Protection In China Research Articles

The protectability of game mechanics: some enlightenment from China’s perspective

Throughout the history of game design and development, ‘skin-changing’ games (also known as game clones) have been a bit of a sore point in the industry. Once a game has done well in the market, similar games will soon appear and these imitations will differ only in terms of changing the art and music style. This is most common in games where the main selling point is the game mechanics. As the number of skin-changing games grows, it has become increasingly difficult for small independent developers to survive in the game development market. Among other things, the ambiguity of the law is one of the most important reasons for this phenomenon. A fundamental principle of copyright is that protection is limited to expressions; ‘ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such’ are excluded, which makes it difficult for game mechanics to be protected by law. In addition, due to the cross-border nature of the Internet, skin-changing games are often made available across multiple countries, and different approaches to legal interpretation can bring about different standards of protection where game mechanics are concerned. This article examines the evolution of game mechanics protection in China. It is hoped that the phenomenon of skin-changing games can be contained to a certain extent, whether in China or globally.

A Comparative Analysis of the Current Status and Trends of Domestic and International Privacy Protection Research—CiteSpace-Based Bibliometric Study (1976-2022)

Objective: This paper analyzes the literature on the topic of privacy protection based on the core databases included in China Knowledge Network (CNKI) and Web of Science (WOS) from 1976 to 2022, and provides reference for the subsequent research on privacy protection in China by comparing and summarizing the status of domestic and foreign research. Methods: The Web of science core collection database was used as the foreign data source, and the China Knowledge Network database was used as the domestic data source to retrieve the relevant literature built up to August 2, 2022, and the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords were compared and visualized by CiteSpace 6.1.R2 (64-bit). Results: A total of 8223 English-language and 4573 Chinese-language papers were included, and the number of relevant studies both at home and abroad was on the rise. Foreign scholars and institutions cooperate closely with each other and build a stable cooperation network; while the number of domestic research teams is small and cooperation is limited. Privacy concern and privacy protection are common research focuses at home and abroad, while foreign research focuses on online privacy concern and domestic research pays more attention to computer science privacy protection model. Privacy information is a current international research hotspot, and domestic AI privacy protection concerns are high. Conclusion: Domestic and foreign research in this field is increasingly concerned but each has its own focus, and domestic research has problems such as lack of cooperation and lagging research that need to be improved, and privacy protection is a direction worthy of in-depth research in the future.

Coupling Coordination Degree Measurement and Forecast of Poverty Alleviation, Energy Conservation, and Ecological Protection: Evidence from 30 Provinces and Cities in China

As China experiences rapid economic development, tasks involving poverty alleviation, energy conservation and ecological protection need to be addressed. Whether poverty alleviation, energy conservation and ecological protection in China have coordinated development has become a question worth studying. Based on the coupling coordination degree model and the GM (1, 1) model, this paper calculates and forecasts the development level of poverty alleviation, energy conservation and ecological protection of 30 provinces (cities) in China and analyses the synergy of the three systems spatially and temporally. The results show that first, from 2010 to 2019, the development level of China’s poverty alleviation system, energy conservation system and ecological protection system presented increasing trends, but regional differences could be seen in development trends. Second, the coupling coordination degree of the three systems in China showed an upwards trend. The average coupling coordination degree of 30 provinces (cities) rose from slight coordination in 2010 to moderate coordination in 2019. Third, in the following years, development level will still be on an upwards trend in the four regions of China from 2020 to 2025. The development level of the ecological protection system will be the highest in China, and poverty alleviation and energy conservation will rank second and third. Fourth, the coupling coordination degree of the three systems of 30 provinces (cities) in China will rise significantly, indicating that the development of the three systems in China will be more coordinated in the following years.

Analysis of the upgrading and transformation of rain and sewage diversion in urban villages in Fujian province under the new situation--The example of a Sikouzun village

In order to effectively improve the water environment quality of urban villages, meet the new requirements of water environment management under the new situation of environmental protection in China, and thoroughly realize the ideal goal of rain and pollution diversion from the source to the centralized discharge process. Therefore, with Sikouzun Village of rain pollution diversion improvement project, for example, in the common urban villages in China rain sewage network renovation problems, on the basis of the analysis of Sikouzun Village of rain sewage network renovation project transformation points, and combined with the problems existing in the project, put forward the corresponding solutions, hope can provide reference for other domestic urban villages rain sewage diversion management.

