Morphological Categories Research Articles

Morphotype analysis and paleoecological implications of Maastrichtian - Paleogene benthic foraminifera from RCCG BH4 Borehole, Eastern Dahomey (Benin) Basin

The Maastrichtian-Eocene paleoecological conditions of eastern Dahomey (Benin) Basin were investigated using benthic foraminiferal morphotypes from the RCCG BH-4 borehole located on kilometer 46, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, southwest Nigeria. Many previous studies on the basin and other Nigerian sedimentary basins centered on paleobathymetric studies using depth indicator benthic foraminiferal assemblages and planktic/benthic ratio. This present study attempts to categorize benthic species into morphological categories (morphotypes) based on general outline and shape, chamber arrangement, and mode of coiling, and use the distribution of the morphotypes to determine certain paleoecological conditions such as organic matter content, sediment pore water oxygen availability and sediment depositional setting. 25 ditch cutting samples subjected to the kerosene method of micropaleontological sample processing yielded few Maastrichtian – Eocene planktic species (Planoheterohelix globulosa, Morozovella acuta, Parasubbotina pseudobulloides, and Subbotina velascoensis) and fairly abundant and diverse benthic foraminiferal assemblages which we categorized into nine (9) morphotypes designated B2, B3, C1, F, H, I, J, N and Q. Six (6) of these morphotypes (B2, B3, I, J, N, and Q) are adapted to the epifaunal mode of life, while morphotypes C1, F, and H belong to the infaunal types. The dominance of the epifaunal morphotypes within the limestone Ewekoro Formation, and the underlying shaly sand unit of the Araromi Formation revealed a shallow marine (inner – middle neritic), low organic matter content, and oxygen-rich environment of deposition for these units. The infaunal morphotypes show sparse occurrence within the borehole except within the organic intercalation within the limestone unit in which 8 counts of Afrobolivina afra were recorded. The disappearance of species (faunal turnover) within the overlying shale unit (Akinbo Formation) is believed to be a response to heightened organic matter flux, reduced oxygen availability, and other climatic perturbations characteristic of the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Eponides pseudoelevatus (morphotype N) is believed to be an opportunistic species based on the species’ continued occurrence and increased abundance within the shale unit (Akinbo Formation). The species may have recolonized the environment following improved environmental conditions that ensued after the cessation of the end Paleocene climatic perturbation.

Syntactic paradigm of the English active verb cut (based on The Economist magazine)

The purpose of the study is to analyze the active verb cut in English. The article defines the models forming the synparadigma of the active verb cut, describes the semantic features of the verb, analyzes the verb cut from the point of view of its morphological categories. The author conducts a theoretical analysis of the concept of "syntactic paradigm", its differences from the morphological paradigm, and also describes various interpretations of the concept of actionality, which is important in the analysis of the syntactic paradigm of the active verb. There are a large number of points of view about what range of phenomena the concept of synparadigma covers and what is the composition of the categories significant for it. The article presents the theories of the synparadigma of D.Worth, P. Adamts. The author comes to the conclusion that the synparadigma of the active verb cut consists of 8 models: VN, VNprpN, LinkVed, Voneself, VO, VD, VNV, VNprpG. The highest frequency indicators are characterized by the VN model. An analysis of the active verb cut from the point of view of its characteristic species-specific, collateral categories and mood categories shows that the most commonly used form of the verb cut in the English-language media text is Present Indefinite and Present Perfect. Narration in the present tense provides a very strong presence effect, causes a feeling that events are happening here and now. The active verb is mainly used in the actual voice. Due to the lexical meaning, the verb cut is often used in the passive voice. The analysis of the verb along the line of the mood category revealed a large number of sentences in the indicative mood.

Категория залога в курсе русской морфологии для тюркоязычных студентов-филологов

The article considers the morphological category of the Russian verb voice in the linguo-didactic aspect. The aim is to characterize the theoretical and applied aspects of studying the voice category within the framework of the discipline “The Modern Russian Language. Morphology” for Turkic-speaking philology students. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that for the first time, from the point of view of the methodology of teaching language disciplines, it analyses the system of voice oppositions of the Russian and Tatar languages, as well as related verbal categories (reflexivity, transitivity and actant derivation), substantiates methodological principles and gives recommendations for its study in the Turkic-speaking audience. As a result, methodologically relevant (didactically significant) differences between the Russian and Tatar languages in the field of voice form composition have been revealed, the consideration of which helps to optimize the process of teaching the Russian grammar to Turkic-speaking students.

