Natural Infectious Background Research Articles

Estimation results of the spring bread wheat varieties on disease resistance in the Kazan Research Center

In the Republic of Tatarstan, due to favorable soil-climatic and market conditions, spring wheat production is developed, but wheat grain yields are limited by a number of unfavorable factors, one of which is a spread of fungal diseases. At the same time, the pressure of pathogenic fungi makes it possible to carry out fruitful breeding work in Tatarstan on resistance to diseases, which is on of the main activity of the Kazan Research Center of the RAS. The purpose of the current study was to estimate ten new varieties for resistance to major fungal diseases. The study on resistance to leafy diseases, such as powdery mildew, stem rust, brown leaf rust, dark brown leaf blotch was carried out at a natural infectious background, to kernel smut on an artificial infectious background inoculating seeds with spores of kernel smut. The study was carried out between the years of 2017 and 2021. The analysis for the possible presence of stem rust resistance genes was performed by a PCR analysis. As a result of the study, there was found out that the varieties ‘Sto let TASSR’, ‘Balkysh’, ‘Khazine’, ‘Chistopolskaya’, ‘Bulyak’ had a complex resistance to all studied diseases. The variety ‘Sitara’ had a strong field resistance to powdery mildew and kernel smut. The variety ‘Barakat’ had a strong field resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust. The variety ‘Nadira’ was moderately resistant to powdery mildew and dark brown leaf spot. The varieties ‘Ekada 265’ and ‘Ekada 282’ were highly resistant to local stem rust populations. The molecular genetic estimation of the stem rust resistant varieties of spring bread wheat ‘Chistopolskaya’, ‘Sto let TASSR’, ‘Balkysh’, ‘Ekada 282’ for the identification of effective Sr-genes has shown that their resistance is apparently regulated by the Sr31 gene.

Diseases of roses of the tea-hybrid garden group of the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden

Relevance. Conducting research on the resistance of hybrid tea roses to phytopathogenic harmful organisms and determining the species composition of pathogens and factors affecting their developmen.Methods. The objects of the study were the causative agents of fungal diseases of varieties of hybrid tea roses from the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden. The research was carried out using the Methodology of state variety testing of agricultural crops.Results. The results of studying the species composition of mycosis pathogens on varieties of roses of the tea-hybrid garden group of the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden are presented. The nature and degree of damage to plants is described, the causes are established and methods of containment of diseases are developed. The most harmful and common diseases on hybrid tea roses in growing conditions are: powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa Lew. var. rosae Voron.); downy mildew (Peronoplasmopara sparsa (Berk.) Uljan.); rust (is caused by 2 pathogens — Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., Phragmidium tuberculatum Mϋll. Hal.); gray rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) and leaf spotting of different types: black spot (Diplocarpon rosae F.A. Wolf. = Marssonina rosae (Lib.) Diet.); septoria (Septoria rosae Desm.); cercosporiasis (Cercospora rosiola Pass.), the development of which was facilitated by meteorological conditions over the years of research. Evaluation of hybrid tea cultivaris of roses for resistance to fungal diseases was carried out in 2019-2021 in the collection of the Stavropol botanical garden on a natural infectious background on a 5-point scale during the period of mass spread of diseases. Despite the fact that all cultivaris of hybrid tea roses are affected by fungal diseases, it has been found that different cultivaris are affected differently. According to the degree of resistance to the complex of diseases, 4 cultivaris received 1 point (practically resistant), 52 cultivaris received 2 points (weakly affected), 74 cultivaris received 3 points (mediumly affected), 33 cultivaris received 4 points (strongly affected). Regular monitoring of the phytosanitary state of the studied cultivaris, biological and chemical protection measures made it possible to reduce the massive spread of fungal diseases and preserve the decorative effect of plants.

Structure of rhizosphere mycocomplexes and phyloplanes of cultural peanuts

Relevance . Peanut seeds are rich in oils, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and flavonoids, therefore they are widely used in the production of food, feed, biodiesel, as well as in medicine. When cultivating peanuts, the problem of reducing the yield and sometimes the quality of seeds necessarily arises due to the impact of phytopathogenic microscopic fungi, and the main factors in the transmission of the infectious principle are soil and plant residues. The plant protection system should be based on knowledge of the structure of mycocomplexes of the rhizosphere and phylloplane. Methods . On a typical black soil on a natural infectious background in Belgorod (Russia), a sample of cultural peanuts V-2012 (Vietnam) from the collection of the Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology of the Institute of Pharmacy, Chemistry and Biology of the National Research University "BelSU" was studied. The species composition of microscopic fungi in the peanut rhizosphere was analyzed in comparison with fallow soil (control), which was found by seeding soil dilutions and leaf samples on dense nutrient media, followed by identification to species. Results . Compared with the control soil, the mycocomplex of the peanut rhizosphere (the Shannon index value at the level of 2.5 and 2.7 in the rhizosphere and control, respectively) was characterized by a lower degree of diversity and the degree of similarity of soil samples was high (the Jaccard coefficient was 50%), which means that that the cultivation of peanuts has lit- tle effect on the composition and structure of a typical black soil. In the peanut rhizosphere, a decrease in the frequency of occurrence of the phytopathogenic species F. oxysporum was observed, which may be associated with an increase in the rank in the mycocomplex of the mycophilic species T. lignorum. Aspergillus ochraceus, A. terreus, A. ustus, Candida albicans, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichothecium roseum species were found to be sen- sitive to peanut cultivation. Peanut leaf spot was caused annually by the species Alternaria alternate , which can lead to a decrease in seed productivity up to 80%.