Research on the Public Behaviors to Participate in the Lake Chief System-Based on the Survey of Hengshui City, China

Lake chief system is an innovative measure of ecological civilization construction in lake governance and protection in China. Due to the complexity and openness of lake resources, it is difficult for the government and the market to properly handle the arduous task of lake governance, and public participation is an effective remedy for the failure of the government and the market. In order to know the public participation in the protection lakes, this paper selected 318 citizens from Hengshui city and uses the questionnaire survey to understand the public’s participation attitude, approach and behavior of the lake chief system. The research results show that the public’s education level, length of residence and understanding of the lake chief system have a positive impact on their participation.

Efficacy and Safety of Forced-Air Warming System versus Passive Warming Measures in Major Surgeries: A Systematic Review

Purpose: To compare the clinical impact of forced-air warming system (Bair HuggerTM, BH) and passive warming measures in major surgery patients. Methods: Databases including Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials.Gov and CNKI were searched to collect studies published before January 2019 that were concerned the clinical effects of Bair Hugger. Two reviewers independently screened the literatures, extracted the data. The revised Jadad scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the literatures. Meta-analysis was performed by using Review Manager 5.3.0. Findings: A total of 27 studies were included. The result of meta-analysis showed that BH had a significant advantage in rate of hypothermia (RD = -0.42, 95%CI (-0.68, -0.16)) , shivering (RD = -0.28, 95%CI (-0.43, -0.13)), anesthesia recovery time (MD = -8.27, 95% CI (-13.49, -3.05)), hospital stay (MD = -1.27, 95% CI (-2.05) , -0.48)), while incision infection RD = -0.15, 95%CI (-0.40,0.11)) , intraoperative blood loss (MD = -16.88, 95%CI(-34.73,0.96)), intraoperative blood transfusion (MD = -41.49, 95% CI( -108.36, 25.38)) , pain RD = -0.02, 95%CI(-0.08, 0.03)) and other complications (RD = -0.13, 95%CI(-0.39,0.12)) had an advantage but not significant. Subgroup analyses showed that operation mode and operation duration was the sensitive factors. Conclusion: Compared to passive warming, Bair Hugger has significant advantages in hypothermia protection and further reduces the risk of incision chills and prolonged hospital stay. Combined with the current status of body temperature protection in China, it is necessary to enhance the awareness of body temperature protection, standardize medical behavior, and increase the popularity of active warming systems.

A Brief Overview of the Development of Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection in China

Intangible cultural heritage is the carrier of the civilization of human society and is a manifestation of cultural diversity in the world. The unique spiritual values, ways of thinking, imagination, and cultural awareness of the Chinese nation contained in China’s intangible cultural heritage are the basis for safeguarding China’s cultural identity and cultural sovereignty. Therefore, the strengthening of the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage in China not only suits the need for national development, but also is a necessary prerequisite for the dialogue of civilizations in the international community and the sustainable development of human society. This paper adopts a literature research method to briefly describe the development of intangible cultural heritage protection in China after its accession to the “Convention”. We sorted out four aspects, including the origin of the name of intangible cultural heritage in China, China’s initial efforts to protect the “intangible cultural heritage”, the effective measures taken by China to protect the intangible cultural heritage, and the list of representative items of intangible cultural heritage at the national level. The purpose of this paper is to understand the series of conservation measures established by China for the protection of intangible cultural heritage, as well as China’s contributions to the diversity, protection, continuation, and re-creation of of intangible cultural heritage culture.

Determinants of the Participation of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations Mission in South Sudan

The purpose of the paper is to analyze and assess the determinants of the participation of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations Mission in South Sudan. The first part of the paper presents the background of the Chinese army’s involvement in the Sudanese states, and the second part shows the specificity of its involvement in UNMISS. The next two parts deal, respectively, with political, military and strategic, and economic determinants of China’s involvement in this mission. The research problem is contained in the question what were the most important determinants of China’s involvement in the UN Mission in South Sudan? The hypothesis of the paper assumes that the main deterimnant of the involvement was the protection of China’s economic interests in South Sudan and East Africa. In addition, by being active in UN peacekeeping missions, China wants to strengthen this organization and create the image of the state responsible for maintaining international peace and security. The Chinese army is also interested in gaining experience in expeditionary mission to increase the ability of military operations in distant theaters. The method of text source analysis was used in the paper.

