Literature Poetry Research Articles

1930년대 후반 조선시단의 부흥과 『시건설』의 문학사적 의의

Sigeonseol (1936.11~1940.6) is a professional poetry magazine that published the 8th volume, participated in a total of 87 poets, and published about 269 works in the late 1930s. A recent study discussed the overall outline and main characteristics of the magazine. However, the character and performance of the magazine and its historical value still needed to be studied more abundantly. Therefore, based on the recently published original text, this study summarized basic matters such as determining the list of participating poets and cataloging works. And, I studied the cotrie of the first issue, which had not been discussed before, and discussed the meaning of its composition. And the major trends of works published in Sigeonseol were classified and their literary historical significance was considered. At the start of the magazine, based on Kim Hae-gang’s literary network, Kim Chang-sul, Kim Byeong-ho, and Kim Hae-gang, who were KAPF writers, and others such as Kim Nam-in and Jeong Kang-seo who maintained proletarian literary consciousness were formed. Through this, the magazine tried to have an identity as a progressive poetry magazine. In the socio-cultural situation of Joseon under the influence of Japanese imperialist fascism that led to the Sino-Japanese War (1937) and the Pacific War in the late 1930s, Sigeonseol attempted a new construction of progressive Joseon poetry. The lyrical poems that contained the inner self of the individual, published in the magazine, represent the sentiments of the time, and the creative imagination of the poets looking at the realities of the people’s life expressed the values of rural Joseon and the subjectivity of workers. Reflecting the historical experiences of ‘migration’ and ‘wandering’, the work revealed the plight of the migrants at the border and Manchuria in the late 1930s and the sufferings of living abroad. The works containing the symbols of youth and nature reflected the purpose and direction of Sigeonseol to revive Joseon literature, and clearly showed the response of Korean poetry to overcome the historical situation of the time and obtain a future prospect. In this way, various and dynamic works were published in Sigeonseol, which competed with other media and filled the gaps in the media, producing rich results of Joseon poetry literature in the late 1930s.

1950년대 초반 보건세계 와 마산의 결핵계몽

The study examined the TB enlightenment phenomenon and the meaning and characteristics of he World of Health in Masan in the early 1950s, targeting The World of Health(1-8) published at the National Masan Tuberculosis Care Center. In this study, as the primary work, The World of Health’s bibliography, media tendencies, editorial direction and media characteristics were introduced in the dimension of media introduction. First, the background of the publication of the Korean Tuberculosis Association bronchial The World of Health started from the magazine You, which was published at the National Masan Tuberculosis Nursing Home in the early 1950s. Kim Daekyu, who played a pivotal role in the work, followed the first issue of TB enlightenment The World of Health on July 1, 1953, followed by the second(1953. 8) and third(1953. 9), 4(1953. 12), 5(1954. 1), 6(1954. 3), 7(1954. 4), and 8(1954. 5) were published in Masan. Since then, The World of Health has been transferred to the Tuberculosis Association without any conditions in December 1954. Next, looking at the bibliography and editorial characteristics of The World of Health(1-8), This is the oriented ideology of the magazine media, science, humanism and warm affection, and kept the system unchanged until the eighth even in difficult circumstances. And this included doctors’ columns on tuberculosis, patient's battling period, literary poetry and prose, introduction of medical facilities and current affairs. In particular, the fact that the emphasis on each book is on the comments of specialists has given meaning as a tuberculosis enlightenment magazine. At that time, The World of Health was used as a forum for information exchange among patients along with the delivery of knowledge about diseases, and played a role as a cultural magazine leading the discourse of the time on tuberculosis. In the future, discussions on The World of Health overall should be further deepened. For example, the study on the status and meaning of the cultural center for tuberculosis prevention in the bibliographical dimension, the characteristics of tuberculosis literature or medical literature in the literary dimension, and the role and prospect of tuberculosis enlightenment in the social dimension should follow. In conclusion, The World of Health has its value and status as a tuberculosis enlightenment magazine through medical knowledge and discourse on tuberculosis treatment and treatment.In this article, the meaning and characteristics of Masan’s TB discourse, which had a reputation as a city of recreation and healing, and media The World of Health(1-8), which played a pivotal role in TB enlightenment, were introduced in the dimension of local research. However, in order to understand the TB history in Korea, it is necessary to encourage Masan’s multifaceted and in-depth approach to TB enlightenment and TB literature.

Pestereva, E. (2021). The instinct of enlightenment. St. Petersburg: Aleteya. (In Russ.)

The book is a collection of Elena Pestereva’s philological and critical articles, overviews, reviews, and essays. Equally good are ‘one-off pieces’ and continued articles devoted to the recurrent and highly appreciated characters of Tsvetkov, Yuriev, and Gandlevsky. The book contains over fifty articles, grouped into three sections. The section entitled ‘Context’ features chapters on festivals and poetry, literary awards and poetry, and specific cases of visual arts and poetry. The section ‘Text’ discusses the poets from the Moscow Time [Moskovskoe vremya] circle and the Lwów school of poetry, as well as prose writers, critics and their books. ‘Intertext’ contains reviews of new books, originally for the ‘Bookcase’ column of the Novaya Yunost journal. E. Pestereva possesses a refined literary taste, which inspires confidence in the readers of various media (thick literary journals, young adult magazines or glossies). And, even more importantly for a critic who substantiates her personal preferences with a scholarly argument, she is familiar with modern psychological methods.