A new species of early Cambrian arthropod reconstructed from exceptionally preserved mandibles and associated small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs)

AbstractMandibulate arthropods (myriapods, hexapods and crustaceans) account for a major component of extant animal diversity but their origins remain unclear. Here, we re‐examine the record of exceptionally preserved arthropodan microfossils, including mandibles, from the lower Cambrian (Stage 4) Mount Clark Formation, Northwest Territories, Canada. The assemblage comes from a single drillcore horizon and occurs as thousands of small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) representing disarticulated body parts. The mandibles occur as isolated molar surfaces with an elongate outline, a heavy setal fringe, and a subtle right–left asymmetry. These are sufficiently distinctive to diagnose a new genus and species of arthropod, Masticaris fimbriata. Co‐occurring SCFs include diverse appendage lobes and ventral body fragments, along with spines and setae assignable to 53 morphological categories and occurring either singly or in arrays, including filter plates. Most are plausibly interpreted as belonging to the feeding apparatus of M. fimbriata. The mandibles and filter plates correspond to those in extant pancrustaceans, particularly branchiopods, although the mouthparts of some more basal Cambrian arthropods raise the possibility of convergent feeding adaptations. Overall, anatomical and taphonomic continuity with younger SCFs suggests that M. fimbriata belongs to an early pancrustacean radiation that is still largely cryptic in the fossil record. More generally, the assemblage provides an inventory of fine‐scale cuticular specializations in early Cambrian arthropods that prefigure the trophic versatility and ecological dominance of crustaceans in the modern marine fauna.

P-208 Embryo assessment at the click of a button is now possible: evaluation of a deep-learning algorithm integrated directly with the time-lapse platform

Abstract Study question Is the embryo scoring function based on deep learning of specific time-lapse systems clinically useful for classifying human blastocyst? Summary answer Blastocyst grading according to iDAScore® is directly associated with conventional morphology and implantation potential, at least in treatments without preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). What is known already The conventional approach of embryo evaluation in the time-lapse systems is for embryologists to manually annotate a number of morphological and/or morphokinetic parameters. These values are then used in models of clinical outcome prediction. Embryo selection can be automated by using artificial intelligence (AI) to predict morphokinetic and morphology parameters. In this case, AI is employed in an indirect way to optimize the daily workflow based on existing traditional parameters. Finally, the most innovative approach is the use of AI to directly predict pregnancy, implantation or even live birth by using only time-lapse images. Study design, size, duration A retrospective cohort study including 518 patients who underwent IVF treatments and whose embryos (n = 3,406) were cultured in EmbryoScope Plus® time-lapse systems. Blastocysts were routinely evaluated by senior embryologists according to the ASEBIR morphological criteria. Then, embryos were scored using the iDAScore algorithm whose values range from 1 to 9.9. Participants/materials, setting, methods Embryo evaluation was performed automatically by iDAScore with the use of deep learning and a neural network. The algorithm was developed considering the entire embryo development to rank embryos according to likelihood of implantation. Embryo score was compared with conventional morphological quality, euploidy rate and the subsequent implantation outcome of 567 single blastocyst transfers. Then, we quantified the contribution of the automatic embryo score to implantation with multivariate logistic regression analysis in different patient populations. Main results and the role of chance The comparison between the embryo score provided by the iDAScore and the morphological category (A, B, C or D) assigned by embryologists showed a direct association*. The mean and standard deviation was 9.2 ± 0.4 for A; 8.2 ± 1.2 for B; 6.9 ± 1.6 for C and 4.0 ± 1.8 for D. The euploidy rate increased when embryos showed higher automatic scores*: 45.9% for score ≤ 8.0 (n = 354), 55.6% for score 8.1-8.8 (n = 169) and 62.8% for score >8.8 (n = 180). The implantation rate increased as the embryo score improved*: 37.8% for score ≤ 7.8 (n = 127), 50.9% for score 7.9-8.9 (n = 163), 65.7% for score >8.9 (n = 277). The logistic regression analysis of iDAScore took into account possible confounding factors: oocyte origin (donated vs. autologous); type of embryo transfer (fresh vs. frozen); oocyte age; patient body mass index; PGT-A (tested vs. non-tested embryos) and day of embryo transfer (fifth vs. sixth day of embryo development). iDAScore value was related to the odds of implantation in the oocyte donation program (OR = 1.61; 95%CI [1.19-2.19]; p < 0.001; n = 265) and in conventional treatments with autologous oocytes (OR = 1.52; 95%CI [1.22-1.90]; p < 0.001; n = 192). There was no significant association of embryo score with implantation in treatments involving PGT-A (n = 110). *p<.05 Limitations, reasons for caution This study is limited by its retrospective nature. The single-center design should be taken into account when considering the universal application of the model. Although our clinic was not involved in the development of iDAScore, and therefore this study should be considered as an external validation. Wider implications of the findings Our findings confirm that embryo evaluation can be performed automatically allowing embryologists to utilize their time more efficiently in other tasks of the IVF process that are more complex and require high precision and attention. Trial registration number This research has been funded by a grant from The Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities FIS (PI21/00283) awarded to M.M.