Weed-Eating Pigs: Cultural Keystone Species, Interiority and Traditional Village Protection in Central China

The current movement of traditional rural village protection in China has largely focused on remarkable rural spaces such as attractive landscapes or architecture. This study demonstrates that certain unremarkable rural spaces relating to traditional subsistence activities, such as the space of weed-eating pigs in Enshi prefecture, can be an invaluable asset to this protection. As a local cultural keystone species, weed-eating pigs provide an important impetus that has kept local people, cultural knowledge and materials circulating in a small but lively rural space, maintaining local traditional rurality. This small space also functions as rural residents’ personal interior space in which they can experience senses of continuity and order (especially the spatial order that has survived rural modernisation).

FDI and Intellectual Property Protection in China: A Game Theory Perspective

The large-scale spread of R&D activities by MNCs to investment host countries is a new phenomenon of globalization in the past ten years. For the host country, especially a developing host country such as China, how to promote the spillover effect of TNC research and development institutions on the host country and curb its crowding-out effect is a new topic. This paper analyzes the R&D strategy adopted by transnational corporations in China. We explain the relationship between the strength of intellectual property protection in China and the choice of the organization form of R&D activities by transnational corporations with game theory and proves the relationship between the two with data. Finally, policy implications are proposed for the trend of sole proprietorship of R&D activities of transnational corporations.

Habitat suitability assessment for the Great Bustard Otis tarda tarda in Tacheng Basin, western China

The Great Bustard is afforded the highest category of protection in China. This species has disappeared from much of its former range, and identification of factors influencing habitat suitability can play a key role in development of conservation plans. We used distance sampling and interviews to census Great Bustards in the Tacheng Basin of western China in October from 2014 to 2016, and obtained 210 occurrence points. We then used high-resolution species distribution models to explore the role of 16 environmental variables, including a novel high-resolution contemporary climate dataset, in habitat suitability. Our ensemble model classifies approximately 3,885 km 2 , or 9.9% of our study area in the most suitable and moderately suitable categories. These suitable areas are distributed primarily in the north of our study area, in farmlands along the southern slope of Talbahetai Mountain, and to a lesser degree along the eastern slope of Balluk Mountain. The variables which contributed most significantly to habitat suitability include distance to county highway, elevation, distance to field edge, and mean summer temperature. We propose reducing disturbance associated with roads by conducting awareness campaigns among local residents and creating campaigns and policies to promote responsible bird photography. Given the important role of farmlands to Great Bustards, we recommend planting compatible crops and establishing a Great Bustard protection demonstration area to implement and inform others about measures to improve farmland habitat for Great Bustards.

New knowledge and regional entrepreneurship: the role of intellectual property protection in China

ABSTRACT This research examines the relationship between intellectual property protection (IPP), new knowledge and regional entrepreneurship development in transition China. Using provincial-level panel data collected over China from 2000 to 2017, consistent with conventional wisdom, we find that more investment in new knowledge is the key to encouraging regional entrepreneurship. IPP and entrepreneurship present a U-shaped relationship, that is, IPP first promotes entrepreneurship but impedes entrepreneurship when it exceeds a certain point. IPP negatively moderates the positive effect of new knowledge on entrepreneurship and there are heterogeneous effects in different industries and geographical clusters at different levels of entrepreneurship. New knowledge has a significant incentive effect on necessity-driven entrepreneurship, but not on opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. The moderating effects of IPP on the relationship between new knowledge and necessity-driven entrepreneurship and opportunity-driven entrepreneurship are negative and positive, respectively. These findings contribute to understanding the impact of IPP on entrepreneurial activities in emerging economies.

