Protection In China Research Articles

Negotiating the impacts of policy interventions among tourism organizations: Adaptation and sensemaking

Adaptation, as a response to changes in business environments, is imperative for organizations. Despite the significance of this issue to tourism businesses, the link between sensemaking and organizational adaptation is rarely studied in the context of policy intervention. This study investigates tourism organizations' adaptation strategies, using policy interventions for environmental protection in China as an example. Drawing upon interviews with 23 business owners and secondary documentary data, the results identify two stages of adaptation. In the first stage, there are convergent interpretations, and the sensemaking leads to reactive adaptions. In the second stage, the inconsistent policies stimulate various patterns of sensemaking among different types of businesses and lead to three approaches to adaptation: cost-based approach adaptation, targeted approach adaptation, and resilience-oriented approach adaptation. The analysis suggests livelihood diversification, occupation switching, and joining issue networks are common adaptation actions. Implications for policymakers and tourism organizations are discussed.

Trade creation, political sensitivity and product exclusions: the political economy of agriculture protection in China’s FTAs*

One of the main features of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) is that certain products are excluded from tariff concessions. But why do some products receive more protection than others in FTAs? In this paper, we use disaggregated agricultural product data and a political economy analytical framework to examine the determinants of product exclusions from tariff reductions in China’s FTAs. Taking into account the political costs of the incumbent government, our results show that products associated with trade creation and politically sensitive products are more likely to be excluded from tariff concessions in FTAs. Furthermore, we show that the Chinese government tends to use its negotiating power to achieve various objectives by seeking more economic benefits from large trading partners and making more concessions to small ones.

Analysis and Implementation of Economic Means of Environmental Protection in China

Since the reform and opening up, China has been adhering to the extensive economic growth model, which has led to serious environmental damage, energy depletion, global warming and environmental pollution and other environmental problems have been increasingly prominent. The root of environmental problems lies in external diseconomy. Environmental pollution has obvious negative external effects, as environmental resources are public goods, enterprises will not increase their own costs in using or consuming public goods, but the society has to bear the marginal cost in providing the goods, which will lead to the inconsistency between social cost and private cost, thus causing excessive damage to the domestic environment. In the past, our country mainly governs by administrative means, and the shortcomings such as high management cost and poor effect in the implementation process are increasingly obvious. Combined with the treatment process of environmental pollution in western countries, economic measures have a good effect on the external diseconomy of environmental problems. According to the current environmental problems and governance status in China, environmental governance means in urgent need of transformation. Based on the literature, this paper analyzes the current situation of environmental pollution in China and the mechanism of economic means in environmental protection, puts forward the means of environmental governance and protection from the economic level, and discusses the future direction of environmental governance.

Influencing factors of the grassland ecological compensation policy to herdsmen's behavioral response: An empirical study in Hexi corridor

Ecological protection of grassland is an important part of the construction of ecological civilization in China. Grassland ecological compensation and reward policy is an important policy for grassland ecological protection in China. As the main participants in the grassland ecological compensation and reward policy, herders' behavioral response largely affects the effect of policy implementation. In this study, 550 herders in two regions with different compensation standards were selected as samples, and the comparative analysis of herdsmen's response to policy behavior and influence factors was carried out. The results showed that the grassland area owned by herders, ethnic group and perception of policies were important factors to affect the response of herdsmen's behavior in the two regions, but larger differences existed in the two regions. The grassland area and family size owned by herders are important factors that affect the response of herdsmen's behavior in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; However, the ethnic group, the understanding of policy and family income are the important factors in the western desert area.

Spatial layout planning of the pig northward movement based on GIS.

This study aimed to optimise the layout of pig breeding in the south water network area and guide the transfer of pig production capacity to the areas with large environmental capacity and the main maize-producing areas. Combining with the alarm value of equivalent pig manure load on cultivated land, the comprehensive advantage index of maize and GIS (Geographic Information System), this study analysed the spatial layout planning of the pig northward movement in China. Results showed that the alarm value of equivalent pig manure load on cultivated land in other parts of the study area exceeded 0.40, except in Jilin, Heilongjiang and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The highest alarm value of equivalent pig manure load on cultivated land value of 1.96 was observed in Fujian Province, followed by Jiangxi (1.09) and Hubei (0.42). A total of 573.996 million excess pig equivalents were present in the study area. In the provinces with potential pig equivalent, Jilin, Heilongjiang and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region can carry the potential pig equivalent of 306.270 million. The priority target areas of the pig northward movement were Jilin, Heilongjiang and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region according to the comprehensive advantage index of maize. Combining with the spatial analysis method of GIS, the scheme of the pig northward movement was obtained. According to the spatial layout planning of the pig northward movement, Jilin and Heilongjiang carried 15.339 and 135.36 million pig equivalents, respectively, thereby reaching the maximum number of pig equivalents they can carry, whereas the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region can carry 80.086 million pig equivalents. The results can provide a scientific basis for the spatial layout planning of pig breeding and environmental pollution protection in China.