AI-CAD for differentiating lesions presenting as calcifications only on mammography: outcome analysis incorporating the ACR BI-RADS descriptors for calcifications.

To evaluate how AI-CAD triages calcifications and to compare its performance to an experienced breast radiologist. Among routine mammography performed between June 2016 and May 2018, 535 lesions detected as calcifications only on mammography in 500 women (mean age, 48.8 years) that were additionally interpreted with additional magnification views were included in this study. One dedicated breast radiologist retrospectively reviewed the magnification mammograms to assess morphology, distribution, and final assessment category according to ACR BI-RADS. AI-CAD analyzed routine mammograms providing AI-CAD marks and corresponding AI-CAD scores (ranging from 0 to 100%), for which values ≥ 10% were considered positive. Ground truth in terms of malignancy or benignity was confirmed with a histopathologic diagnosis or at least 1 year of imaging follow - up. Of the 535 calcifications, 215 (40.2%) were malignant. Calcifications with positive AI-CAD scores showed significantly higher PPVs compared to calcifications with negative scores for all morphology (all p < 0.05). PPVs were significantly higher in calcifications with positive AI-CAD scores compared to those with negative scores for BI-RADS 3, 4a, or 4b assessments (all p < 0.05). AI-CAD and the experienced radiologist did not show significant difference in diagnostic performance; sensitivity 92.1% vs 95.4% (p = 0.125), specificity 71.9% vs 72.5% (p = 0.842), and accuracy 80.0% vs 81.7% (p = 0.413). Among calcifications with same morphology or BI-RADS assessment, those with positive AI-CAD scores had significantly higher PPVs. AI-CAD showed similar diagnostic performances to the experienced radiologist for calcifications detected on mammography. • Among calcifications with same morphology or BI-RADS assessment, those with positive AI-CAD scores had significantly higher PPVs. • AI-CAD showed similar diagnostic performance to an experienced radiologist in assessing lesions detected as calcifications only on mammography. • Among malignant calcifications, calcifications with positive AI-CAD scores showed higher rates of invasive cancers than calcifications with negative scores (all p > 0.05).

Terminologization of Coloronyms of Metal and Mineral Etymological Origin: Evolutionary Aspect

This paper is devoted to the study of French coloronyms and their terminologization in different subtypes of scientific discourse. The research is based on coloronyms of mineral origin “(jaune / vert / brun / rouge d’)andalousite” and “quartz (blanc / rose)”, as well as those of metallic origin – “jaune d’or’ and ‘jaune / vert de chrome”. The authors carry out an etymological analysis of all the above-mentioned lexical units and consider the main tendencies of the terminologization of words with the semantics of colour in French scientific discourse. Peculiarities of terminologization of coloronyms of mineral origin are analyzed in scientific chemical and scientific geological types of discourse, whereas trends in the use of coloronyms of mineral origin are presented in scientific chemical and scientific physical types of discourse. The aim of the paper is to analyze the evolutionary tendencies of terminologization of French coloronyms in the subtypes of scientific discourse to describe their common and diverging properties at different levels, i.e. structural-semantic, morphological, and syntactic. The empirical material for the research comprises written scientific texts on chemistry (the electronic archive of scientific journals “Annales de chimie et de physique”), geology (the electronic archive of scientific publications “Planet-Terre”), physics (the electronic archive of scientific journals “Futura Sciences”). Methods of the research include etymological, component, structural-semantic, morphological, and syntactic analyses. Terminologization of coloronyms is a long-term continuous evolutionary discursive process that can be observed in French scientific discourse from the XIXth century till the present day. The authors investigate such evolutionary tendencies of coloronyms as emerging semantics of colour in lexemes that have not had it before, development of new structural-semantic models, rising numbers of morphological categories of colour terms, and acquisition of new syntactic roles, gradual process of semantic transformation of coloronyms. The transition of coloronyms from one subtype of scientific discourse into another with structural-syntactic forms, morphological and semantic categories preserved indicates the correlation between the discursive subtypes and the convergence of their functional properties at different levels of the language system. Despite this interdiscursive connectedness, each of the subtypes manifests distinct boundaries, which can be revealed through the study of the semantic specificity of coloronyms and their terminologization in scientific discourse.