New tomato variety Agata Plus for open ground in the south of Russia

Relevance. To increase the consumption of tomato and its diversity on the market, it is important to create new varieties that have economically valuable characteristics and are in demand among consumers. The aim of the research was to create a new determinant early-ripening variety of lettuce tomato, plastic, consistently productive, large-fruited, with dense pulp and high taste, tolerant to diseases.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out at the collection site of the Crimean OSS of the VIR branch (Krasnodar Region, Krymsk). The Agata Plus cultivar was obtained by crossing parental forms with subsequent multiple selections against a natural infectious background. As a mother, we used a salad variety of the Russian selection Agata – early maturing, undersized, with an average yield and fruits with good taste and average weight. The paternal form was a hybrid of the Dutch selection F1 Eploz, characterized by early maturity, medium height, medium leafiness, largefruited, dense pulp, consistently high yield and excellent taste of the fruit. The Agata tomato variety included in the State Register of the Russian Federation was taken as a standard.Results. Evaluation of breeding lines for a complex of biological, morphometric, economically valuable traits using individual and mass selections made it possible to obtain the best early ripening form of salad designation, marked by large fruit size, consistently high yield and good taste. In 2017, this form, called Agata Plus, was submitted to the State Variety Test, and since 2020 this variety has been approved for use.

FEATURES OF THE MANIFESTATION OF CALENDULA OFFICINALIS POWDERY MILDEW

Calendula officinalis are an annual light-loving, moisture-loving herbaceous plant, the inflorescences of which are raw materials for the pharmaceutical, food, and perfumery and cosmetic industries. The species composition of pathogens, their features of manifestation and development on medicinal plants are insufficiently studied. Powdery mildew is one of the most common and dangerous diseases of medicinal plants. The appearance of powdery mildew usually coincides with the flowering phase of medicinal plants (the month of June). With strong development, the causative agent of the disease leads to the drying of leaves and stems and the death of plants. Diseased plants lag behind in growth, generative organs recover later after three collections of raw materials. During the research period (2019-2021), the prevalence and development of powdery mildew of medicinal plants was monitored, its harmfulness and development features were determined, and the resistance of various varieties was assessed. When accounting for powdery mildew, the following indicators were evaluated: the number of affected plants - in percent; degree of damage - in points visually. Generally accepted methods in medicinal plant breeding were used for the research. The total size of the plots is 20-25 m2, accounting 20-30 m2, with four repetitions. The field evaluation of the resistance of varieties of medicinal plants for resistance to diseases was carried out on a natural infectious background during the period of maximum development of diseases (2-3 times during the entire vegetation period - June-August). High resistance to the powdery mildew pathogen during the research period was observed in the varieties Tangerine Twist, Dejavu, Indian Prince, Orange King, Silk Kiss, Dejavu, Indian Prince, Red Doctor Citrongelb, Red Buff and Sherbet. Cremebrule, Citron, Fiesta and Princess varieties had a weak susceptibility to the pathogen of powdery mildew. Varieties Monarch, Pink Surprise, Orange Heart, Magic Heart and Touch of Red were susceptible to powdery mildew.

Breeding and chemical methods of brown mustard (Brassica juncea L.) protection from Fusarium blight

The article presents the research on breeding and chemical methods of brown mustard sowings from Fusarium blight in the conditions of the central zone of the Krasnodar region. We evaluated mustard variety samples affected by the disease on a natural infectious background during the growing season. As a result, for 4 years we selected mustard breeding material resistant to Fusarium blight, which exceeds the productivity and oil content of the standard variety Yunona by 0.20-0.26 t/ha and 2.0-2.7 %, respectively. We tested systemic chemical fungicides from the triazoles and strobilurins groups in a chemical method study. We determined the fungicide with the active ingredients azoxystrobin 120 g/l + tebuconazole 200 g/l, SC at the application rate of 1.0 l/ha which effectively decreases the spreading and development of Fusarium blight on mustard when treating plants at the stalking stage. The biological effectiveness of the preparation was 82.4 %, the seed yield significantly exceeded the control (by 0.36 t/ha). Thus, it is recommended to use both breeding and chemical methods of sowings protection against the disease to effectively decrease the harmfulness of Fusarium blight on mustard.