Land Use Dynamics and Optimization from 2000 to 2020 in East Guangdong Province, China

Anthropogenic land-use change is one of the main drivers of global environmental change. China has been on a fast track of land-use change since the Reform and Opening-up policy in 1978. In view of the situation, this study aims to optimize land use and provide a way to effectively coordinate the development and ecological protection in China. We took East Guangdong (EGD), an underdeveloped but populous region, as a case study. We used land-use changes indexes to demonstrate the land-use dynamics in EGD from 2000 to 2020, then identified the hot spots for fast-growing areas of built-up land and simulated land use in 2030 using the future land-use simulation (FLUS) model. The results indicated that the cropland and the built-up land changed in a large proportion during the study period. Then we established the ecological security pattern (ESP) according to the minimal cumulative resistance model (MCRM) based on the natural and socioeconomic factors. Corridors, buffer zones, and the key nodes were extracted by the MCRM to maintain landscape connectivity and key ecological processes of the study area. Moreover, the study showed the way to identify the conflict zones between future built-up land expansion with the corridors and buffer zones, which will be critical areas of consideration for future land-use management. Finally, some relevant policy recommendations are proposed based on the research result.

Regulatory State Building under Authoritarianism: Bureaucratic Competition, Global Embeddedness, and Regulatory Authority in China

The regulator's existence under authoritarianism is a precarious one. They must carefully address the regime's desire for safer food, stable financial markets, and cleaner air without antagonizing politically favored firms or generating social unrest. At the same time, they face reputational pressures from their international counterparts to implement global best practices at home. This article highlights how enterprising officials have quietly sought to expand their authority in the context of an authoritarian regulatory state. By focusing on aviation, financial services, food safety, and environmental protection in China, I highlight how agencies, responding to domestic bureaucratic competition and embeddedness in global networks, have led to the emergence of four distinct types of regulatory authority: regulatory command, subversion, coordination, and ensnarement.

Market segmentation impact on industrial transformation: Evidence for environmental protection in China

This study breaks through the limitation of traditional analysis that only considers the economic development factors and further explains the reasons for the existence of inter-provincial market segmentation in China from the perspective of industrial transformation performance by combining environmental protection. The study examines panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2017. It uses a super-efficiency slacks-based measure model to evaluate the performance of industrial transformation considering environmental protection and a fixed-effect model to analyze the impact of market segmentation on industrial transformation performance. The results show that market segmentation has an inverted "U" effect on the region’s immediate and future industrial transformation performance. That is, for most regions, market segmentation can significantly improve the performance of industrial transformation. For regions with higher environmental regulations, market segmentation is more conducive to the improvement of industrial transformation performance, which shows that local governments will give up some market efficiency while carrying out environmental protection. The research results not only confirm the relationship between market segmentation and industrial transformation performance but also have important promotional significance for China’s economic green development.

A Study on the Recent Trends in Personal Information Protection in China

2020년 10월, 중국에서는 제13대 전국인민대회 회의를 개최하고 2020년판 ｢중화인민공화국 개인정보보호법 초안｣을 심의･공표하였다. 해당 개인정보보호법 초안은 중국에서 개인정보 보호 관련 첫 전문 입법으로서 전세계의 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 시진핑 국가주석은 2019년 국가 사이버 계발주간 이후 “인민을 위한 인민에 의한 사이버 보안과 개인정보보안” 및 “사이버 공간에서 인민의 정당한 권리･이익의 보호”의 필요성을 거듭 강조하고 있으며, 이를 통해 개인정보 보호의 의지가 명확하게 드러나고 있다. 고도 정보화 시대 개인정보 보호는 중국 국민들 사이에서도 현실적 관심사이며, 이러한 이유로 본 초안의 성립은 멀지 않은 가까운 미래라 생각된다. 개인정보보호법 초안은 중국에 자회사를 둔 우리 기업은 물론, 역외적용으로 인하여 중국에 자회사를 두고 있지 않고 국내를 거점으로 사업을 운영하는 기업에게도 중요하게 작용할 수밖에 없다. 따라서 개인정보보호법의 최종 제정까지 지속적인 주시와 제정 및 시행에 신속하게 대응 가능하도록 대비가 요구된다. 따라서 본고에서는 중국의 개인정보 보호와 관련한 법률 체계(Ⅱ)를 개괄해 본 다음, 2020년판 개인정보보호법 초안의 주요내용(Ⅲ)을 중심으로 중국의 개인정보 보호에 대한 최근동향에 대해 살펴보았다.

