Protection In China Research Articles

Trends and socioeconomic disparities in financial risk protection in China 2010–16: a repeated cross-sectional analysis

BackgroundIn 2009, China launched a new health system reform with the goal of achieving universal health coverage by 2020. This study aimed to assess the trends and socioeconomic disparities in financial risk protection in China, and to explore the influence of chronic diseases on catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment due to health payments. MethodsWe used data from the China Family Panel Studies 2010–16, with a sample size of 14 960 households. We defined catastrophic health expenditure as the point at which annual household health payments exceeded 40% of annual capacity to pay. Impoverishment was defined as earning below the poverty line of $1·90 per day. We used multivariate logistic regression models to identify the effects of the costs incurred by a family member with chronic disease on catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment. Ethics permission and approval were obtained from the Peking University Biomedical Ethics Review Committee (IRB00001052-14010). FindingsBetween Aug 13, 2010 and June 28, 2016, the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure in China decreased from 19·37% (95% CI 17·91–20·93) to 15·11% (14·09–16·12), and from 7·34% (6·54–8·14) to 5·14% (4·53–5·74) for health impoverishment; however, the decrease in impoverishment was less in rural areas (from 8·46% to 7·81%) than in urban areas (from 6·16% to 3·03%) in 2010–16 (p<0·0001). The gap between the prevalence of impoverishment across the income quartiles has grown. Multivariable analysis showed that households with two or more people with chronic diseases were significantly more likely to incur catastrophic health expenditure (odds ratio 2·46 [95% CI 1·93–3·13]) and impoverishment (2·66 [1·87–3·78]) compared with households with no people with chronic diseases, after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. InterpretationImportant advances have been made in improving financial protection for Chinese citizens. Nevertheless, increased attention to poor and rural households with people with chronic diseases is needed. Policymakers in China should focus on optimising integrated rural–urban health insurance by expanding the existing benefit packages. Moreover, increased efforts to alleviate poverty should be continued through further development of China's medical assistance system for poor people. FundingNone.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis Effect of Different Components of Bacillus licheniformis on Globinase

To replace the globin with blood globulin powder made from pig blood, to explore the enzymatic hydrolysis effect of different components of Bacillus licheniformis on globinase, and provide evidence for further development and utilization of pig blood. Orthogonal test was carried out by using different reaction temperature, substrate concentration, reaction time and pH value. The enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were optimized, and the optimum conditions were determined by enzymatic hydrolysis. The components of the strain were determined by one-way experiment. Through this experiment, it was found that the five stages after the separation and purification of the protease from Bacillus licheniformis passed through the ultrafiltration membrane, and the component of 50-100 nm has the best enzymatic hydrolysis effect with globin. The 50-100 nm segmentation of Bacillus licheniformis by ultrafiltration separation has the best globin enzymatic hydrolysis effect. It can be screened for deep processing of pig blood, which has great application prospects for pig blood processing and environmental protection in China.

Socioeconomic status, air pollution and desire for local environmental protection in China: insights from national survey data

In 2014, Chinese leaders declared “war against pollution,” leaving local governments with considerable anti-pollution mandates – and, often, with the blame for insufficient implementation. There is a lack of large-scale systematic analyses of citizens’ preferences for environmental protection by relevant government levels and the social structuration of such attitudes. This article aims first to assess associations between desire for local government to improve environmental protection, and socioeconomic status and air pollution; second, to identify indirect associations mediated by citizens’ awareness of pollution. The research was based on nationally representative survey data from 2014. Results show the lowest occupational class as less likely than higher classes to mention environmental protection when asked which local government services should increase, but as likely to express environmental risk awareness. Policymakers should consider mechanisms such as social protection, inclusion and environmental justice to enhance local environmental policy desire among lower classes and facilitate effective environmental governance.