Characteristics of the resistance of spring wheat varieties to pathogens of leaf diseases typical for the zone of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To characterize the resistance of spring wheat varieties of different ecological and geographical origin against natural infectious backgrounds of the main pathogens of leaf diseases typical for the zone of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
 Methods. Field — creating provocative backgrounds of pathogens and assessing the resistance of varieties to againts phytopathogens; analytical — analysis of the data obtained, comparison with existing data.
 Results. In 2020—2021 on 19 varieties of spring wheat from the collection of the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, Institute of Plant Industry. V. Ya. Yuriev NAAS, an assessment of resistance to againts main leaf pathogens: powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal), leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici Rob. et Desm. (syn. Puccinia triticina), septoria (Zymoseptoria tritici (Desm.) Quaedvlieg & Crous, 2011 (syn. Septoria tritici Roberge ex Desm.). The collection included varieties of Ukrainian, Russian, Kazakh, Czech and German selection. The assessment of resistance to leaf rust, septoria wheat was carried out against a natural infectious background, and to powdery mildew against an enhanced (provocative) natural infectious background, the period of maximum development of diseases. The cultivars were characterized by the degree of resistance using a 9-point immunological scale. According to the research results, the degree of resistance of varieties to pathogens of leaf diseases was determined: powdery mildew + leaf rust + wheat septoria — Anshlag (UKR), Voronezhskaya 20, Orenburgskaya 22 and Ekada 97 (RUS); powdery mildew + leaf rust — Elegiya Mironivska, MIP Solomiya, Struna Mironivska, Etud, Anshlag, Provіntsіalka, Panyanka, Cheremshina (UKR), Voronezhskaya 20, Orenburgskaya 22, Orenburgskaya 23, Pavlograda (RUS); Rakansam, Ramsa, Stepnaya 50, Stepnaya 62 (KAZ), Anabel (CZE), KWS Akvilon (DEU); powdery mildew + septoria — Anshlag (UKR), Orenburgskaya 22, Ekada 97 (RUS).
 Conclusions. The study of a collection of 19 varieties of spring wheat of different ecological and geographical origin identified a number of varieties with indicators of monospecific and group resistance, which can be used as sources of resistance. In particular, the varieties Anshlag (UKR) and Orenburgskaya 22, Ekada 97 (RUS) with resistance to the group of pathogens of powdery mildew, leaf rust and wheat septoria typical for the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine are valuable sources of resistance. It is promising to involve in the breeding process and varieties with a moderate manifestation of resistance to wheat septoria infection against the background of high resistance to pathogens of leaf rust and powdery mildew — Elegiya Mironivska, Struna Mironivska, Etude, Provintsialka, Panyanka, Cheremshina (UKR), Voronezhskaya 20, Orenburgskaya 23 (RUS).

Evaluation of the spring soft wheat collection in the conditions of the central region of the non-chernozem zone of Russia

The results of a study of 12 varieties of spring soft wheat in the conditions of Central region of the Nonchernozem zone of Russia in 2019-2020 are presented in order to isolate the most valuable source material in terms of yield and grain quality. A comprehensive assessment of economically useful traits was carried out - yield, resistance to fungal diseases and lodging, protein and gluten content, an assessment of baking qualities was carried out. Also, all varieties of the spring soft wheat collection were evaluated by the index method, and an index evaluation was carried out. It was found that the Ekada 66 variety (613.4 g / m2) is significantly more productive in comparison with the standard Zlata variety (449.9 g / m2). The varieties Hercules, KVS Akvilon, Ekada 109, Tyumenskaya 25, Chernozemno-Uralskaya 2 and Sudarynya also showed high yields, which are at the standard level. It was revealed that the varieties Hercules, KVS Akvilon, Ekada 109 and Ekada 66 were characterized by complex resistance to lodging and the main fungal diseases against a natural infectious background. It was found that the varieties Heracles, Kinelskaya Otrada, KVS Akvilon, Ekada 113 and Tyumenskaya 25 have the highest values of the complex indices, therefore, these varieties are recommended to be used in further breeding for high yield and grain quality.