Measurement of the Degree of Coordination in Regard to Carbon Emissions, Economic Development, and Environmental Protection in China

Driven by economic development, the dramatic increase in carbon emissions has led to global warming and a series of environmental problems. The question of how to ensure harmonized coordination between economic development, carbon emissions and environmental protection has become increasingly important. The conflicts between the use of energy and emission reductions in China have become more intense. It is an inevitable requirement for China’s sustainable development to promote a low-carbon circular economy and the simultaneous and coordinated development of carbon emissions, the economy and the environment. The present study took 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions directly under the Central Government) as the research objects (Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan are not included in the study due to the lack of relevant data), and applied quantitative analysis methods, such as three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) models, coupling coordination degree models and spatial analysis models, to construct a measurement index system. On the basis of the measurement of its carbon emission efficiency, the level of China’s coordination degree in regard to carbon emissions, economic development, and environmental protection at both spatial and temporal dimensions was analyzed comprehensively in order to reveal its temporal and spatial characteristics. The conclusions are as follows: (1) China’s overall carbon emission efficiency displayed a gradual upward trend, although the overall level was not that high. Therefore, there is still much scope for further improvement. (2) The level of China’s coordination degree in regard to carbon emissions, economic development, and environmental protection showed a steady yet rising trend. All provinces reached different levels of coordination development, and there was no province that displayed a disorderly declining trend. However, the number of provinces that reached or went beyond the intermediate level of coordination development was quite limited. (3) The level of China’s coordination degree in regard to carbon emissions, economic development, and environmental protection displayed obvious spatial aggregation patterns at the provincial level, showing an apparent spatial dependence and heterogeneity. Over time, the level of spatial aggregation patterns in regard to coordination degree tended to weaken. Overall, the values were high in the eastern region and low in the western region, decreasing from the eastern coastal zone towards the western inland zone, thus demonstrating a contrasting east-west spatial distribution pattern.

Shale gas: Will it become a new type of clean energy in China? — A perspective of development potential

Shale gas, with its low carbon and green characteristics, has attracted a considerable amount of attention in the development of global clean energy. Analyzing the development potential and prospects of shale gas has great significance for strengthening energy security while reducing carbon emissions in China. Based on the current development status, this paper explores the exploitation potential of shale gas development in China from the five main aspects of Porter’s diamond model and proposes a future development strategy. After careful analysis, several discoveries are made. First, the recoverable reserves of shale gas in favorable areas in China have reached 2.18 × 104 billion cubic meters (bcm), but the current proved rate of shale gas is only 4.79%, which indicates its vast development potential. Second, approximately 65% of China’s shale gas is deeper than 3500 m, while the current technology and equipment of exploration and development are not adapted to exploration and development schemes that target shale gas in deep horizons. Third, the urgent demand of China’s natural gas market (estimated to be 600 bcm by 2030) and the high degree of external dependence (45.3% in 2018) provide a reasonable situation for the development of shale gas. Fourth, the development of supporting industries is relatively mature, and major related enterprises have clear strategic goals and obvious market competitive advantages. Fifth, the government’s incentives for the shale gas industry are insufficient, especially in terms of the intensity of financial subsidies and tax relief and the subsidy cycle. Sixth, corresponding strategies need to be implemented to strengthen all the factors in the diamond model and seize the current development chances to gain a positive interaction among them. After effective development, shale gas could become a crucial hub for balancing future economic growth and eco-environmental protection in China. Our study provides guidance for the government, policy makers, investors, and other stakeholders to better understand China’s shale gas industry and formulate corresponding development strategies.

