Military Development Research Articles

Strategic Command and Control in the Russian Armed Forces: Untangling the General Staff, Military Districts, and Service Main Commands (Part One)

ABSTRACTThis article is the first in a series of three that examines the Russian Armed Forces’ efforts to adjust their strategic command and control architecture in the post-Soviet period, taking into account wide-ranging shifts in force structure, missions, geography, resources, and leadership. From 1996 to 2000, changes reflected Russian military reform more broadly: much conceptualization, but little implementation. In the first four years of Putin’s presidency, the military leadership advocated strategic command and control reforms, but remained focused on more fundamental issues of military readiness, service conditions, and downsizing. More wide-ranging changes began in earnest in the mid-2000s, only to be overtaken by an even more fundamental defense reform process initiated in 2007. The process of changing the strategic C2 system captured many political, cultural, and strategic facets of post-Soviet Russian military development.

Аналіз стану забезпечення Збройних Сил України фінансовими ресурсами та порядок комплексного планування їх розвитку

The political goals and strategic objectives of the state are formed on the basis of its real military and economic capabilities. The adequacy of a military doctrine lies in its strict compliance with the general goals of state development and with those material and human resources available to the state during the period of the doctrine. A proper understanding of the defense planning experts by the basic principles of military doctrine is possible only in the case of constant analysis of the state's capabilities for the economic development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the consistency (order) of complex planning of their development in the medium and long term.The purpose of the article is to analyze the state of provision of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with financial resources, to make the forecast of this state for the long term by extrapolation method and to determine the order of complex planning of their development.Qualitative scientific substantiation of planning of development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is possible only if there is sufficient information: about the conditions of development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; state (efficiency) of implementation of programs (plans) of the development of the Armed Forces; changes in their composition and size; economic opportunities of the state. Predicting the prospects for the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is a necessary element of defense planning. Objects of military forecasting should be everything that significantly influences the tasks of the Armed Forces, their composition, forms of combat operations and methods of use of forces and means, efficiency of development.The article presents the results of the analysis of the state of providing the Armed Forces of Ukraine with financial resources in the period 2005 - 2018, investigates the dynamics of some indicators of the economic capabilities of the state and their impact on the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. According to the results of the analysis, the forecast of the state of provision of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with financial resources for the long term (2019-2032) is made using the extrapolation method. The article also defines the basic principles of complex planning for the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine by the main stages of its implementation in the defense planning system.In further research on the topic of the article, it is necessary to focus the attention of scientists on the development of methods of forecasting the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, taking into account the indicators of the forecast of the development of the country's military and economic potential.

Under Actuated Unmanned Submarine Path Tracking Method in Complex Environment

Cui, Y.-N.; Dong, C., and Ren, J., 2019. Under actuated unmanned submarine path tracking method in complex environment. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H., and Liu, R.(eds.), Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 149–152. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.With the vigorous development of China's shipbuilding industry in recent years, the research of underactuated unmanned submarines has gradually come into people's vision. Underactuated Unmanned Submarine is driven by propeller thrust and yaw moment. The input freedom of the control system of under-actuated unmanned submarine is very small. Because of its low altitude, which control is more difficult than general underactuated mechanical systems because it belongs to a special nonholonomic system. At the same time, the working conditions of submarines are very complicated. It will be disturbed by the marine environment such as living things and water flow. These velocities increase the difficulty of motion control and tracking of underactuated unmanned submarines. With the development of society, people's demand for underactuated unmanned submarines is increasing, which is mainly used in military and marine development. So, the study of underactuated unmanned submarines has important practical significance. Firstly, this paper designs the path tracking and control algorithm based on Lyapunov theory by establishing the model. Then, the correctness of the test results is verified by simulation. The final results show that the model and algorithm can effectively realize the tracking control of submarine and improve the tracking accuracy.