Search for immunologically valuable winter rye genotypes using separate parameters of non-specific resistance

More than 100 Russian varieties and collection samples of winter rye were studied under the conditions of the Kirov region against the natural infectious background of the development of mycoses (2019-2020). The degree of damage by powdery mildew during the years of research reached 86.3 %, septoria – 63.3 %, brown rust – 40.5 %, stem rust – 60.0 %, rhynchosporiosis – 29.3 %. During plant ontogenesis (from phases 31 to 85 Zadoks scale), the growth of fungal infection in varietal biocenoses was analyzed. When accounting for diseases, well-known methods were used. The nature of plant-microbial interactions and the parameters of resistance were assessed by indicators of ADDC (area under the curve of disease development), IR (resistance index) and LP (latency period). A close relationship was established between the duration of LP and the degree of septoria infection (r = -0.98), brown rust (r = -0.95), powdery mildew (r = -0.92), stem rust (r = -0.80), rhynchosporiosis (r = -0.67). The regression equations are linear (R2 = 0.84 ... 0.96) and indicate a daily increase in diseases (from 0.52 to 0.88 %). In the course of immunological management, there have been identified about 20 varieties of Russian selection distinguished by nonspecific resistance to two or more diseases, slow (slow rusting) growth of infection in varietal biocenoses and a long latent period of pathogenesis. Among them are the varieties of the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N.V. Rudnitsky (Falyonskaya 4, Vyatka 2, Rushnik, Kirovskaya 89, Snezhana, Flora, Rumba), other scientific institutions of the Russian Federation (Alisa, Pamyati Bambysheva, P-01/14, GP-901 and others) and new samples from the VIR collection (Trinodis 4 Minvak – 139/09 NP, Estet NP 42/14 and others). They can be used in breeding as sources, and indicators of ADDC, IR, LP – as immunologically significant parameters of nonspecific resistance.

Фитопатологическая экспертиза сортов картофеля в условиях Московской области

Abstract. The aim of the work is to conduct a phytopathological assessment of new domestic potato varieties in the conditions of the Central Region and to identify among them samples that are characterized by a high stable level of resistance to diseases. Methods. The research was carried out at the experimental base “Korenevo” in the Moscow region in 2019–2020. The soil is sod-podzolic sandy loam. The SCC of the growing seasons in 2019 is 1.39 (wet) and in 2020 2.1 (wet). The object of research is 45 varieties of domestic selection from different scientific institutions. All counts were carried out in accordance with standard methods on a natural infectious background. Results. The agrometeological conditions of the growing seasons of 2019 and 2020 contributed to the development of late blight and were satisfactory for the defeat of potato tops by alternariasis. The prevalence of rhizoctoniosis was different – moderate-depressive in 2019 and high in 2020. The lowest incidence over these years was noted only in the Morning variety-1 % (viral diseases). Potato varieties without symptoms of plant damage by rhizoctoniosis – Merchant and Morning, wrinkled mosaic – 19 varieties (41.3 %), twisting of leaves – 32 varieties (69.6 %) were identified. 33 (73.3 %) cultivars showed high resistance (8–9 points) to late blight, and 13 (28.9 %) to alternariasis. The varieties Kupets, Mariinskiy, Prizer, Tret’yakovka, Alyaska, Brusnichka, Kumach, Plamya, Signal, and Utro were distinguished by their complex resistance to these diseases. The autumn tuberous analysis showed that in 21 varieties (46.7 %) tubers were not affected by rhizoctoniosis, 28 (62.2 %) – scab, 11 (24.4 %) – wet rot. On the varieties of Lingonberry, Northern Lights, Signal and Sokur and on the hybrid G-6-14-11 no tubers with defects were found. Scientific novelty. A comprehensive phytopathological assessment of new domestic potato varieties in relation to the conditions of the Moscow region was carried out and samples with plant and tuber resistance to major diseases were identified.

БІОЛОГІЧНІ ОСНОВИ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТІ ЧАСНИКУ ОЗИМОГО РІЗНИХ РЕПРОДУКЦІЙ

Providing the population with food, agriculture with planting material, and raw materials for the processing and canning industries is an urgent problem of garlic production. Currently, not studied yet the passage and changes in the production processes of garlic plants under the influence of reproduction, which in some way constrains the industrial production of planting material and marketable products in general. Studies on the impact of reproductions on changes in physiological state, plant resistance to disease and productivity were conducted during 2017–2020 in the research field of the Department of Vegetable Growing, Uman National University of Horticulture. During the biometric measurements, a significant change in the variation of approbation traits (height of the plant and scape, number of leaves and its size, number and weight of bulbils, cloves in the bulb) of garlic plants under the influence of reproduction, ie variety testing must indicate what is this generation. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of chlorophyll and the antioxidant enzymes activity in the leaves in III–V reproductions, which significantly affected the productivity and tolerance of plants. Indicators of plant damage disease on a natural infectious background indicated a sharp decrease in the resistance of plants of the Sofiivskyi cultivar in IV–V reproductions, Prometei and Lyubasha cultivarss in III–V. It was found that in the cultivar Sofiivskyi the largest mass of the bulb was formed in the first reproduction, while in the cultivars Prometheus and Lyubasha – in the second, and its gradual decrease to 21.2 % in the fifth reproduction. Yield had a similar trend, where the maximum reduction in yield was observed at 18.2; 28.0 and 17.0 % in the cultivars Sofiivskyi, Prometei and Lyubasha. The developed scientifically substantiated provisions will allow to increase efficiency of selection process and production of seed material.

