Local Raw Materials Research Articles

Morphological and structural analysis of iron-rich porcelains excavated from the Jian kiln site of Song dynasty.

Iron-rich porcelains generally embrace relatively high iron concentration in the glaze and body, which have an important position in the history of ancient Chinese high-temperature ceramics. The colour and lustre of glaze patterns are closely related to the orientation and order of crystallisation. In this work, three representative types of iron-rich porcelains (persimmon red-glazed sample, oil spot-glazed sample and mirror black-glazed sample) were analysed by portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PXRF), optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser Raman spectroscopy (RS) to determine the morphology, chemical composition and microstructure. Results showed that layered structure was observed in both persimmon red and oil spot glazes, however with respective thickness. Besides, iron-enriched crystals mostly precipitated on glaze surface. For the persimmon red sample, multilayer microstructure consisting of three sublayers beneath glaze surface was identified. Crystals and dark red substrates were all made of ε-Fe2 O3 , implying that it was fired at a strong reducing atmosphere. But for the oil spot sample, large-scale leaf-shaped crystals were well characteristic of ε-Fe2 O3 , while small snowflake-shaped crystals were assigned to α-Fe2 O3 , indicating that the firing environment was partially reduced. In addition, there was no crystalline layer existing on surface of mirror black-glazed porcelain, and plain black glaze layer was featured by a glassy matrix. The Jian kiln is a famous ancient folk kiln in the southern China that is currently located in Jianyang county of Fujian province. Its production of black-glazed porcelain began in the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD), became prosperous in the Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279 AD), and declined and ended in the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368 AD). Black-glazed Jian tea bowls were perfect for highlighting the rich white tea decoction. The thick and lustrous black glaze of Jian bowls sometimes were featured by streaked or mottled patterns, usually recognised by 'hare's fur (HF)', 'oil spot (OS)', 'partridge spot (PS)' and so on, which were the crystalline markings of iron oxide precipitated during firing in the dragon kiln. Iron oxide acted as a colorant for black-glazed porcelain and, thus, was called as iron-rich porcelain. The unique patterns originated from local iron-enrichment raw materials and firing process, and the locally iron-enriched areas generated due to the supersaturated crystallisation of different iron oxide in the cooling period. It was generally believed that research studies on the crystallographic nature and growth mechanism of surface crystals would provide help for the manufacturing of ancient Chinese glazes. With this aim, three types of iron-rich porcelain excavated from the Jian kiln were selected to further study the forming cause and growth process of glaze patterns using a series of characterisation methods, like portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PXRF), optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser Raman spectroscopy (RS).

Challenges and Opportunities for Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Systems in Germany—Part 3: The Return of the Extraction Brine

Lithium (Li) is considered a crucial element for energy transition due to its current irreplaceability in Li-ion batteries, particularly in electric vehicles. Market analysis indicates that Germany’s future automotive sector and planned battery cell production will necessitate significant quantities of global lithium production. At the same time, only 1% of the world’s Li production is currently sourced from Europe. Recently, geothermal brines in Germany have gained attention as a potential local raw material source. These brines exhibit elevated Li concentrations and substantial flow rates in geothermal plants, suggesting the possibility of viable local production. However, a comprehensive full-scale Li extraction process from geothermal brines is yet to be established, and uncertainties persist regarding its long-term behavior. To address this, a generic model based on the geothermal settings of the Upper Rhine Graben was developed, simulating a 30-year operational period for Li extraction. The simulation revealed a 40% depletion of lithium during the observation period, while heat production remained constant. Nonetheless, the model also demonstrated a mean Li production of 231 t per year (equivalent to 1230 t per year of lithium carbonate equivalent), which could significantly enhance the economic prospects of a geothermal power plant and, if applied to multiple plants, reduce Germany’s dependence on global lithium imports. The primary factor influencing productivity is the achievable flow rate, as it directly impacts access to the raw material, hence, emphasizing the importance of detailed reservoir exploration and development in optimizing future lithium production from geothermal brines.