Application Of Electrical Ship Wakes Detection Trace of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image in Coast Guard

The current situation of rights protection of the coast guard in China is lack of the monitoring capacity especially in a wide range using the ship-borne equipment. Compared with shore-based, ship-borne, airborne detection devices, visible light and infrared remote sensing, SAR has the advantages of coverage widely, stable platform, long-term continuous observation and high input-output ratio. The common methods of ship information extraction based on SAR images include direct detection of ship targets, detection of ship wake characteristics and detection of oil film on sea surface caused by engine or fish oil leakage. Several algorithms have been developed for ship wake detection, including two-parameter constant false alarm rate (CFAR) algorithm, K-distribution based CFAR algorithm, multi-polarization detection algorithm and multi-image correlation method. In this paper, combining the needs of marine rights enforcement and analyzing the characteristics of different algorithms and, the ship wake information extraction technology of SAR image is applied to the marine integrated management and control network to improve the recognition rate of ship target monitoring, expand the monitoring scope, shorten the analysis and recognition time, and effectively enhance the law enforcement capability of marine rights protection in China. Strength, safeguard China's marine rights and interests.

Research on the dilemma and improvement of legal regulation for unfair competition related to corporate data in China

Corporate data disputes have been rising rapidly in recent years in China. Courts typically apply the trade secret clause, the Internet clause, and the general clause under the Anti-Unfair Competition Law of PRC to the disputes. However, there are some limitations and problems, including the limited scope of the trade secret clause, the difficulty in interpretation of the Internet clause, and short of sufficient demonstration of the general clause, all leading to the lack of clear rules and guidelines for solving corporate data competition issue. The property nature of corporate data and the business operators’ factual control of the data necessarily require standard legal protection. Corporate data is not the property right, but the property interest protected under the Anti-Unfair Competition Law. For further legal positioning of the corporate data, the paper refers to the trade secret clause’s legislative principles. The paper also learns from the United States and Japan that both information misappropriation rule and newly established ‘shared data with limited access’ provision protect corporate data under their anti-unfair competition law. The paper concludes by providing judicial and legislative suggestions to pave the way for corporate data protection in China. At the judicial level, Chinese courts should clarify the specific application conditions of the general clause. At the legislative level, enacting new legislation ‘data clause’ into the Anti-Unfair Competition Law is necessary to regulate unfair competition behaviors related to corporate data.

PERLINDUNGAN FOLKLORE: APAKAH REZIM HAK CIPTA MEMADAI?

The government of Indonesia has given a protection for folklore in article 10 Undang-Undang Hak Cipta No. 19 Tahun 2002. It means the protection for forlklore is placed under Intellectual Property’s Regime. The protection is about the regulations of permission for using Indonesian folklore by foreigner but there are some problems occurs. Is it right or wrong to place folklore, there are no evidences to prove that a folklore belongs to, do not mind when the folklore is used by foreigner. This article is trying to give a possibility to solve those problems by seeing the folklore protection in China.

Copyright protection for AI-generated outputs: The experience from China

Artificial intelligence (AI) is involved more frequently in the creative process nowadays, which raises debates associated with copyright protection for its outputs across the globe, China included. On 25 April 2019, the Beijing Internet Court released the first decision in relation to the copyrightability of the output automatically generated by computer software in China. In this case, the Beijing Internet Court held that copyrightable works should be created by natural persons, and therefore denied copyright protection for the output intelligently generated by computer software although it possessed originality. In another case decided on 24 December 2019, the Nanshan District Court of Shenzhen approved that the output automatically generated by computer software was copyrightable, holding that the review generated by an intelligent writing software conformed to the formal requirements of written works and it could be granted copyright protection.This article analyses these two cases in detail and describes the experience of China in copyright protection for AI-generated outputs. As the first two cases about copyrightability of AI-generated outputs in China, the two cases play a significant role in future copyright protection of such outputs nationally and internationally. The two cases indicate that some of AI-generated outputs are eligible for copyright protection in China. Instead of challenging the existing doctrines of modern copyright regime, the two decisions provide a mechanism for copyright protection of AI-generated outputs within the current human-centered copyright law realm.