Study on prevalence of mycoflora on seeds of spring wheat in the conditions of the Samara region

Wheat seeds are a favorable environment for pathogenic mycoflora, which in turn causes a decrease in seed viability and the release of various mycotoxins that significantly affect the growth and development of plants. The study of the phytosanitary condition of spring soft wheat seed material of competitive variety testing for the seed borne pathogen was carried out. As a result of research, a high degree of infection of seeds with pathogens of root rot and mold on a natural infectious background was revealed. The studied seed samples were dominated by fungi: Alternaria sp. (with a percentage frequency from 3 to 23% in favorable years and 36-53% in unfavorable years, and a relative abundance of 7.9-54.8% and 48-69. 2%, respectively), Fusarium sp. (with a percentage frequency from 8 to 26% in favorable years and 1-19% in unfavorable years, and a relative abundance of 17.9-61.9% and 8-33. 3%, respectively) and a group of fungi that cause seed mold. Differences in precipitation and relative humidity may be a possible reason for differences in the frequency of occurrence and in the form of fungi found on wheat seeds in different years.

УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ ЛИНИЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ С ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИМ МАТЕРИАЛОМ ВИДОВ РОДА Triticum К ГРИБНЫМ БОЛЕЗНЯМ

Triticum aestivum L. yield losses caused by phytopathogens can reach 40-80 % in epiphytotic years. Wild and cultivated relatives of common wheat are promising sources of broadening the genetic diversity of resistance loci for modern varieties. For the first time differences in the degree of infection by fungal pathogens of wheat lines obtained from crossing with Triticum dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, T. durum, T. kiharae were shown on the basis of long-term monitoring under conditions of the natural infectious background of Belarus. In our work, we studied the resistance of bread wheat lines with Triticumspecies introgressions to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), septoria (Zymoseptoria tritici), and leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) in a natural infectious background. We studied 30 introgression lines obtained in the Institute of genetics and cytology NAS of Belarus from crossing of six varieties of common wheat (Rassvet, Saratovskaya 29, Festivalnaya, Chinese Spring, Belorusskaya 80, Pitic S62) with accessions of tetraploid species T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, T. durum (ААВВ, 2n = 28) and with hexaploid synthetic variety T. kiharae (AtAtGGDD, 2n = 42). Twelve of the studied wheat lines were obtained with T. durum contribution, 7 — with T. dicoccoides, 6 – with T. kiharae, 5 — with T. dicoccum. The evaluation of resistance to the diseases was performed in a naturally occurring infectious background on the experimental fields of the Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the NAS of Belarus during 2012, 2014-2016, 2018, 2019 field seasons using Geshele’s scale. We used the extent of flag leaf damage in the milky-wax ripeness phase as an indicator of resistance: 0-5 % — highly resistant plants, 5-10 % — resistant, 10-15 % — medium resistant, 15-25 % — medium susceptible, 25-40 % — susceptible. Statistica 10.0 software package was used for statistics (Kruskal-Wallis test, box-and-whiskers diagram, two-way ANOVA). The extent of flag leaf damage for the susceptible spring bread wheat variety Thatcher accounted 40-60 % by B. graminis and 15-25 % by Z. tritici during studied period. P. triticina, which causes wheat leaf rust, was detected only in 2012 and 2014 in a naturally occurring infectious background of Belarus (the degree of damage of susceptible control was 50 %). ANOVA confirmed the differences in the average degree of damage to wheat plants by fungal pathogens under weather conditions of six field seasons (p < 0,01). The highest sensitivity of wheat lines to powdery mildew and leaf rust was noted in 2014, to septoria blight — in 2012. The weather conditions of these years contributed to the intensive development of diseases (high precipitation, relatively low average daily air temperatures, Selyaninov's hydrothermal coefficient above 1.5). The least favorable conditions for the development of fungal pathogens were recorded in dry 2015 year (hydrothermal coefficient = 0.7). The species of genus Triticum were superior to common wheat varieties in resistance to fungal diseases. It was found that 60.0 % of introgression lines showed a high level of resistance to leaf rust, 56.7 % to septoria, and 36.7 % to powdery mildew. The highest number of highly resistant to powdery mildew and septoria genotypes were noted among the lines created on the base of T. dicoccoides (71.4 % and 85.7 %, respectively). Resistance to leaf rust (80 %) was common among lines with T. dicoccum genetic material. A significant statistical difference in the degree of damage by powdery mildew and septoria was shown between the groups of lines created using the species T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, T. durum, T. kiharae, and under different weather conditions. A total of 26.7 % of introgression lines demonstrated resistant to two diseases (lines 11-1, 13-3, 15-7-2, 16-5, 34-1, 34-2, 183/2-2, 184/1-6), 23.3 % — to three infections (lines 29, 8, 15-7-1, 1-3, 2-7, 19, 25-2). These lines are of interest in breeding for fungal disease resistance.