STRATEGI KEPUTUSAN PENDANAAN UNTUK PENINGKATAN KINERJA KEUANGAN UMKM KULINER BERBASIS PRODUK LOKAL

Financial strategy is one of the company's functional strategies that aims to provide sufficient financial structure and funds to achieve company goals, and this is related to financing decisions. This study aims to determine the effect of capital structure and liquidity policies on profit growth and their impact on the financial performance of culinary MSMEs based on local raw materials in the city of Tasikmalaya. Data were taken from 33 samples of MSMEs using purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using multiple regression and linear regression analysis methods. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the capital structure, liquidity, profit growth, and financial performance were in a fairly good category. The results showed that the capital structure and liquidity, either simultaneously or partially, had a positive and significant effect on the profit growth of culinary SMEs based on local raw materials in the city of Tasikmalaya. The results also showed that profit growth had a positive and significant impact on the financial performance of culinary MSMEs based on local raw materials in the city of Tasikmalaya. The results of this study indicated that MSMEs are quite successful in implementing financial strategies related to optimal capital structure policies and maintaining adequate levels of liquidity so that profit growth occurs, where profit growth can ultimately improve MSME financial performance. Keywords: capital structure, liquidity, profit growth, financial performance.

Обоснование разработки рыбных кулинарных изделий функциональной направленности для местного населения Арктической зоны Чукотки

The state policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic for the period up to 2035, along with ensuring the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and preserving the Arctic as a territory of peace, stable and mutually beneficial partnership, provides for ensuring a high quality of life and well-being of the population of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, in accordance with this, one of the tasks is to promote a healthy lifestyle and create conditions for improving efficiency of development and extraction (catch) of aquatic biological resources, stimulating the production of fish products based on local agricultural raw materials and food. The article presents aspects of the features of the diet of workers working in the conditions of the arthric zone of the Russian Federation and offers options for optimizing the nutrition of this population group. Sociological studies of the purchasing power of fish products by the population of Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are presented, on the basis of which a conclusion is made about the relevance of the development of technologies and formulations of functional fish products based on local raw materials. The fish raw materials of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug have been analyzed, which can be used for the subsequent development of fish food products with physiologically functional ingredients of plant origin to maintain the protein-fat balance of the polar metabolic type.

Prospects for the Use of Sulfur for the Modification of Road Bitumen and Production of Asphalt Concrete from Local Raw Materials with an Improved Set of Technical Properties

Prospects for the Use of Sulfur for the Modification of Road Bitumen and Production of Asphalt Concrete from Local Raw Materials with an Improved Set of Technical Properties

Ice Composites Strengthened by Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles

Extensive development of the Arctic, rich in various natural resources, requires a lot of cheap ecologically safe construction materials preferably using local renewable sources. Ice being easily available in regions with a cold climate meets all the above criteria but has low strength, high fragility and a tendency to creep. Known strengthening techniques using macroscopic and microfiber additives have many drawbacks. This paper describes a new approach to ice strengthening by adding organic or inorganic 50–100 nm nanoparticles (NPs) to the water to be frozen and presents experimental results and possible mechanisms analysis of polycrystalline ice strengthening using NPs. Cellulose and silica NPs have been tested as typical representatives of such additives. Both are hydrophilic, ecologically safe, widespread, cheap and can be produced from local renewable raw materials. It is shown that the addition of 0.01 to 5 wt.% of NPs results in a reduction of ice composite average grain size by a factor of 5.3 ± 0.7 and an increase of its compression strength by a factor of 2.5 ± 0.3. The highest sensitivity of ice strength to NPs concentration is between 0.1 and 1 wt.%. In this concentration range, the increase in strength is reversely proportional to the square root of the average grain size. Experimental data fit Griffith’s relation better than Hall–Petch, so ice strength is limited by cracks with the length proportional to average grain size.

ARAN İQTİSADİ-COĞRAFİ RAYONUNDA SƏNAYENİN STRUKTURUNUN

The article provides extensive information based on scientific sources about the natural economic factors that influence the formation of the industrial structure of the Aran economic-geographical region. Favorable natural geographical conditions, which directly stimulate the economic development of the region, as well as local raw materials, including natural resources that serve the development of industry, were analyzed on scientific and methodical basis. A large-scale interpretation referring to statistical data on the population, labor resources, productive forces and production relations of the Aran economic-geographical region has been brought to the center of attention. Favorable natural conditions of the region allow to develop agriculture here. Comprehensive information about various agricultural areas in the region was provided. Aran economic-geographical region is the largest region of Azerbaijan, as well as a region with a rich Tarkhi geography. The historical geography of the region has also been comprehensively covered. Facts based on recent statistical data about educational institutions, health centers, and public catering service areas are mentioned here.