Grammatical metaphor in the English language (exemplified by “The Forsyte Saga” novel series by J. Galsworthy)

This article is devoted to the use of grammatical metaphor as a stylistic device in the English language and focuses on the textual functions of grammatical transposition. There given its variety of forms considered as well as their linguistic characteristics within the morphological categories. Thus, the examples of this stylistic device from “The Forsyte Saga” novel series by J. Galsworthy are reviewed to that end.

Between adjective and noun

Abstract We look at the presuffixal vowels occurring after adjectival and nominal stems in Hungarian. We show that their “low” or “nonlow” status depends not only on the morphological category and arbitrary lexical properties of the stem, but also on its semantic properties and syntactic position, as well as the identity of the suffix and the typical environments in which the suffix occurs. Syntactic positions can be arranged in a scale ranging from more adjectival (less nominal) to less adjectival (more nominal). The same scale may be applied to suffixes typical of these syntactic positions. The lowness of the presuffixal vowels neatly follows these scales, with no variation at the two edges and a zone of variation in the middle of the scale.

Interobserver Variability in CT-based Morphologic Tumor Response Assessment of Colorectal Liver Metastases.

Purpose To evaluate interobserver variability in the morphologic tumor response assessment of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) managed with systemic therapy and to assess the relation of morphologic response with gene mutation status, targeted therapy, and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 measurements. Materials and Methods Participants with initially unresectable CRLM receiving different systemic therapy regimens from the randomized, controlled CAIRO5 trial (NCT02162563) were included in this prospective imaging study. Three radiologists independently assessed morphologic tumor response on baseline and first follow-up CT scans according to previously published criteria. Two additional radiologists evaluated disagreement cases. Interobserver agreement was calculated by using Fleiss κ. On the basis of the majority of individual radiologic assessments, the final morphologic tumor response was determined. Finally, the relation of morphologic tumor response and clinical prognostic parameters was assessed. Results In total, 153 participants (median age, 63 years [IQR, 56-71]; 101 men) with 306 CT scans comprising 2192 CRLM were included. Morphologic assessment performed by the three radiologists yielded 86 (56%) agreement cases and 67 (44%) disagreement cases (including four major disagreement cases). Overall interobserver agreement between the panel radiologists on morphology groups and morphologic response categories was moderate (κ = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.58 and κ = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.60). Optimal morphologic response was particularly observed in patients treated with bevacizumab (P = .001) and in patients with RAS/BRAF mutation (P = .04). No evidence of a relationship between RECIST 1.1 and morphologic response was found (P = .61). Conclusion Morphologic tumor response assessment following systemic therapy in participants with CRLM demonstrated considerable interobserver variability. Keywords: Tumor Response, Observer Performance, CT, Liver, Metastases, Oncology, Abdomen/Gastrointestinal Clinical trial registration no. NCT02162563 Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2022.

VALENCY OF THE PREDICATE IN COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS

Valence theory is increasingly being used to improve the effectiveness of teaching a foreign language. The goal is to identify the theory of valence in comparative linguistics. The valency of the predicate is the property of the part of the sentence to demand of the usage of different parts of the sentences, based on the semantics of that full-valued word (primarily of a verb, further of an adjective and a predicative, and lesser of a noun), which is used as a simple predicate or the main element of a compound predicate. The main results are that when comparing syntactic phenomena, their close relationship with the morphological and lexical phenomena of the compared languages is taken into account. Researchers often choose morphological categories and units as the most clearly defined and studied as the starting point of the analysis, which are closely related to syntactic phenomena. In the field of syntax, namely theory of valence of predicate that can easily be associated with the principles of language matching. At the same time, the standard meaning of proposals is the central part.

The higher the score, the better the clinical outcome: retrospective evaluation of automatic embryo grading as a support tool for embryo selection in IVF laboratories.

