of the diagnosis, it is proposed to combine diagnostic methods.
 The article presents an overview of the possibilities of diagnostic support, mathematical models of physical diagnostics and forecasting of the technical condition, identifies the directions for further research and substantiates the feasibility of developing new solutions to improve the reliability of radio-electronic equipment.

Technical Condition Monitoring for Telecommunication and Radioelectronic Systems with Redundancy

Abstract The telecommunication and radioelectronic systems with redundancy are widely used in different branches of human activity. To provide the necessary reliability level of equipment, the operation system is utilized. That system contains intended use, maintenance, repair, technical condition monitoring, and others. The damages, faults and failures are usually observed during the lifecycle of telecommunication and radioelectronic systems. They can lead to deterioration of equipment technical condition. The deterioration of technical condition can be detected during observation of diagnostic variable and reliability parameter. This article concentrates on the synthesis and analysis of statistical data processing procedure for deterioration detection while operating telecommunication and radioelectronic systems with redundancy. For the purpose of reliability estimation based on different redundancy methods, statistical data processing procedure synthesis was carried out using multiple hypothesis testing and detection criterion. The analysis problem was solved using Monte- Carlo simulation method, which allowed constructing operating characteristics. The obtained results can be used in the process of design and improvement of operation systems for telecommunication and radioelectronic equipment.

ПЛАТФОРМЕННЫЕ РЕШЕНИЯ ДЛЯ СОЗДАНИЯ ДОВЕРЕННОЙ ОТКАЗОУСТОЙЧИВОЙ ЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ КОМПОНЕНТНОЙ БАЗЫ

The development of trusted fault-tolerant VLSI requires achieving economic efficiency, along with the functional and operational characteristics for the target equipment. To minimize errors, reduce costs and time to market, the practice of “reusing” technical solutions in the form of complex functional blocks (IP blocks), element libraries, etc. is widely used. In case the developers are not limited by various kinds of sanctions, they can choose the basic technical process for their project among several options according to the same design standards. The choice of a non-optimal for a given product and less stable technical process with a low-quality set of design tools leads to non-fulfillment of the requirements for the developed components or to the uncompetitiveness of the developed IP. Since it is almost impossible to localize the production of all the necessary electronic components, it is reasonable to determine the main technological directions for localization, while for all used processes to achieve the highest possible level of reuse of IP and libraries, ensuring the highest possible yield and a large series, apply a platform approach. The study considers multifactorial aspects of the design and development of platforms dedicated to trusted fault-tolerant systems on the levels of electronic component base (systems on a chip) and radio-electronic equipment (systems in package, micromodules and the corresponding infrastructure of support and services). We propose the solutions based on standard assembly components and allowing to implement the required functionality, increase economic efficiency and provide the high level of reliability and security, including the circumstances of sanctions restrictions.

Analytical Approach to Designing a Combined-Mode Resonator Filter on Surface Acoustic Waves Using the Model of Coupling of Modes

Introduction. Bandpass filters are important components that determine the basic characteristics of transmitting and receiving radio electronic equipment. Such filters implemented on surface acoustic waves (SAW) not only demonstrate excellent electrical parameters, but also meet compactness requirements. The relevant research task of reducing the design time and optimizing the filter’s cost can be solved by either using modern computational software or improving existing modeling tools.Aim. To describe the current state and main features of approaches to calculating SAW-based bandpass filters using the model of coupled modes and its formalization based on P-matrices. To describe the main principles and approaches on the example of designing a combined-mode resonator filter on leaky SAW and comparing the calculated and experimental data.Materials and methods. A theoretical study was carried out using the mathematical theory of differential equations presented in a matrix form, as well as the methods of finite element analysis and circuit theory. The results were processed in MatLab and COMSOL.Results. The current state of the analytical approach to designing SAW-based filters using the model of coupled modes and its formalization based on P-matrices was described. An original design for a resonator filter based on leaky SAW at 49° YX-cut of lithium niobate was proposed. The filter has a relative bandwidth of 5.8 %, an insertion loss of –3.7 dB, and a stop-band rejection of –50 dB. A technique for calculating SAW-based filters was proposed.Conclusion. The proposed analytical approach to designing SAW-based bandpass filters allows the filter characteristics (e.g., transmission factor) to be reliably predicted at the modeling stage, thereby reducing the number of experimental iterations and increasing the development efficiency.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS OF Mi-8MSB-V AND Mi-8MT(MTV) HELICOPTERS ON THEIR SAFETY INDICATORS IN 2017-2021

The paper proposes an integrated approach to determining long-term trends in quantitative indicators of reliability of Mi-8MSB-V and Mi-8MT(MTV) helicopter systems by specialty and their impact on the operational reliability of helicopters.
 An integrated approach consists in determining the impact of the reliability of helicopter systems on the operational performance of helicopters: the mean time between failures, the average failure rate parameter, the probability of helicopter flight reliability per hour, and the maximum allowable indicative levels of helicopter reliability indicators.
 The reliability of functional systems for helicopter specialties was determined: helicopter and engine, aviation armament, aviation equipment, radio-electronic equipment based on statistical data on helicopter malfunctions for the period between 2017 and 2021.
 Proposals have been developed to determine the maximum allowable indicative levels of helicopter reliability indicators based on information about the technical condition during military operation, which will allow adjusting the terms of maintenance, repair, life extension and provide for areas for the modernization of aviation equipment.
 For an in-depth analysis of the causes of malfunctions and the development of recommendations for their elimination, it is necessary to supplement the information provided in the fault record sheets with information on the number of aircraft, the flight time of which takes into account the developed recommendations for improving the system for collecting operational information on the reliability of the aircraft and its reflection in the fault record sheets.
 In order to objectively take into account, the impact of aviation armament on the reliability of helicopter engines, it is necessary to provide information on the helicopters flight time using the functional systems of aviation armament.
 Recommendations are given to improve the reliability of the least reliable elements of helicopter systems.

Calculation of temporal variation in the transferred power of the loop heat pipe as part of the spaceborne radiation heat exchanger based on temperature sensor measurement data

The paper is devoted to a method for determining the power transferred by the loop heat pipe as part of the spaceborne heat exchanger when the transferred power significantly changes as the spacecraft rotates around the Earth. The proposed method allows to calculate excessive heat power removed by the radiation heat exchanger from radio electronic equipment (REE) in space. The parameter behaviour in time shall be known for mathematical modelling of the thermal state of the spacecraft. Readings of temperature sensors installed on structural elements of the spacecraft are used as initial data for the proposed method. The initial data are used to carry out mathematical modelling of the loop heat pipe as part of the spaceborne radiation heat exchanger. The efficiency of the method is proven by means of a thermal model of an active phased antenna array with REE elements, heat insulation and a radiation heat exchanger.

Increasing the efficiency of computer-aided design of documentation for testing, diagnostics and repair of replaceable elements of radio electronic equipment

The article is devoted to increasing the efficiency of field repair of samples of weapons and military equipment (WME) of air defence (AD), in particular – field repair of structural replaceable elements (SRE) of radio electronic equipment (REE) using interactive electronic repair manuals (IERM). Repair of REE SRE makes up a significant part of the total labour intensity of field repair of WME samples.