Development language independence formation as a factor of professional training effectiveness

Introduction:orientation to the international cooperation in the context of carrying out missions on providing national and common security, integration of actions at struggle with terrorism transform requirements revealed to the military specialists professional training and determine the National Guard troops need for servicemen who know the international language and able to perform service and fighting missions up to the world standard. The potential of foreign language learning can implemented to the full extent and contributed greatly to the future military specialist personality development, if foreign language training is based on cadet’s foreign language formation. So cadet’s foreign language formation is the means to increase professional training effectiveness. It is the factor influencing the future officer’s readiness to integration to the international professional community.Materials and methods:study and survey of scientific literature, generalization of domestic and foreign experience on the theme, conversation with cadets and their direct commanders, overseeing the cadets’ independent work organization on foreign language learning permit to conclude the following. Cadets do not possess foreign language independence and demonstrate low capability to carry out their independent work. It is demonstrated in difficulties with their independent foreign language activities planning. Future officers are not able to set a goal, determine work stages, distribute time for their reasonable performing, choose means and ways, control. The purpose of methodic experiment is to detect and approve effective means of foreign language formation in the conditions of systematic and goal-oriented independent work organization.Results:as the result of conducted experiment a methods of foreign language formation is developed and approved. The methods developed in the course of studies are an algorithm of education that includes some structured blocks. They are the goal setting block, the theoretical block, the technological block and the assessment block.Discussion and Conclusions:in the course of methodical experiment positive effect of systematically organized independent work on future officers’ foreign language independence formation is approved. Quantitative indicators of foreign language independence formation, received in the course of the experiment, are approved in real qualitative changes demonstrated by cadets. Overseeing cadets at the education process and communication with them prove practical independence using that resulting in future officers’ capability to organize their independent work in the context of foreign language learning. Cadets employ formed foreign language independence at lessons and extracurricular classes. With the foundation on theoretical and practical development on cadet’s foreign language independence formation it is possible to revise the system of foreign language teaching and change it according to the social and governmental order.

Multi-Media and Multi-Band Based Adaptation Layer Techniques for Underwater Sensor Networks

In the last few decades, underwater communication systems have been widely used for the development of navy, military, business, and safety applications, etc. However, in underwater communication systems, there are several challenging issues, such as limitations in bandwidth, propagation delay, 3D topology, media access control, routing, resource utilization, and power constraints. Underwater communication systems work under severe channel conditions such as ambient noise, frequency selectivity, multi-path and Doppler shifts. In order to collect and transmit the data in effective ways, multi-media/multi-band-based adaptation layer technology is proposed in this paper. The underwater communication scenario comprises of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs), Surface gateways, sensor nodes, etc. The transmission of data starts from sensor nodes to surface gateway in a hierarchical manner through multiple channels. In order to provide strong and reliable communication underwater, the adaptation layer uses a multi-band/multi-media approach for transferring data. Hence, in this paper, existing techniques for splitting the band such as Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), or Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) are used for splitting the frequency band, and the medium selection mechanism is proposed to carry the signal through different media such as Acoustic, Visible Light Communication (VLC), and Infrared (IR) signals in underwater. For the channel selection mechanism, two phases are involved: 1. Finding the distance of near and far nodes using Manhattan method, and 2. Medium selection and data transferring algorithm for choosing different media.

Work Fatigue in a Non-Deployed Military Setting: Assessment, Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes.