Mineralogy and Sourcing of a Stone Bead Industry Found in Communal Cemeteries Associated with Eastern Africa's First Pastoralists, ca. 5000 b.p.

ABSTRACT This article describes the mineralogy and sources for a spectacular stone bead industry associated with the first pastoralists in eastern Africa ca. 5000–4000 cal b.p. Around Lake Turkana, northwest Kenya, early pastoralists constructed at least seven mortuary monuments with platforms, pillars, cairns, and stone circles. Three sites—Lothagam North, Manemanya, and Jarigole—have yielded assemblages of stone and ostrich eggshell beads that adorned interred individuals. Mineralogical identification of the stone beads reveals patterns of material selection, including notable differences among the pillar sites. Geological sourcing indicates use of many local raw materials and two (amazonite and fluorite) whose known sources lie > 200 km away. The data suggest that bead-making represented a significant investment by early pastoralists in personal ornamentation. New sociopolitical factors emerged, such as access to grazing grounds and water, and definitions of self and society manifested in novel mortuary traditions as people coped with a drying, cooling climate.

Sugar in the hospitality industry

This study is designed to reveal the role of sugar in the hospitality industry. The purpose of the study is to analyze the range of sugar used in restaurant technologies and develop recommendations for its expansion and application, the creation of a gastronomic brand based on sugar. The subject of the study was the fruits of wild plants: viburnum (Viburnum opulus), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) and fortified sugar. It is proposed to enrich sugar with a derivative product of processing wild fruits by the method of osmotic dehydration (sugar solution). It is expedient to use this technology in craft industries. An analytical review of literary sources was carried out, on the basis of which directions for the use of various types of sugar in restaurant technologies were formulated. It has been established that the high cost of imported sugars contributes to an increase in the cost of products with their use. The methodological basis for creating a gastronomic brand was the improvement of approaches to the cultural branding of Ukraine in the international arena by planning the development of "gastronomic tourism" not only as a tourist attraction, but also as a tool for implementing the strategy of public diplomacy. The gastronomic brand "Noble Sugar" was developed on the basis of local raw materials. Directions for the use of fortified sugar in the production of many foods and drinks have been developed, which can be attributed to gastronomic innovations. The presented products are unique and have no analogues in the hospitality industry

Востановление городских памятников: ресурсный потенциал Северного Кавказа

Introduction. Repair and restoration binders and compositions based on them are necessary, first of all, for the repair, restoration and restoration of cultural heritage sites, both in the Russian Federation and abroad. They are subject to special requirements, so the conduct of related engineering and survey, research and development work is an important condition for the development of modern scientifically verified, practically tested and in demand in practice repair and restoration materials. One of the main conditions for the practical implementation of the proposed investment project is the presence of a mineral resource base in the region and the country. The resource potential of carbonate, halogen and clayey rocks is fully represented in the mountainous part of the Chechen Republic (CR). Based on the results of research and prospecting work on the territory of the Czech Republic, 6 forecast areas were identified, promising for the identification of deposits of carbonate Purpose of research. Development of compositions of binders for repair and restoration work based on the resource potential of the rocks of the mountainous part of the Czech Republic. Materials and methods. The work uses methods of analytical research and scientific generalizations, expert assessments, process modeling and system analysis. Results and discussion. The classification of inorganic binders was performed, which for the first time included organic-inorganic binders and additives in repair and restoration binders and compositions. Because of exploratory research, it was proposed to repair, restore and restore historical and cultural monuments using the ones developed at the Kh.I. Ibragimov RAS of modern technologies and materials for repair and restoration work. A concept for the development of a new scientific direction "High-strength composite materials based on lime (hydraulic and hydrate), gypsum (gypsum and anhydrite) and magnesia binders for the repair and restoration of cultural heritage sites" has been developed. Conclusions. The article presents the results of studies of repair and restoration binders and compositions based on them. It is shown that they are subject to special requirements, therefore, carrying out related engineering and survey, research and development work is an important condition for the development of modern scientifically verified, practically tested and in demand in practice repair and restoration materials. The paper shows that the new developed classification is more complete and allows more accurate determination of the compositions necessary for restoration work. According to the results of the work, it is clear that it is possible to carry out the repair, restoration and restoration of historical and cultural monuments using the proposed technology. When carrying out such work on the territory of the Chechen Republic, it is possible to do these using local raw materials. Resume. It is planned to continue work in this direction and analyze the sources of raw materials for restoration work in more regions of the North Caucasus.