The complete mitochondrial genome of common redshank (Tringa totanus)

Tringa totanus is declining throughout Europe and performing protection in China. In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome using PCR method. It is the first published complete mitochondrial genome of T. tetanus, which is a circular molecule of 16,818 bp, and it contains 13 typical vertebrate protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA, and two rRNA. The phylogenetic tree was constructed to validate the taxonomic status of T. totanus, exhibiting it a closer relationship to T. glareola.

Pollution, demographic, and public willingness to participate in environment protection in China-a study based on micro-survey data.

Previous study found out that Chinese household have a higher awareness of environmental protection but less positive initiative to protect the environment. With the increasing Chinese income, higher education, and changing environment state, public awareness and behavior on environment protection are changing. This paper tries to find out the current public willingness to participate in environment protection, by using the latest data from China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) which is investigated in 2017 that covered 31 provinces with a sample of more than 40 thousand households. Besides, logit regression model is adopted to find out the impact of pollution and household demographic on environment protection behavior. The results show that around 71.6% of surveyed households have willingness to pay for the environment protection. Rural residents and higher educated individuals are more likely to participate in environment protection. However, things are different if they face different degrees of pollution. Results can be explained with China's current economic situation and would have some implications for future study on China's public willingness to pay for the environment.

Backfill mining alternatives and strategies for mitigating shallow coal mining hazards in the western mining area of China

This study addresses the major geo-environmental hazards caused by shallow coal mining in China's western eco-environment frangible area. These hazards are related to the high overburden pressure, surface subsidence, soil and water losses, and land desertification, with consequent vegetation and wildlife losses. To mitigate these hazards, three alternative backfill mining methods are proposed, for three typical shallow coal mining conditions, using aeolian sand-based backfilling materials, which are readily available in this area. The main influencing factor is the backfill material compaction ratio. Its effect on aquiclude deformation and water-conducting fracture evolution are assessed by numerical and physical simulation methods. The potential application of the proposed backfill coal mining alternatives is evaluated and discussed in detail. The results obtained are considered to be valuable for developing a strategy for the coordinated exploitation of coal resources and environmental protection in China's western frangible eco-environment area.

Towards a More Sustainable Human–Animal Relationship: The Legal Protection of Wildlife in China

Problems of the human–animal relationship in China are associated with imperfect legal protection. Few recent studies in English have focused on the entire legislation framework for wildlife protection, or paid sufficient attention to revision of the Wildlife Protection Law of China. This study aims to provide a review of the legislation pertinent to the overall framework of wildlife protection in China, thus making the legislative framework understood by a broader audience. We present various legal documents of national, local, and international level—including the Constitution, national laws, national administrative regulations and departmental rules, and local regulations and rules, all selected for their direct and close relation to wildlife protection. We then discuss the challenges of internal defects in the legislation for wildlife protection and problems of coordination between the laws—including the lack of stipulation on the definition of wildlife, the narrow scope of the legal protection of wildlife, the incomplete stipulation on the property rights of wildlife, the imperfect stipulation on wildlife utilization, the relatively limited protection system of wildlife habitats, and the relatively vague damage compensation caused by wildlife protection, with an emphasis on revisions of the Wildlife Protection Law of China in 2016. In conclusion, we draw wider implications for the legal protection of wildlife in China, arguing for a more sustainable human–animal relationship.

China’s personal information protection in a data-driven economy: A privacy policy study of Alibaba, Baidu and Tencent

By examining the privacy policies of leading Chinese Internet and information service providers (IISPs), this study found their privacy policies to be generally compliant with China’s personal information protection provisions. These IISPs use proper mechanisms showing their commitment, measures and enforcement to data security, but their Fair Information Practices need improvement. Personal information protection in China is severe. Privacy policies offer more ‘notice’ than they do ‘choice’. Chinese IISPs collect and use information extensively in the guise of providing value to users, but have given insufficient consideration to transborder data flows and change of ownership. Societal and technological mechanisms have not been widely sought.