Although work fatigue represents an important issue among military personnel in combat settings, little attention has been paid to work fatigue in the non-deployed setting. This issue was addressed by (a) validating the Three-Dimensional Work Fatigue Inventory (3D-WFI) among non-deployed military personnel, (b) assessing the prevalence of work fatigue in a non-deployed setting, and (c) exploring several potential predictors and outcomes of work fatigue in this setting. Data came from a large national probability sample (N = 1375) of non-deployed Royal Canadian Air Force military personnel. Results demonstrated that the 3D-WFI provided a psychometrically sound assessment of physical, mental, and emotional work fatigue among military personnel, which was invariant across sex, age, military component, and military role. All three types of work fatigue were highly prevalent among military personnel in a non-deployed setting. In terms of predictors, job demands were positively associated, and distributive justice, perceived organizational support, physical activity and sleep quality were negatively associated with each type of work fatigue, whereas role ambiguity was positively associated with mental and emotional work fatigue, and interpersonal justice was negatively associated with physical and emotional fatigue. Abusive supervision and sleep quantity were unrelated to work fatigue. In terms of outcomes, the three types of fatigue were positively associated with workplace cognitive failures and work-to-family conflict. In contrast, mental and emotional work fatigue were negatively related to military morale and positively associated with turnover intentions. This study demonstrates that work fatigue is a critical issue among military personnel in non-deployed settings, and an essential issue for military policy development.

Integrating principles of military team development into family medicine education

The United States military is an organization composed of teams of various sizes and functions. The development of effective teams is comprised of several components: leadership, followership, training, and development of team traits. This article reviews the literature and military doctrines surrounding these components to establish a conceptual model of team development. This model is intended to summarize military team development principles and to facilitate team functioning and development within medical settings. Organizational values, leader attributes and competencies, and the role of team members are discussed.

Military Expenditure, Economic Growth and Development in Transition Economies: A Panel VAR GMM Approach

Abstract The paper examines the relation between military expenditure and three growth and development related variables (GDP growth, GDP per capita growth and Industry Value Added growth) in 31 transition economies during the 1985–2018 period and in a series of different samples by applying the Panel VAR GMM methodology. The empirical results reveal different patterns of the significant association between military expenditure and the examined growth and development variables, which is positive for certain samples and negative for others. The causality analysis shows that in the vast majority of the cases, the causality direction runs from military expenditure towards the examined growth and development related variables. In addition, the analysis provides uniform evidence on certain positive impacts of defense expenditure on population growth and schooling and negative impacts on savings. The results from the Ex-Soviet Economies are of particular interest as the association between military expenditure and the examined growth-related variables, becomes positive. We interpret the results in the context of the wider characteristics of the particular geographical area. JEL Classifications: H50, H56 Transition Economies, Transition, Military Expenditure, Economic growth, GDP per capita, Industry Value Added

Válka mezi Gruzií a Ruskou federací jako významný předěl

In 2018, it has been already ten years since one of the major wars of the post-Cold War period, namely, the war between Georgia and the Russian Federation. This war lasted only for five days, but it also became an important milestone in the development of the international security relations as well as the military science at the beginning of the 21st century. The article evaluates its geopolitical framework on the basis of the neorealist theory of the balance of security threats and it also deals with its impact on the development of the Russian military.

OIL, DEVELOPMENT, AND MILITARY EXPENDITURE: A PANEL DATA EVIDENCE FROM THE MIDDLE EAST

In the Middle East, vast oil reserves led to economic modernization and prosperity in the region. However, it is one of the most conflict-prone regions. This paper studies the relationship between military spending, oil and development in Middle Eastern countries using a panel data fixed effect for country-level observations over the period 1986–2016. The relationship between development and conflict will not be uniform throughout the region. Therefore, to test this hypothesis, the study categorized oil exporting countries into three parts that are countries with above average oil export, below average oil export and no oil export. The estimates show a significant reduction in military spending over time and the most declines were observed in the countries where oil export is above average than the Middle East. The results indicate a significant inverse relationship between the military spending with exports and oil rents in overall Middle East analysis and for countries whose average oil export is greater than the Middle East. It is also found that the military burden adversely affects economic growth across all the model specification. However, military spending is declining over time which indicates that there is a reverse causality between development and conflict. It is crucial finding in the context of peace and development literature