Production of Mycological Media using Local Raw Inedible Materials

The use of local inedible raw materials in the formulation of mycological laboratory medium which is cost effective was carried out using brewer’s spent grain (BSG) samples gotten from Intafact Breweries Onitsha, Anambra state. The BSG was mixed with 5g of cow blood, 20g of Ede mmuo (Caladium bicolor), 5g of Fiofio, and 20g of agar agar as a gelling agent. The other media was prepared with the same materials but without agar agar. The formulated media was inoculated with Aspergillus niger as the test fungus. The two different media were compared for gowth diameter. The fungal organism grew faster on agar agar medium with wider colony diameter. On agar-agar medium, the length on the first day for the four plates were 1cm each. Second day for the four plates include; plate 1(15.0mm), plate 2(20.0mm), plate 3(10mm), and plate 4(15mm). Third day include; plate 1(30mm), plate 2(40mm), plate 3(32mm), and plate 4(35mm). Fourth day include; plate 1(60mm), plate 2(50mm), plate 3(35mm), and plate 4(60mm). Non agar-agar medium, the length on the first day for the four plates were 3mm each. Second day for the four plates include; plate 1(10.0mm), plate 2(11.0mm), plate 3(11.0mm), and plate 4(10.0mm). Third day include; plate 1(12.0mm), plate 2(14.0mm), plate 3(13.0mm), and plate 4(13.0mm). Fourth day include; plate 1(15.0mm), plate 2(16.0mm), plate 3(14.0mm), and plate 4(15.0mm).

Mechanical dewatering of sapropel in its small-scale mining technology

The article presents the results of studies on sapropel dehydration. On the territory of the Russian Federation there are about 50 thousand deposits of sapropel, which is one of the types of local raw materials for multidisciplinary use. The reason for the low profitability of sapropel extraction is due to the difficulty of removing moisture from sapropels, the humidity of which can reach 99%. The most promising for sapropel dewatering instead of traditional moisture removal technologies due to filtration and prolonged natural drying is the use of the capillary effect of a thin-porous material. Based on theoretical and experimental data, the design of the sapropel dewatering plant was developed, which allows obtaining sapropel of the required humidity in the conditions of the deposit. As a result of experimental studies, the coefficient of the relative rate of moisture loss from the contact time of sapropel and the microfiber surface was obtained, while the mass fraction of moisture in the dehydrated sapropel is in a nonlinear dependence on the contact time of raw materials with the lining of the drums. It is established that in order to achieve a humidity of 60-65%, the contact time should be at least 1.64 s. The results of the research can be useful in the creation of mining equipment for sapropel dewatering, operating in the conditions of the deposit, allowing obtaining sapropel of the required humidity.

Raw Material Consumption Strategies in Holocenic Hunter-Fisher-Gatherer Groups from the South-Eastern Coast of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina): A Use-Wear Perspective.

ABSTRACT Hunter-fisher-gatherer societies who inhabited the south-eastern Atlantic Coast of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) exploited a wide range of local raw materials that includes, among others, metamorphic, fine-grained rocks and slates that exhibit different physical properties. The aim of this work is to discuss raw materials procurement and production strategies in relation to tool usage. For that purpose, we studied eight archaeological sites retrieved in the Late Holocene. We will focus on the economic practices that involve lithic raw materials to understand technological organization based on the use-wear method and morpho-technical analysis. The results show that these societies developed a technological strategy that implied the selection of rocks with specific properties for performing different and singular activities. Fine-grained rocks were mainly exploited for manufacturing small retouched tools used for scraping hides whereas metamorphic rhyolites and slates were mostly procured to produce long retouched blanks for sawing hard materials.