STUDY OF BREAD WHEAT LINES WITH GENETIC MATERIAL OF Triticum SPECIES FOR RESISTANCE TO FUNGAL DISEASES

Triticum aestivum L. yield losses caused by phytopathogens can reach 40-80 % in epiphytotic years. Wild and cultivated relatives of common wheat are promising sources of broadening the genetic diversity of resistance loci for modern varieties. For the first time differences in the degree of infection by fungal pathogens of wheat lines obtained from crossing with Triticum dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, T. durum, T. kiharae were shown on the basis of long-term monitoring under conditions of the natural infectious background of Belarus. In our work, we studied the resistance of bread wheat lines with Triticumspecies introgressions to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), septoria (Zymoseptoria tritici), and leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) in a natural infectious background. We studied 30 introgression lines obtained in the Institute of genetics and cytology NAS of Belarus from crossing of six varieties of common wheat (Rassvet, Saratovskaya 29, Festivalnaya, Chinese Spring, Belorusskaya 80, Pitic S62) with accessions of tetraploid species T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, T. durum (ААВВ, 2n = 28) and with hexaploid synthetic variety T. kiharae (AtAtGGDD, 2n = 42). Twelve of the studied wheat lines were obtained with T. durum contribution, 7 — with T. dicoccoides, 6 – with T. kiharae, 5 — with T. dicoccum. The evaluation of resistance to the diseases was performed in a naturally occurring infectious background on the experimental fields of the Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the NAS of Belarus during 2012, 2014-2016, 2018, 2019 field seasons using Geshele’s scale. We used the extent of flag leaf damage in the milky-wax ripeness phase as an indicator of resistance: 0-5 % — highly resistant plants, 5-10 % — resistant, 10-15 % — medium resistant, 15-25 % — medium susceptible, 25-40 % — susceptible. Statistica 10.0 software package was used for statistics (Kruskal-Wallis test, box-and-whiskers diagram, two-way ANOVA). The extent of flag leaf damage for the susceptible spring bread wheat variety Thatcher accounted 40-60 % by B. graminis and 15-25 % by Z. tritici during studied period. P. triticina, which causes wheat leaf rust, was detected only in 2012 and 2014 in a naturally occurring infectious background of Belarus (the degree of damage of susceptible control was 50 %). ANOVA confirmed the differences in the average degree of damage to wheat plants by fungal pathogens under weather conditions of six field seasons (p < 0,01). The highest sensitivity of wheat lines to powdery mildew and leaf rust was noted in 2014, to septoria blight — in 2012. The weather conditions of these years contributed to the intensive development of diseases (high precipitation, relatively low average daily air temperatures, Selyaninov's hydrothermal coefficient above 1.5). The least favorable conditions for the development of fungal pathogens were recorded in dry 2015 year (hydrothermal coefficient = 0.7). The species of genus Triticum were superior to common wheat varieties in resistance to fungal diseases. It was found that 60.0 % of introgression lines showed a high level of resistance to leaf rust, 56.7 % to septoria, and 36.7 % to powdery mildew. The highest number of highly resistant to powdery mildew and septoria genotypes were noted among the lines created on the base of T. dicoccoides (71.4 % and 85.7 %, respectively). Resistance to leaf rust (80 %) was common among lines with T. dicoccum genetic material. A significant statistical difference in the degree of damage by powdery mildew and septoria was shown between the groups of lines created using the species T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, T. durum, T. kiharae, and under different weather conditions. A total of 26.7 % of introgression lines demonstrated resistant to two diseases (lines 11-1, 13-3, 15-7-2, 16-5, 34-1, 34-2, 183/2-2, 184/1-6), 23.3 % — to three infections (lines 29, 8, 15-7-1, 1-3, 2-7, 19, 25-2). These lines are of interest in breeding for fungal disease resistance.

Affection of the studied potato varieties (Solanum Tuberosum) Streptomyces scabies and Fusarium oxysporum in irrigated conditions of the Orenburg region