Is the automatic embryo grading function of specific time-lapse systems clinically useful as a decision support tool for IVF laboratories? Blastocyst grading according to the automatic scoring system is directly associated with the likelihood of implantation and live birth, at least in treatments without preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). Several embryo selection algorithms have been described since the introduction of time-lapse technology in IVF laboratories, but no one algorithm has yet been sufficiently consolidated for universal use. Multicentric models based on automated grading systems offer promise for standardization of embryo selection. A retrospective cohort study was performed including 1678 patients who underwent IVF treatments between 2018 and 2020 and whose embryos (n = 12468) were cultured in time-lapse systems. After obtaining the required parameters (division time to 2, 3, 4 and 5 cells; time of blastocyst formation; inner cell mass quality; and trophectoderm quality), the automatic embryo score was calculated using the software included in the appropriate workstation. First, embryo score was compared with conventional morphological quality and the subsequent clinical outcomes of 1952 single blastocyst transfers. Second, we quantified the contribution of the automatic embryo score and conventional morphological grade to implantation and live birth outcome with multivariate logistic regression analysis in different patient populations. A higher embryo score was associated with a better clinical outcome of IVF treatment. The mean of the automatic embryo score varied significantly (P < 0.001) among embryos with different morphological categories, between euploid and aneuploid embryos, between embryos resulting in positive versus negative pregnancy, between implanted and non-implanted embryos, and between embryos resulting in positive and negative live birth. Embryo score was related to the odds of implantation and live birth in the oocyte donation program (odds ratio (OR)=1.29; 95% CI [1.19-1.39]; P < 0.001 for implantation and OR = 1.26; 95% CI [1.16-1.36]; P < 0.001 for live birth) and in conventional treatments with autologous oocytes (OR = 1.38; 95% CI [1.24-1.54]; P < 0.001 for implantation and OR = 1.47; 95% CI [1.30-1.65]; P < 0.001 for live birth). There was no significant association of embryo score with implantation or live birth in treatments involving PGT-A. This study is limited by its retrospective nature. Further prospective randomized trials are required to confirm the clinical impact of these findings. The single-center design should be taken into account when considering the universal application of the model. Evidence of the clinical efficiency of automated embryo scoring for ranking embryos with different morphological grade and potential in order to achieve higher implantation and live birth rates may make it a decision support tool for embryologists when selecting blastocysts for embryo transfer. This research has been funded by a grant from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities FIS (PI21/00283) awarded to M.M. There are no competing interests to declare. N/A.

An evaluation of collocations used by children between 4.0 and 6.0 years old

The purpose of this work is to determine how widely and in which semantic and morphologic categories, word associations are used by children. There is no study about word associations children use in the acquisition of Turkish as their mother tongue. Participants of the current research consisted of a total of 90 kids between 4.0 and 6.0 years of age in 3 different cities in Turkey based on easy accessibility. The data obtained by transferring oral language texts produced by children in their natural habitat to the computer environment was analyzed by evaluating according to their age brackets. Semantic categories are free-combinations, collocations (sub-categories; semi-restricted collocations, restricted collocations, figurative idioms and pure idioms) and co-creations. Morphologic categories are determined as rigid noun phrases, predicative relations, and phrasal templates. As a result, it was seen that the production of children in the participation group increases as age increases. Generally, it is seen that children in the 6.0 age group produce more complete word associations compared to lower age groups. Word association productions of 6.0-year-old children are more than the total word association productions of children in 4.0 and 5.0. It was determined that children perform productions in the free-combination category the most between semantic categories, and they make up predicative relations the most between morphologic categories. This result matches theories of development and acquisition and the characteristics of Turkish.

MYCN amplification and International Neuroblastoma Risk Group stratification on fine-needle aspiration biopsy and their correlation to survival in neuroblastoma

AimsRisk stratification as per the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) stratification is important for management of neuroblastoma. INRG incorporates various parameters including histological category as per the International Neuroblastoma Pathology...

Teaching elements of Kipchak language in north Azerbaijani groups (with emphasis on educational materials in the mother tongue)

The article discusses the morphological categories of the Azerbaijani language educational, also comparing the use of case categories, northern dialects and dialects and, the types of spelling and the number of cases of nouns in Oghuz and Kipchak languages ​​and their integration with each other, as well as comparisons with other Turkic languages ​​were made. It discusses a single system of phonetic differences in the resolution of nouns. All names, all words, including infinitives are used in Turkish languages. According to meanings and syntactic function, they are divided into two groups: grammatical and spatial. For example, in most Turkish languages, six cases are accepted - noun, possessive, directional, influential, local and speech. However, Kazakh, Karachay-Balkar, Chuvash and others there are two additional forms of conjugation and consonant. Therefore, this study focusses on teaching elements of Kipchak language in north Azerbaijani groups with emphasis on educational materials in the mother tongue.