Vietnam War - The New Aspect of Warfare

Abstract The article focuses on the basic characteristic of military development in the second half of the 20th century. On pursuance of William Lind´s concept or theory of Four Generations of War, the article describes the culmination of the Third Generation of War, based on manoeuver and mobility, coupled with air superiority. The first part deals with issues of US technical dominance in the military, the development of new ways of fighting, especially the airmobile tactics used in South Vietnam. The second part of the article focuses on the specific conditions of the Vietnam War that the US Army, for the first time, had to face while applying elements of the Fourth Generation of War. The final part focuses on the issues of implementing the theory of Four Generations of War into the Armed Forces Academy education to better understand the development of military in modern times.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ УПРАВЛІННЯ РОЗВИТКОМ ВІЙСЬКОВО-СПЕЦІАЛЬНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАГІСТРАНТІВ В УМОВАХ УНІВЕРСИТЕТСЬКОЇ ОСВІТИ

The article reveals conceptual bases of management masters of the development special military competence control. Development special military competence control is considered as one of the modern conceptions of special military competence development of management masters. System of means and principles of the development special military competence control as necessary one for effective special military competence development management masters.

Policy communities, standard- and crisis management procedures: the overlooked institutional foundation for the broad support for Denmark’s activist foreign policy

This article identifies the institutional mechanisms that have created and sustained the surprisingly high level of political support that has characterized the two flagships of the activist Danish foreign policy for nearly 60 years: international military operations and development assistance. The high support results from two policy communities involving the key actors and using standard- and crisis-management procedures in the form of white papers, commissions, multi-year budget agreements, consultation, political agreements and strategies to build compromises within the two policy-areas. The high level of political support is underpinned by public disinterest in the two areas and the need to establish an international reputation as a reliable partner. The key to understanding the future of Denmark’s activist foreign policy consequently does not lie abroad or in opinion polls as it is generally assumed. It lies in the Danish parliament and the ministries involved in the two policy-areas.

The Study of Finance for the Civilian- Military Integration Industry in China

Background: The current financing bottleneck has restricted the development and expansion of the civil-military integration industry. Objective: Puts forward the innovation of China's civil-military integration industry financing mode and positive and feasible strategies and suggestions to improve the existing problems. Results and Conclusion: China's civil-military integration industry financing model has some problems such as the sole investment subject, low capital efficiency and lack of financing tools . Through studying the development of foreign military and civil integration industry and capital integration experience, according to the characteristics of domestic industry development, the paper puts forward the innovation of China's civil-military integration industry financing mode and puts forward the positive and feasible strategies and suggestions to improve the existing problems.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Use in Warfighting: Benefits, Risks, and Future Prospects.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique which provides unique potential to directly improve human capability on a temporary, at needs, basis. The purpose of this paper is to consider the utility of tDCS through analysis of the potential risks and benefits in the context of defence service personnel. First, we look at the potential benefits, focusing primarily on warfighter survivability and enriching cognition quality in support of command and control. Second, we look at the potential detriments to tDCS military use, focusing on adverse effects, safety considerations, and risk. Third, we examine how the level of risk can be mitigated through military doctrine development focusing on safety parameters and exclusion criteria. Finally, we explore the future prospects of military tDCS use, particularly in terms of addressing gaps in the literature so that tDCS can be used ethically and efficaciously at the level of individual personnel.

Dilemma of Nuclear Power Seekers: Does Failed Attempt to Balance Power Hold Back Future Military Developments in Nuclear Power-seeking States?

ABSTRACTCan power-seeking states attain strategic significance if they don’t depend and hinge their military potentials on foreign powers? While Algeria and Libya pursue clandestine nuclear weapons projects with assistance from foreign nuclear powers, they fail to invigorate their military industrial complex for effective combat readiness. I anchor my analysis on balance of power theory to argue that failed attempts to balance power can hold back military developments in a state. I compare levels of conventional military balance in North Africa to show that even though attempts to acquire nuclear weapons failed terribly in the case of Algeria’s and Libya’s military development, it did not inherently undercut their conventional military advantage over their neighbors in North Africa.