A comprehensive phytopathological assessment of potato varieties of different ripeness groups was carried out in the Orenburg region in 2015-2018 in order to establish the prevalence of major pathogens using the Protect and Abiga Peak fungicides against a natural infectious background under irrigated conditions. The plot area is 140 m2 (length is 50 m, width is 2.8 m). The accounting area is 70 m2 (length is 50 m, width is 1.4 m). The arrangement of options in the repetition is systematic. In the research we studied 17 varieties, such as mid-early - Nevsky (standard), Spiridon (standard), Lyubava, Fresco, Red Scarlett, Sante, Impala, Sheri, Rosara, Agat, Itzil, Bracelet, mid - season - Kuzovok, Burren, Tarasov, Zakhar, Cavalier. In 2015 the most susceptible to Streptomyces scabies Waks. & Henr. were varieties: Lyubava – 13.8%, Agat – 5.6%, Red Scarlett – 5.2%, Tarasov – 5.1%, Fresco – 3.0% and Burren – 2.2%, including standard varieties: Nevsky – 12.8% and Spiridon – 5.1%. This year we also observed the greatest defeat of tubers with stolon rot (Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.): Agat – 4.9%, Fresco – 5.3%, Burren – 8.7%, Nevsky – 4.9%, Spiridon – 3.0%. Eight of the 17 studied varieties, such as Tarasov, Sante, Impala, Sheri, Zakhar, Itzil, Cavalier, Bracelet were resistant to Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht and Streptomyces scabies Waks. & Henr. When using fungicides (Abiga Peak, Protect) plant damage was practically not observed. Cavalier and Zakhar potato varieties, which combine high productivity (40 t/ha) and resistance to the studied pathogens, have been identified and recommended for use under irrigated conditions of the Orenburg region.

Morbidity of different potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties caused by Streptomyces scabies and Fusarium oxysporum in irrigated conditions of the Orenburg region

In 2015 to 2018 in the Orenburg region a comprehensive phytopathological assessment of potato varieties of different ripeness groups were carried out in order to establish the prevalence of major pathogens using the Protect and Abiga Peak fungicidies against a natural infectious background under irrigated conditions. The plot area was 140m2 (length 50 m, width 2.8 m). The accounting area was 70 m2 (length 50 m, width -1.4 m). The arrangement of options in the repetition was systematic. Out of 17 studied varieties of potato, the most susceptible varieties to Streptomyces scabies Waks. & Henr in 2015 were Lyubava (13.8 %), Agat (5.6 %), Red Scarlett (5.2%), Tarasov (5.1%), Fresco (3.0%) and Burren (2.2%), including standard varieties viz. Nevsky (12.8%) and Spiridon (5.1%). During 2015, it was also observed that the greatest defeat of tubers with stolon rot (Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.) was found in varieties Agat (4.9%), Fresco (5.3%), Burren (8.7%), Nevsky (4.9%) and Spiridon (3.0%). Eight of the 17 varieties studied namely Tarasov, Sante, Impala, Sheri, Zakhar, Itzil, Cavalier and Bracelet were resistant to Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht and Streptomyces scabies Waks. & Henr. When using fungicides (Abiga Peak and Protect), plant damage was practically not observed. Cavalier and Zakhar potato varieties which gave high production (40 t/ha) and resistant to the studied pathogens, have been identified and recommended for cultivation under irrigated conditions of the Orenburg region. These two varieties (Cavalier and Zakhar) were also recommended to be used in the selection process as indicators of high productivity and low incidence of Streptomyces scabies Waks & Henr and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.

Cucumber resistance to downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) in the Non-Black earth zone of the Russian Federation

Relevance.Currently, downy mildew of cucumber (peronosporosis) is the most harmful disease onthis crop in the open ground, has an epiphytotic character and causes significant damage to thecrop of greens.Material and methods.The research was carried out on selection and collection material of the laboratory of selection and seed production of pumpkin crops in the open and protected ground of theMoscow region. At least 300 collection and selection samples of cucumber were sown in the openand protected ground (Moscow region) every year, for phytopathological evaluation. Their defeatby downy mildew was taken into account on a 5-point scale.Results.Among the varieties of FSBSI FSVC selection, were less affected by this disease: Edinstvo,Electron 2, Vodoley, Vodopad, F1Debut, F1Krepish, F1Brunette, F1Frant, F1Krasotka and F1VNIISSOK 1. The most resistant to peronosporosis were Japanese varieties – Sadao rishu, Jibai, HiganFushinari, Tropical slicer and others. Some Polish hybrids – Aladyn (SKW 190), Heron (SKW 290)and Parys (SKW 390), also had increased resistance to downy mildew. It should be noted that thevarieties Jerelo and Geim from Ukraine; Dutch hybrids – F1Sequenza, F1Bejo 1612, F1Pontia,85/2292, F1Donia mix; from the United States – F1Calypso. In the selection for resistance todowny mildew you can to use varieties created in the Far East, the Crimean experimental breedingstation. As a result of the annual assessment of parent forms on a natural infectious background,samples with increased resistance to downy mildew were selected.