Teaching elements of kipchak language in north Azerbaijani groups (with emphasis on educational materials in the mother tongue)

The article discusses the morphological categories of the Azerbaijani language educational. The article also compares the use of case categories, and Northern dialects. In addition, the types of spelling and the number of cases of nouns in Oghuz and Kipchak languages and their integration with each other, as well as comparisons with other Turkic languages were made. The article discusses a single system of phonetic differences in the resolution of nouns. All names, all words, including infinitives are used in Turkish languages. According to their meanings and syntactic function, they are divided into two groups: grammatical and spatial. As an example, in most Turkish languages, six cases are accepted - noun, possessive, directional, influential, local and speech. However, Kazakh, Karachay-Balkar, Chuvash and others. In languages, there are two additional forms of conjugation and consonant. Therefore, the aim of this study was to teach elements of kipchak language in North Azerbaijani groups with emphasis on educational materials in the mother tongue.

Transposition of English Zero Derivation from Nouns to Indonesian Verbs in to Kill a Mockingbird

The research aimed to discuss and analyze the translation of English zero derivation or conversion from nouns to Indonesian verbs using transposition strategy. The research was carried out through the qualitative method by having the constant comparative analysis whose data were collected from Harper Lee’s novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’. The data collection was obtained by sampling to support the description based on the classification, including morphological and syntactic categories. The findings show an obvious difference between source and target languages. This occurs when the translation of English zero derivation relies on the affixes more frequently than any other criteria. Furthermore, the overall result proves that the transposition of English conversion from nouns into Indonesian verbs can be analyzed from the verb base that can be converted into nouns, which is then called a deverbal noun, and the noun base that can be converted into a verb. The translation of English zero deverbal noun is possible to be transposed into the target language verb. In a part of formal properties, the identification of English verb base converted into noun could be characterized by the irregular verb, stress pattern, intransitive verb, and semantic complexity, at the same time when the English noun base is transposed into Indonesian verb by considering the verbal interpretation and frequency of occurrence.

IMPERATIVE VERBS IN PREDICATIVE FORMS

В статье сделана попытка рассмотреть глагол в императиве как предикативный центр предложения. Акцентируется внимание, что способ как морфологическая категория, которая выражает в противопоставлении форм действительного, повелительного и условного способов отношение действия к действительности, в русском языке может быть представлена такими видами: действительный, условный и повелительный, что противопоставляются друг другу по обозначению реальности (действительный способ) – нереальности (условный и повелительный способы) действия. Объяснено, что предикативное ядро предложения – это подлежащее и сказуемое. Такой тезис позволил очертить два взгляда на проблему глагола в императиве: первый – вербоцентризм – когда глагольное сказуемое выступает исходным пунктом в развертывании конструктивного состава предложения, т. е. предикаты – ядра абстрактных семантических синтагм, а актанты – конкретизаторы семантических валентностей предикатов; второй – антивербоцентрический, или системный – когда третье место в схеме определяется не глаголом, а отношением.

Teaching the Georgian objects in a High School

Teaching the Georgian object&nbsp;&nbsp; in a high school is connected with some difficulties. The main reason of the difficulty is the fact that students have no knowledge about the morphological categories of Georgian verb. The programs and school volumes are very poor.Our aim is to avoid these mistakes and look for effective methods of teaching.

Exploring the effects of 3D urban form on urban air quality: Evidence from fifteen megacities in China

Poor urban air quality, as a long-term and intangible health hazard, has drawn much attention worldwide. Current literature has revealed the significant effects of urban form on air quality, which, however, centers on two-dimensional (2D) features of urban fabric and lacks fine-scale investigations. The impacts of three-dimensional (3D) urban form on the concentration and dispersion of air pollutants, such as the height or volume of buildings, still remains unclear. The present work quantified 3D urban form based on Conzen's townscape framework and examined how and to what extent 3D urban form affects air quality at street block level using evidence from fifteen megacities in China. The average concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, O3, and SO2 were calculated for different periods of the day, seasons, and years. Our results identified the varied effects of urban form indicators for different air pollutants and times and revealed neighboring effects of building height and density. In particular, accessibility, intersection densities, adjacent block pattern, building arrangement, building density, and land use function have significant effects, and the morphological categories of surrounding blocks tend to be related to different pollution levels. This study provides insights into how to optimize urban form to alleviate air pollution.