Вязкость разрушения мелкозернистых бетонов, модифицированных минеральными добавками на основе термоактивированных глинистых и карбонатных пород

The use of modifying additives in cement concrete compositions is the most affordable way to improve their technological, physical, and mechanical properties. However, the high cost and territorial limitation of the most effective modifiers (microsilica, metakaolin) production do not meet the growing customer’s demand. The development of mineral additives based on local raw materials will bridge deficit the most common additives, as well as reduce the consumption of Portland cement. The paper presents the results of determining the fracture toughness (crack growth resistance) of fine-grained concretes obtained from self-compacting concrete mixtures modified with thermally activated clay (Nikitskoye deposit, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia) and thermally activated mixture of clay and limestone (Atemar village, Republic of Mordovia). The paper contains the assessment of crack resistance of fine-grained concretes conducted in accordance with GOST 29167-2021 during equilibrium bending tests of type I samples. The paper found a 9 38% increase in fracture toughness of modified fine-grained concretes with increasing binder consumption due to the introduction of mineral additives in the composition under study

Community Involvemen Pemetaan Sumberdaya Manusia Pada Desa Wisata Cupak, Jombang

: Cupak Village is a village that has tremendous potential that can be developed. In addition to the cool air, there are several potentials, including (1) religious tourism at Dewi Kilisuci's hermitage site, (2) Sendang Widodaren, Sendang Drajad, and Mount Pucangan; (3) Agricultural tourism which produces Porang as a flour ingredient, Gadung for chips, Corn as food security; (4) accompanied by the manufacture of handicrafts from local raw materials such as woven pandanus. (5) Production of charcoal which can be developed into Carkol as an export commodity. (6) Camping ground. However, the problem faced is the lack of awareness of local residents in the use of tourism. Cupak Village also has abundant agricultural income but its income level can still be developed through socialization so it is hoped that this activity can immediately encourage tourism in Cupak Village and it is hoped that it can also increase Cupak Village's agricultural income. The purpose of this activity is to get an overview of the qualifications of Cupak Village Human Resources in utilizing tourism potential, processing agricultural products, managing businesses, and overcoming existing problems. To determine activities in HR development that will be carried out appropriately based on the results of HR mapping Cupak Village, Potential, Tourism, Religion, Development

Optimasi penggunaan air perasan bunga asoka merah (Ixora coccinea) sebagai pengganti eosin pada pemeriksaan telur cacing Soil Transmitted Helminth

Background: Soil Transmitted Helminth is an intestinal nematode whose reagent for microscopic examination is one of them using 2% Eosin solution. 2% eosin gives a red background against yellowish eggs and sells feces with feces. Eosin besides its many needs is also a reagent which is expensive compared to natural ingredients. The high price of eosin reagent paved the way for using local raw materials as an alternative to eosin staining. One of the local raw materials that can be used is red asoka flower (Ixora coccinea). Red asoka flowers contain anthocyanins which give color to flowers and fruit. Anthocyanin can be used as a natural red dye.Objective: to determine the use of red juice Ixora coccinea in microscopic examination of Soil Transmitted Helminths.Method: this type of quasi-experimental research with a completely randomized design (CRD). The data was obtained by recording the results of the treatment of red asoka flower juice (Ixora coccinea) on worm egg preparations. To see a comparison of the drying time of the reagents on worm egg preparations using red asoka flower juice (Ixora coccinea) with eosin control, three replications were carried out. Data were analyzed by T test.Results: the morphology of the eggshell and egg contents of the Soil Transmitted Helminth worm (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Hookworm) was clearly visible. The results of the t test obtained a p value of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05.Conclusion: Asoka flower juice can be used as an alternative to examining Soil Transmitted Helminth worm eggs (Ascaris lumbricoidea, Trichuris trichiura, Hookworm). the difference in drying time between asoka and eosin was significant.