Sources of resistance to fungal diseases for selection of spring soft wheat

For breeding to create varieties resistant to fungal diseases, it is effective to work in the search for new genes of resistance to pathogens, as well as to constantly update the gene pool of spring wheat. The researches were conducted in 2014-2019 in the Samara region. The object of study was 352 collection samples of spring soft wheat of various ecological and geographical groups. The assessment of samples for resistance to fungal pathogens was carried out against a natural infectious background, including in years with a strong development of certain diseases (powdery mildew – 2014, brown rust – 2016, 2017). Accounting of plant damage by fungal diseases was carried out according to generally accepted phytopathological methods. Since 2000, the laboratory has studied and developed more than one thousand collection samples, formed working characteristic collections of samples for resistance to leaf rust (142), powdery mildew (185) and with complex resistance to these diseases (100). According to the results of six-year studies, collection samples with complex resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew were identified: Kinelskaya yubileynaya, Erythrospermum 4112, Erythrospermum 4143, Erythrospermum 4144, Erythrospermum 4146, Erythrospermum 4147, Lutescens 6045/7, Erythrospermum 6310/10-63 (Kinel), Khutoryanka (Tambov), Ulyanovskaya 105, Yaritsa (Ulyanovsk), Tulaykovskaya 108 (Bezenchuk), Sigma 2 (Omsk), KVS Aquilon (Germany). Relatively resistant to root rot pathogens samples were noted: Kinelskaya 2010, Lutescens 3960, Erythrospermum 4112, Erythrospermum 4171, Lutescens 4394 (Kinel). The selected varieties and breeding lines are recommended by us as sources of resistance to fungal diseases for use in breeding programs of the middle Volga region and research sites with similar agro-climatic conditions.

Soybean collection of the Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe of the NAАS and its breeding value in the conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine.

The collection soybean nursery at the Institute of Steppe Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine includes 144 varieties of domestic and foreign selection. The variety of the studied samples allows to allocate to a greater extent economically; valuable signs and to pick up parental forms for selection of soybeans on various directions of use. The results of research in the collection nursery for 10 years (2010–2019) are given. In the course of research the collection varieties of soybeans of different ecological and geographical origin were used. Collectible varieties by yield, protein and fat content in seeds were analyzed. The importance of varieties resistant to cotyledonousbacteriosis in increasing soybean yield has been substantiated. Soybean varieties of different ecological and geographical origin have been evaluated for resistance to cotyledon bacteriosis. Phytopathological assessment was performed on a natural infectious background. 15 soybean varieties resistant to cotyledonousbacteriosis were identified: Era 2, Medeya, Stepovychka 4, Diona, Agat, Sribna Ruta, Podolsk 2000, Yatran, Khabarovska 01, Evans, Liniia № 100, R8606I-5R05, Yutro, and VNIIOZ 11. Highlighted highly resistant varieties are promising as a source resistance to cotyledonousbacteriosis during selection for immunity to this pathogen. Highly resistant soybean varieties of Ukrainian selection deserve the most attention as donors of resistance to cotyledonousbacteriosis, 9 of which have been identified. At the present stage of selection, with the transition to European standards, it is very important to create varieties with high quality seeds. Therefore, the laboratory is conducting research to identify high-protein and high-fat varieties. Analyzing the results of chemical analysis of soybean varieties of different maturity groups, we can say that the protein content in the seeds varied between 32.2–45.8 %. The highest indicator was observed in the varieties Zernoukisna (45.8 %), Ustya (45.5 %), Sonyachna (44.7 %), Artemida (44.2 %), Pripyat (44.0 %). The fat content in the seeds of varieties of the collection nursery ranged from 18.2 to 26.8 %. The highest rate of fat content in seeds was observed in varieties – Emerald (26.8 %), Annushka (26.4 %), Sophia (26.8 %), Colorful (26.4 %), Ophelia (26.5 %), Podilska 416 (26.4 %), Vasylkivska (26.8 %), L. 101 (26.8 %), Bukuriya (26.3 %). Examples of high-yielding, high-protein and fat-containing, highly resistant to cotyledonousbacteriosis, as well as varieties adapted to adverse environmental conditions are given. Keywords: soy, bean, variety, collection, yield, protein, fat, resistance, seeds.

New Bacterial Strains of Рseudomonas laurentiana: Promising Agents for Agrobiotechnology

Bacterial strains ANT 17 and ANT 56, antagonistic to plant pathogenic fungi Bipolaris sorokiniana, were isolated from activated sludge. Physiological, biochemical, and culture morphological properties and analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and composition of fatty acids of cell walls of strains ANT 17 and ANT 56 supported its classification as the species Pseudomonas laurentiana. It was shown that strains P. laurentiana ANT 17 and P. laurentiana ANT 56 possess a set of properties characteristic of PGP (plant growth-promoting) microorganisms: they exhibit antifungal activity against phytopathogenic micromycetes and are capable of decomposing phosphates and synthesizing phytohormonal substances. Inoculation of cucumber, tomato, and cabbage seeds had a beneficial effect on their germination. Presowing treatment of wheat seeds under conditions of a natural infectious background with an inoculum of the isolated bacterial strains contributed to a decrease in the spread of fungi that cause root rot. The possibility of using strains P. laurentiana ANT 17 and P. laurentiana ANT 56 in biotechnology in order to increase the productivity of agroecosystems is suggested. The ability to stimulate the growth and development of plants for P. laurentiana strains is shown for the first time.