Can environmental centralization help reduce pollution? Evidence from an administrative reform in China

Amid the longstanding dispute over the centralization and decentralization of environmental regimes, most discussions have focused on developed countries. Few studies have tested the mechanisms underlying centralization and decentralization. The establishment of the Ministry of Environmental Protection in China in 2008 has led to various changes in the degree of environmental centralization. Based on this reform, we use standard and continuous difference-in-difference designs to estimate the effect of environmental centralization on pollution in developing countries and to test the underlying mechanisms. We find that the establishment of the Ministry of Environmental Protection has effectively led to reduced pollution in provinces with higher degrees of environmental decentralization. Furthermore, centralization has restricted local governments' free riding and reduced emissions at the borders. It has also strengthened local governments’ incentives for environmental governance. The implication is that environmental centralization is conducive to reducing the free-riding behavior and race-to-the-bottom problems of developing economies, thus contributing to environmental well-being.

Impact Analysis of Large-Scale Environmental Spot Inspection Policy on Green Innovation: Evidence From China

The spot inspection policy has been widely applied in environmental protection in China. This paper collects environmental enforcement announcements and green patent data published by Chinese government agencies from 2006 to 2015. First, it studies the impact of spot inspection on green innovation with the spatial Durbin model. Then, it analyzes spatial heterogeneity according to the eastern, central, and western regions including 29 provinces. The spot inspection policy significantly increases the green innovation of a current region with a negative spillover effect on neighboring regions. Even though this policy has the best performance in the eastern region, it leads to pollution transfer into the western region, while being ineffective in the central region. Further, analysis on the spatial spillover effects of the 29 provinces proves that 21 provinces have a positive spillover effect, while eight provinces have a negative spillover effect. The research study shows that although spot inspection is generally beneficial to green innovation, pollution transfer and policy failure exist because of spatial heterogeneity.

Environmental Effects of Credit Allocation Structure and Environmental Expenditures: Evidence from China

This article studies how the allocation structure of bank credit capital between state-owned and private enterprises and government environmental expenditures affect environmental pollution in China. The present literature argues that credit allocation and government environmental expenditures may play an important role in environmental quality improvement. However, these studies rarely consider the credit allocation structure between State-owned enterprises (SOEs) and private enterprises; in addition, they overlook the interaction effects of credit allocation and government environmental expenditures. Based on these, we put forward three hypotheses. Moreover, the study applies relevant spatial data for 2011–2017 from 31 provinces in China to a spatial econometric model, and the results indicate that (1) environmental pollution among provincial regions shows a significant positive spatial autocorrelation. (2) Environmental expenditures and environmental pollution display an inverse U-shaped relationship, which supports the numerical simulation results. (3) The interaction effect of credit allocation structure and environmental expenditures on environmental pollution is significantly positive, which means that the allocation of more credit capital to private enterprises will restrain the effect of government environmental expenditures. With the increasing significance of environmental protection in China, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of private enterprises’ environmental pollution behavior, expand government expenditures on ecological protection, and promote regional collaborative environmental governance to improve environmental quality.

Remote Sensing Based Spatial-Temporal Monitoring of the Changes in Coastline Mangrove Forests in China over the Last 40 Years

As a developing country, China’s mangrove landscape pattern has undergone significant temporal and spatial changes over the last four decades. However, we know little about the changes in the mangrove landscape pattern characteristics other than the area at the national scale. The analysis of mangrove landscape pattern changes from different perspectives on a national scale can provide scientific support for mangrove protection and restoration. In this study, the temporal and spatial changes in the pattern of the mangrove landscape over the last 40 years in China were analyzed based on remote sensing data with high classification accuracy (99.3% of 2018). First, according to the natural geographical conditions of the coastal zone and the distribution of the mangroves, the distribution area of the mangroves in China was divided into 31 natural shores. Then, by selecting representative landscape indexes and constructing an integrated landscape index, the spatial-temporal changes in the landscape pattern of China’s mangroves over the last 40 years were analyzed based on five perspectives: Total area change, shape complexity, connectivity, fragmentation, and the integrated state of the landscape. From a temporal viewpoint, before 2000, the total area of each shore exhibited a downward trend, and the degree of connectivity deteriorated continuously, but the degree of fragmentation was stable at a low level. After 2000, although the total area improved, the degree of fragmentation gradually increased. The spatial changes are mainly reflected by the fact that the shores in Guangdong and Hainan exhibited significant differences within the same province. Based on the above analysis, corresponding scientific suggestions are proposed from temporal and spatial viewpoints to provide guidance for mangrove management and protection in China and to provide a reference for mangrove research in other regions of the world.