Demand analysis of material reserve optimization

Material reserve is an important task in the nation construction and military development. On the basis of analyzing the significance of modern logistics reserve and the present situation of the storage industry, this paper mainly combs and summarizes the problems existing in the storage industry of our country, puts forward the pertinent optimization measures and strategies, and points out the optimal demand for material reserve. The paper will lay a solid foundation for the next stage of material reserve construction and development.

Experimental Results of Siloxanes Rubber Reinforced with Magnetic Fillers Used to Protect the Uman Factor to Electromagnetic Radiation

The character of the original paper is to provide electromagnetic radiation absorbing material that attenuation characteristics of the electromagnetic field very good, as compared to the absorbent materials studied to date. This paper presents results of research on processing, characterization and behavior of composite materials based on silicone rubber used for electromagnetic shielding. In this work silicone rubbers is reinforced with magnetic fillers (iron silicon). The obtaining of composite materials was with the aid of a doctor blade technique. Doctor blade technique is a coating technique widely used for producing thin films on large area surfaces. The samples were processed in the laboratory using a plated nettling (PN), that was impregnated with a silicone rubber based composite containing powder of iron silicon (SI). Were achieved measurements of the both parts of the materials obtaining. These have shown an electromagnetic shielding effectiveness the order of 3.35-41.62 dB (white face) and 3.53-41.42 dB (gray face), in 1-18 GHz frequency range according to SR EN 50 147-1:1999. The paper tries to identify an absorbent material with the ability to protect human beings of electromagnetic radiation that surround us every day and every moment. With the exponential increase in development of commercial, aerospace, military and scientific electronic devices in modern society, electromagnetic radiation is becoming the fourth public pollution after the air, water and noise ones.

Northwest Caucasus forest spreading evaluation by GIS modeling and historical and geographic data analysis

The article presents the results of the GIS modeling of the potential areas of the Northwest Caucasus coniferous and broad leaved forest stand dominants (Abies nordmanniana, Carpinus betulus, Fagus orientalis, Picea orientalis, Quercus species). The constructed models demonstrate the significantly wider potential areas of these species as compared with the real ones and the almost complete coincidence of the potential areas of dark coniferous tree species A. nordmanniana and P. orientalis. The precipitation parameter in the driest month of the year, altitude above the sea level and temperature seasonality make the greatest contribution to the construction of GIS models of the modern area of the dark coniferous and broad leaved tree species. The analysis of the materials on the natural resource management history demonstrated that it is not the climatic changes, but the anthropogenic changes, that has been the main cause of the reduction of the area of the coniferous-broad leaved forests of the Northwest Caucasus since the middle of the 19th century. The northern boundary of the forest belt has shifted significantly from the plains and foothills to the foothill and mountain areas as a result of the economic and military development of the area.

다케다 가라쿠리연극과 시계기술 —일본의 근대화와 기술의 대중화—

In the Edo period, not only the big performances such as kabuki and Joruri, but also a variety of performances, various street performances such as “misemono” were overflowed in temporary houses, small theaters etc. Among them, misemono using Karakuri dolls attracted a great deal of popularity due to the characteristics of street performances that should attract a lot of viewers in a short time. Karakuri is a term used to refer to a kind of automata driven by yarn or mechanical devices, popularized by Takeda Omi''s Karakuri plays. Omi was able to produce Karakuri dolls because European missionaries have brought the iron cannon and mechanical watches, the products of the most advanced Western science and technology, were introduced, at the end of the Sengoku Period of Japan. The clock technology that was brought to Japan was used in the Wadokei and karakuri dolls with the unauthorized method. That was because of Peace in the Edo period led to the development of ordinary people''s culture, and the Edo shogunate forbade military technology development. After the decline of the Takeda Karakuri Drama in the mid 18th century, the Karakuri performances attracted popularity by the performers. However, Unlike the western automata that emphasized accuracy, the Japanese Karakuri used in the performances gave more importance to intimacy. This Japanese attitude has led to a human-shaped atom. In addition, the clock technology used in Karakuri has made a great contribution to the acceptance of Western technology.