Social Media, State Control and Religious Freedom in China

ABSTRACTWith the development of social media and new information communication technology (ITC), state control imposed by authoritarian regimes over society has been challenged due to the media’s pressure on legislation, policy implementation and the mobilization of collective activism. Yet it does not mean the power of media is unlimited in the authoritarian context. Using China as a case, this article tries to point out the limitations of the media’s role in promoting religious freedom by reviewing the existing literature on media and social control. It stresses that the nature of religious issues, the accessibility of information, and the social consensus among netizens contribute to the difficulty in enhancing religious freedom and rights protection in China at this moment.

Shareholder Protection in China from a Numerical Comparative Law Perspective

The traditional approach in legal comparative research is doctrinal rule-based. A relatively recent breakthrough has been the use of econometric techniques in comparing the extent of success in different jurisdictions with respect to, for example, protecting shareholders. The meshing of legal research and econometrics is known as ‘leximetrics’ (Lele & Siems, 2007). One of the most prominent and widely cited use of leximetrics is the seminal study by La Porta and colleagues (1997, 1998 & 2000) on the correlation between shareholder protection and financial development. The study, though highly influential, has attracted various criticisms. Subsequent studies have sought to build on the study by coming up with improved research design. For example, using a panel dataset covering a range of developed and developing countries, researchers from the Cambridge Centre for Business Research have discovered that a significant upward movement in the level of shareholder protection was made by China between 1990 and 2013 (Armour et al., 2009; Siems, 2016). It has been suggested that between the period, China experienced the ‘biggest increase in shareholder protection’ amongst 30 countries studied, and China was amongst the top performers (along with France and Russia) in shareholder protection in 2013, performing even better than the UK and the US. At the same time, the World Bank’s (2017) Protecting Minority Investors Index, which forms part of its Doing Business Reports, has recently painted a rather opposite picture, in contrast to the positive assessment by the Centre for Business Research, by putting China in the 119th position out of 190 countries which indicates a very mediocre performance. This article seeks to address the question of whether and how the two studies, both employing leximetric techniques and examining an ostensibly similar issue, can point to discrepant results.

A Brief Introduction to the First Natural-Like Fishway Project in Fujian Province, China

Due to the strengthening of the concept of ecological protection in China, many fishway projects are under construction. There is no natural-like fishway project in Fujian province before. In this study, different fish pass structures are described, and the important factors of the fishway design are illustrated. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages for different fish pass structures are discussed. Finally, the first natural-like fishway project in Fujian province is briefly introduced, including the project background, the project location, and the design information. This project will significantly improve the drinking water quality of people in Fuzhou city. More importantly, it will protect the fish species in Minjiang river.

Conservation of data deficient species under multiple threats: Lessons from an iconic tropical butterfly (Teinopalpus aureus)

With increasing pressure from wildlife trade, conservation efforts must balance deficiencies in distribution data for species (the Wallacean shortfall) with the risk of increasing accessibility of locality for collectors. The Golden Kaiser-I-Hind (Teinopalpus aureus Mell) is an iconic butterfly restricted to Southeast Asia, popular in trade markets but lacking in ecological and conservation information. We compiled occurrence records and used them to assess multiple threats of T. aureus distribution-wide and at the national level. Results of species distribution models suggest that suitable habitats of T. aureus are montane forests in mid to high elevations in Southern China, Laos and Vietnam. However, habitat networks for the species are poorly connected, with some portions of its distribution experiencing intensive deforestation and threatened by climate change. The trade assessment results showed specimens of T. aureus were available for sale with high prices, indicating potential pressure from trade markets. We also found different conservation statuses and efforts to protect T. aureus across countries; the species is under strict protection in China, moderate protection in Vietnam and has no protection in Laos. Both recorded locations and projected distribution in the three countries were poorly covered by protected areas. These results together demonstrate the importance of distribution data in conservation management of threatened species while highlighting trade-offs inherent in not making location information widely available when trade pressure is present. Finally, we strongly encourage cross-border cooperation in sharing ecological information for consistent conservation management of species under multiple threats from habitat loss, climate change and illegal wildlife trade.