Antidiabetic properties of analog rice from local raw materials: a systematic review

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common disease, where about 90% of Indonesians suffer from high white rice consumption. According to various reports, analog rice from many raw materials has benefits for T2DM. This review aimed to identify nutritional content that can be found in various local raw materials for T2DM. In addition, this review explained the antidiabetic effects and mechanisms of the nutritional content. PRISMA guidelines were utilized as the basis of this systematic review. Relevant and related studies were determined by databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Garuda. The identification process in those databases resulted in 284 articles, with only 56 articles included based on the final paper criteria. The primary keywords for the identification process include analog rice, T2DM, antidiabetic, glycemic index (GI), and fiber. Meanwhile, the secondary keywords are based on the review's local raw materials, such as purple yam, corn, banana, sorghum, and cassava. As a result, studies found nutritional compounds with antidiabetic properties inside analog rice made from different local raw materials. which each of them has different mechanisms to overcome T2DM. Therefore, the consumption of analog rice from purple yam, corn, banana, sorghum, and cassava has the potential to prevent T2DM.

PENDAMPINGAN IMPLEMENTASI POS SIKLUS PEMBELIAN BAHAN BAKU LOKAL PADA PERUSAHAAN TEKSTIL DI SURABAYA

The community service activity carried out at PT JIMAS is an activity to assist the implementation of the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) cycle for purchasing local raw materials. This activity was carried out due to changes in procedures and documents and requests for new documents in the context of applying for ISO 9001:2015 certification. Assistance is provided to employees in the purchasing department of local raw materials. The goal is the employee to understand and carry out the new procedure and use the new document. Community service activities include making video tutorials and providing assistance to employees. Video tutorial explains the use of compliance checklists for both SOP and local raw material documents. The purpose of displaying SOP and these documents is to suit PT JIMAS current business environment conditions, as well as to help the company when conducting a compliance audit, the implementation of which is through audit documents in the form of a checklist of audit compliance. The results of this community service can help PT JIMAS in its internal control and as a requirement for ISO 9001; 2015.

Pemanfaatan Tepung Lemna sp. dan Enzim Non-Starch Polysaccharides (NSPs) Pada Pakan Ikan Tambakan (Helostoma temminckii)

Lemna sp. is one of the local raw materials that can be used to substitute fish flour and soybean meal in fish feed formulation because its protein contain. However, protein plant-based in fish feed formulation need additional enzyme (exogenous) such as Non starch polysaccharides (NSP) enzyme which able to increase feed digestibility. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of NSP enzyme to Lemna sp. flour in feed formulation for kissing gouramy’s growth and feed efficiency. This research has been conducted at the Experimental Pond Laboratory, Aquaculture Study Program and Laboratory of Chemical and Microbiology of Agricultural Products, Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University. Juvenile kissing gourami 4±0,5 cm in length were used and culture in certain condition which was temperature 25-27 °C, pH 6, dissolved oxygen > 2.5 mgL-1 and ammonia <0.1 mgL-1. The Rovabio Excel AP10 T-Flex were used as NSP enzyme. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with 4 treatments (Tn) and 3 replications, namely the addition of Lemna sp. flour 0% without enzyme (T0), addition of Lemna sp. flour 0% with enzyme (T1), addition of Lemna sp. flour 5% without enzyme (T2), addition of Lemna sp. flour 5% with enzyme (T3). NSP enzyme dose is 1 g/kg feed material. The results showed that T3 gave the best results with absolute weight growth 0.91 g, absolute length growth 0.63 cm, specific weight growth rate 1.35% day-1, specific length growth rate 0, 41% day-1, survival 100%, and feed efficiency 28.59%.

Structure formation and properties of a porous aggregate based on man-made waste

The article shows the possibility of obtaining a high-quality porous material with high physical and mechanical properties based on local clay raw materials and man-made waste. The influence of chemical industry waste ― phosphogypsum and alkaline waste of soda production ― on the mechanism of mineral formation and pore formation during the synthesis of lightweight material was studied. It has been established that the used waste accelerates the swelling process during firing, reducing the swelling temperature by 30‒50 o C, while obtaining a durable porous material. Ill. 3. Ref. 20. Tab. 3.