Rural–Urban Migration and Conservation Drive the Ecosystem Services Improvement in China Karst: A Case Study of HuanJiang County, Guangxi

Under the transformation from over-cultivation to ecological protection in China’s karst, how human activities affect ecosystem services should be studied. This study combined satellite imagery and ecosystem models (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA), Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST)) to evaluate primary ecosystem services (net ecosystem productivity (NEP), soil conservation and water yield) in a typical karst region (Huanjiang County). The relationships between human activities and ecosystem services were also examined. NEP increased from 441.7 g C/m2/yr in 2005 to 582.19 g C/m2/yr in 2015. Soil conservation also increased from 4.7 ton/ha to 5.5 ton/ha. Vegetation recovery and the conversion of farmland to forest, driven largely by restoration programs, contributed to this change. A positive relationship between increases in NEP, soil conservation and rural-urban migration (r = 0.62 and 0.53, P < 0.01, respectively) indicated decreasing human dependence on land reclamation and naturally regenerated vegetation. However, declining water yield from 784.3 to 724.5 mm highlights the trade-off between carbon sequestration and water yield should be considered. Our study suggests that conservation is critical to vegetation recovery in this region and that easing human pressure on land will play an important role.

Study Regarding Improvement of Psychological Health Promotion for Child Requiring Protection in China through a Dance Education Program

Study Regarding Improvement of Psychological Health Promotion for Child Requiring Protection in China through a Dance Education Program

Privacy Policy Compliance of Chronic Disease Management Apps in China: Scale Development and Content Evaluation

BackgroundWith the development of mobile health (mHealth), chronic disease management apps have brought not only the possibility of reducing the burden of chronic diseases but also huge privacy risks to patients’ health data.ObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to analyze the extent to which chronic disease management apps in China comply with the Personal Information Security Specification (PI Specification).MethodsThe compliance of 45 popular chronic disease management apps was evaluated from the perspective of the information life cycle. To conduct a fine-grained evaluation, a scale based on the PI Specification was developed. Finally, 6 level 1 indicators, 22 level 2 indicators, and 61 level 3 indicators were defined.ResultsThere were 33/45 apps (73%) with a privacy policy, and the average score of these apps was 40.4 out of 100. Items of level 1 indicators with high scores included general characteristics (mean 51.9% [SD 28.1%]), information collection and use (mean 51.1% [SD 36.7%]), and information sharing and transfer (mean 50.3% [SD 33.5%]). Information storage and protection had the lowest compliance with PI Specification (mean 29.4% [SD 32.4%]). Few personal information (PI) controllers have stated how to handle security incidents, including security incident reporting (7/33, 21%), security incident notification (10/33, 30%), and commitment to bear corresponding legal responsibility for PI security incidents (1/33, 3%). The performance of apps in the stage of information destruction (mean 31.8% [SD 40.0%]) was poor, and only 21% (7/33) apps would notify third parties to promptly delete PI after individuals cancelled their accounts. Moreover, the scoring rate for rights of PI subjects is generally low (mean 31.2% [SD 35.5%]), especially for obtaining copies of PI (15%) and responding to requests (25%).ConclusionsAlthough most chronic disease management apps had a privacy policy, the total compliance rate of the policy content was low, especially in the stage of information storage and protection. Thus, the field has a long way to go with regard to compliance around personal privacy protection in China.

An Empirical Analysis on the Identification of Deep Link Infringement: Take the Judgment Documents of the Chinese Courts in the Past Ten Years as Analysis Samples

In the era of infringement 3.0, deep linking has become a typical behavior of network communication, and disputes frequently occur. However, since its inception, deep linking has always been in a gray area between legal and illegal, causing the court to find itself in a dilemma in determining the infringement of deep linking. Therefore Clarifying the related issues of deep link infringement determination should be the proper meaning of advancing copyright protection in China. Through the case analysis and empirical research on the judgment documents of Chinese courts in the past ten years, we can understand the basic situation of its legal regulations, including the geographical distribution, time distribution, and right object distribution of judgment documents. Then sort out that in judicial practice the identification standards for deep link infringements have not been unified, the space for indirect infringements is insufficient, complexity of consideration factors of trial results, and the evaluation of mixed technicality for difficult problems related to the evaluation of technology use behavior. Finally, it is suggested that “providing works” should be used as the identification standard, to clarify the legal rights basis of the works of the chained party, to improve the burden of proof by the parties to the deep link, and to improve the scientific system for identifying infringements of the deep link.