Investigation of mineralogical and bacteria diversity in Nanxi River affected by acid mine drainage from the closed coal mine: Implications for characterizing natural attenuation process.

Due to the supply-side reform and environmental protection in China, many small coal mines have been closed since 2015. However, acid mine drainage from these coal mines are continuously discharging into many rural creeks, which requires the systematical investigation on the variations of geochemical and environmental biological aspects in these water systems. In this study, from a classic acid mine drainage (AMD) from a closed coal mine of Hunan, China, various sediments and water samples in different sections were collected and analyzed. According to the corresponding Mineralogical and simple bacterial characteristics analysis (16S rRNA gene sequencing), the main findings were: 1) Secondary iron-containing minerals gradually transited from Gr(CO32-) (green rust), Sh (schwertmannite) to Akg (Akaganeite) and more stable Gt (Goethite); 2) compared to the pristine sediment, these minerals decreased the acid-neutralizing capacity and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of sediments; 3) Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla and the obvious variation of Firmicutes species was observed in the creek affected by AMD, which probably could been a biological index to diagnose the natural attenuation of AMD. These results could be greatly significant to understand typical variations of creek attenuation and bacterial community in the presence of high metal and sulfate concentration.

Study on Intelligent Management System of Electrical Safety

This paper introduces the present situation of electric fire protection, expounds the concept of fire early warning, briefly introduces the research work being carried out in this field, introduces the intelligent management system of electric safety developed recently, and on this basis, analyzes the fire prevention and control problems that are expected to be solved by the electric safety intelligent management system for further study. To enhance the level of electrical fire protection in China, a new prevention and control method is proposed.

A Study on the Effects of Energy and Environmental Efficiency at China’s Provincial Level

China’s economic development status continues to grow, but its environmental degradation issue is also becoming a global concern. This study uses dynamic network data envelopment analysis (DN-DEA) to evaluate the energy using efficiency and environmental efficiency in China over the period 2014–2017. The result shows that the former is greater than the latter for all years. This study utilizes a policy-oriented matrix to find the relationship between energy efficiency and Malmquist productivity index (MPI), showing that Chongqing and 13 other provinces have relatively poor energy efficiency, and they therefore must formulate a more effective energy policy to improve undesirable gas emissions. Shanghai and 6 other provinces exhibit relatively good energy efficiency, but are not progressing in MPI, and hence they must develop a stable energy strategy to avoid different efficiencies of catch-up and frontier-shift across time periods. High energy-consuming industries must also choose a low-carbon energy strategy so that they can promote economic development, while taking into account environmental protection in China’s provincial level.

Morphodynamic Evolution and Adaptability of Nourished Beaches

Liu, G.; Cai, F.; Qi, H.; Zhu, J., and Liu, J., 2019. Morphodynamic evolution and adaptability of nourished beaches. Journal of Coastal Research, 35(4), 737–750. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Beach nourishment has been widely used for coastal protection in China. However, few beaches have been monitored after nourishment, and the evolution of nourished beaches has not yet been elucidated. This paper presents a study of two nourished beaches, both of which are in low–wave-energy environments but have different tidal ranges: Huizhan Beach, with a large tidal range, and Meiliwan Beach, with a small tidal range. To gain a better understanding of the evolution of these nourished beaches, beach profile surveys were carried out repeatedly over 4 and 2 years after nourishment, respectively. The nourished beach evolutions were analyzed in terms of profile morphology, foreshore slope, dry beach width, and remaining sand volume. From the results obtained, it can be seen that Huizhan Beach profiles demonstrated major changes during the initial adjustment, followed by a stable state, while Meiliwan Beach profiles demonstrated major changes both during the initial adjustment and after a storm. Moreover, Huizhan Beach presented a rapid volume loss during initial adjustment, which was related to both the steeper foreshore slope and longshore spreading. For the analysis of profile equilibration, Huizhan Beach profiles changed rapidly and achieved equilibrium in several months, while Meiliwan Beach changed in stages and approached final equilibrium after the first postnourishment storm. The different mechanisms of profile equilibration at the two beaches were closely related to the tidal ranges of the sites. On the basis of the observed evolution, two types of profile evolution patterns of nourished beaches with different tidal ranges were proposed.