A Brief Analysis on the Legal Issues of Trade Secret Protection in China’s High-Tech Industry

The protection of trade secrets is a more complex problem. Compared with the past, the difficulty of the protection of trade secrets in high-tech industry now has increased a lot. Based on the characteristics of high-tech industry, the practicability, confidentiality and economy of trade secrets, and combining with the current market environment in China, this article tries to put forward the legal protection advice of trade secrets in line with the characteristics of high-tech industry in China, in order to provide some ideas for future research.

Prawna ochrona zwierząt w Chinach. Aspekty filozoficzne i prawne

Animal protection in China. Philosophical and legal aspects Organizations involved in the protection of animals have long indicated the need for changes in Chinese legislation, which, in their opinion, insufficiently protects the welfare of animals (both wild and farmed). This matter has recently been a subject of debate in China itself. Some Chinese scholars point out the negative aspects of the Chinese economic miracle, including the environmental degradation and bad situation and living conditions of livestock and wild animals. Postulates to improve the situation of animals, however, also have their opponents, and one of the more often cited critical arguments is the one about the “extraneousness” of the concept of animal rights and animal welfare in Chinese intellectual culture, and the imposing of “western values” on China. In the article, I verify the above statement by analyzing the most important Chinese philosophical systems: Taoism, Confucianism and the Chinese type of Buddhism, as well as the Chinese communist thought, in terms of their positions regarding the obligation of humans towards animals. I also analyze changes in the contemporary approach to animal protection and animal welfare, based on the example of the amendment to the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife.

Innovation Cooperation Network Evolution About Green Building Technology With Government Intervention: Based on Evolutionary Game Theory

Green building technologies (GBTs) are becoming increasingly complex and are being rapidly updated. These factors lead to an inherent demand for GBT innovation cooperation. This article considers the common policy instruments of the Chinese government and builds a GBT innovation cooperation network by joint patent applications. Then, evolutionary game models are constructed based on the GBT innovation cooperation network. Numerical simulation is employed to analyze the impact of different policy intervention intensities on the decision-making behavior of enterprises and network structures. The results show that government intervention is reasonable and legitimate for GBT innovation cooperation. Subsidies, preferential tax policy, and intellectual property protection are the main policy instruments of the Chinese government. When subsidies and preferential tax policy exceed certain thresholds, network efficiency and network cooperation density can be improved. In addition, the simulation results show that green building intellectual property protection in China has difficulty stimulating the enthusiasm of GBT innovation enterprises. GBT innovation cooperation network efficiency and network cooperation density evolution trends are basically the same. This study also provides insights into government policy formulation and adds to the increasing literature on the topic of GBT innovation cooperation. It is one of the few studies to explore the impact of government policy instruments on GBT innovation cooperation.

Focus on the Chicken Manure Power Generation in China: How to Promote the Biomass Waste Industry?

With the vigorous growth of animal husbandry, animal feces in the agriculture sector gradually deteriorate the environment. The chicken manure power generation is becoming viable and useful for energy conversion to comply with the context of environmental protection in China. Based on resource endowments and technical conditions, this paper studies the current situation of chicken manure power generation in China. Combined with the policy environment, the research conducts a PEST-SWOT matrix analysis to thoroughly look into the strengths and weaknesses, the opportunities and challenges. Then, the paper analyzes the distribution of chicken manure and gives some solutions from respects of government regulatory behavior, industrial-organizational behavior and corporation strategic behavior. Finally, it is concluded that: 1) the government should strengthen policy support by actively improving the subsidy mechanism and lowering the threshold of financing and credit; 2) enterprises should focus on improving power generation technology and boiler treatment technology.

The role and progress of EIA in environmental protection in China

The Environmental Impact Assessment system, referred to as the EIA system, is to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the plan or the construction and operation of the project on the environment, combine the surrounding environmental quality status, propose ecological or environmental protection measures,then evaluate the effectiveness of the measures, and draw a conclusion on the feasibility of the project(planning) in terms of environmental protection.This article summarizes the role and progress in environmental protection in the two aspects of planning and construction projects in recent years.Comprehensively selected cases found that both planning or construction project environmental assessment have played an important role in predicting the possible impact of planning or construction projects on the environment and ecology, and proposed feasible and effective environmental protection measures.After the planning or construction project adopts the conclusions and suggestions, as long as the "Three Simultaneous" regulations are followed, the impact of the planning or construction project on the environment or ecology can be prevented or effectively reduced. When it is necessary to conduct postevaluation of environmental impact, verify the actual conditions of the construction project, such as emissions and actual production processes.