Negative externalities of high-intensity mining and disaster prevention technology in China

Due to the continuous development of underground mining methods, technical equipment, the Internet and intelligent technology, a new energy revolution will be of great significance in years to come. Meanwhile, the high-intensity mining (HIM) of thick coal seams has become an important development direction of China’s underground coal mining technology. By summarizing the current situation and analyzing the characteristics of underground HIM using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method in thick coal seams in China, negative externalities are proposed, which are mainly reflected in the three aspects of overlying strata, ground surface, and ecological environment under the premise of standard operating procedures and underground mining safety. Considering the negative externalities of overlying strata and surface damage in HIM, geological disasters under HIM are divided into mine production disasters and ecological environment disasters, which have cluster, suddenness, and chain characteristics. Based on the types and characteristics of geological disasters caused by HIM, coal mining technology for preventing major geological hazards and environmental damage has been formed, providing a theoretical guidance and technical support for the development goals of HIM and environmental protection in China.

The Institutional Development of Employment Protection and the Perception of Western Concepts and Values in China

This research addresses a challenging issue, employment protection in China, including unemployment insurance, work accident insurance and the concept of co-determination. Although the ideology of Sino-communism seems to share some elective affinity with the comprehensive arrangements of labor protection in modern welfare capitalism, in reality, the mainstream economic elites of post-Mao China enthusiastically embraced neoliberal ideology in the 1980s and 1990s, maintaining a critical attitude towards employment protection policies through the lens of economic efficiency and productivity. However, since the millennium, the ruling elites of China have started to promote a certain version of an inclusive and social market economy, and Western ideas and discourses on employment protection have become prevalent. This paper outlines the institutional reforms, dynamics, mechanisms and constraints in the development of employment protection arrangements in China since the millennium. Further, emphasis is placed on the ideational level, with a special focus on domestic discussions, debates, discourses and interpretations of “co-determination” from several major Western nations including Germany, the Nordic countries, the Anglo-Saxon nations and Japan. Through the academic “barometer,” the future development of employment protection in China is discussed.

Comparison And Analysis Of Air Quality In Major Cities Of Environmental Protection

As one of the most important environmental problems, air quality has always been highly valued by the government and society. The analysis of air quality in key cities can provide a basis for how to evaluate air quality and how to classify air quality levels and from what aspects it is helpful to improve air quality. The air quality of 51 key cities of environmental protection in China is analyzed and evaluated by selecting 7 indicators of air quality as the original variables. Cluster analysis was used to classify the key environmental protection cities preliminarily, and it was found that the air quality of the cities with fast development level was relatively poor, and the air quality of coastal cities was similar. It is found that the air quality of northern cities is generally worse than that of southern cities, and that of inland cities is generally worse than that of coastal cities. At last, according to the research results, some reasonable conclusions and suggestions are given.

A Study on Legislation for Protection of Cultural Relics in China: Origin, Content and Model

Since the promulgation of the Cultural Relics Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China in the last century, China’s legislation on the protection of cultural relics has gradually formed a multi-level system of protection of legal sources, including the constitution, laws and regulations. After a long period of legal amendment, the content of the legislation on cultural relics protection gradually concentrates on the ownership of cultural relics, the units responsible for the protection of cultural relics, and the legal responsibilities related to the destruction of cultural relics. The focus of the origin and content of Chinese legislation on cultural relics protection determines the direction of the development of legislative model. By comparing and analyzing the theory of cultural relics legislation mode in different countries, the legislative way of cultural relics protection in China should belong to the legislative mode of coexistence of comprehensive legislation and special single legislation.