AUTOMATIC TEXT TRANSLATION SYSTEM FOR ARTIFICIAL LLANGUAGES

The growing number and variety of artificial languages leads to the need and relevance of creating automatic dictionaries for their translation in order to facilitate human communication. Such languages include languages where vocabulary, phonetics, and grammar have been specifically designed to achieve specific goals and to communicate with a group of people by interests or place of residence. These languages can be distributed among people of certain professions or among neighboring nations. Examples are slang and surzhik. The common for them is that there is a basic language (literary), the intersection in spelling and meaning of words and phrases with which is quite large. The main goal of the project is to create a system of automatic translation of words and texts from / into arbitrary languages, including hybrid, artificial and slang ones. The proposed model shows the interaction and partial interdependence of the creation and adjustment modules and the translation module of the dictionary, which is explained by tacking the approach of reverse propagation of the translation error. To perform experiments and analyze the performance of the proposed approach to the organization of automatic translation of texts from and into arbitrary language, a software application was developed, which includes a subprogram of initial word processing for dictionary organization, one for creating a working dictionary and one for two-way improvement of created dictionary by the inclusion of new texts in order to improve the quality of translation, including the search for word phrases, idiom, and translation for them, the subprogram of dividing the dictionary into sub-dictionaries with a small percentage of text, the subprogram of the translator itself. To test and analyze the results of the proposed generalized model, three types of source texts were used: literary poetry translation, literary prose translation, literal prose translation. The results of the experiments showed that the proposed approach provides a high level of translation (up to 98,8%) in similar languages (between such languages as Ukrainian-Russian, or Ukrainian - Ukrainian-Russian surzhik wih equal word order in the sentence), especially with a literally translated source text. It has become known that the use of artistic texts to generate dictionaries is possible, but not very effective.

Reading Poetry and Prose: Eye Movements and Acoustic Evidence

ABSTRACT We examined genre-specific reading strategies for literary texts and hypothesized that text categorization (literary prose vs. poetry) modulates both how readers gather information from a text (eye movements) and how they realize its phonetic surface form (speech production). We recorded eye movements and speech while college students (N = 32) orally read identical texts that we categorized and formatted as either literary prose or poetry. We further varied the text position of critical regions (text-initial vs. text-medial) to compare how identical information is read and articulated with and without context; this allowed us to assess whether genre-specific reading strategies make differential use of identical context information. We observed genre-dependent differences in reading and speaking tempo that reflected several aspects of reading and articulation. Analyses of regions of interests revealed that word-skipping increased particularly while readers progressed through the texts in the prose condition; speech rhythm was more pronounced in the poetry condition irrespective of the text position. Our results characterize strategic poetry and prose reading, indicate that adjustments of reading behavior partly reflect differences in phonetic surface form, and shed light onto the dynamics of genre-specific literary reading. They generally support a theory of literary comprehension that assumes distinct literary processing modes and incorporates text categorization as an initial processing step.

On the Modes and Features of the Translation of Chinese Poems into Chu Nom in Vietnam

Based on the Chinese classical poetry literature translated by Chu Nom which is the ancient native language of Vietnam, this paper analyzes the three forms of Vietnamese literati's translation of Chinese classical poetry: formal translation, interpretive translation and expansive translation. It is pointed out that these translations are characterized by various genres and distinctive national colors. The translation of Chinese classical poetry by Chu Nom in Vietnam reflected the new changes and localization of Chinese poetry in Vietnam, and showed that Chinese poetry has gone from Vietnamese literati to ordinary people.

The Semiotics of New Era Poetry: Estonian Instagram and Rap Poetry

Mikhail Gasparov concludes his monograph “A History of European Versification” with the recognition that in the development of particular verse forms in each tradition of poetry, there is a permanent interaction between two types of poetry: those of oral popular and bookish culture. The forms engendered by popular culture are assimilated by bookish culture, while those engendered by literary culture descend into popular culture (Gasparov 1996: 295). Here, folk poetry represents oral popular poetry, and literary poetry represents poetry published in books. Over the last decade, and especially during the last five years, the importance of lyrical poetry as an art form in Western culture has grown precisely due to the widespread distribution of both types of poetry – oral and written. Yet oral poetry is no longer marked by folklore, and the primary medium of the written poetry is no longer books – we can see that rap poetry and digital poetry, especially Instapoetry (Instagram poetry), are increasingly occupying a central position. However, bookish poetry is also rising, thanks to the latter. The growing popularity of both subgenres of poetry is associated with the emergence of new media: the platform of the first is audio and visual media (SoundCloud, Spotify, YouTube) and of the second is textual and visual media (at first Tumblr, now primarily Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook).
 This article examines attitudes and issues related to the emergence of this new era poetry and outlines its poetics from a semiotic perspective. The analysis focuses on Estonian Instagram poetry and rap, studying how these subtypes of poetry, which originate from English-speaking cultures, have emerged after a time gap in smaller literature and have changed the audience, the authors, and the meaning-making of poetry.

李退溪的行狀、墓碣誌銘之文學性硏究―基於中國古代散文背景下的考察

Prose is an important part of Toegye(退溪)''s anthology. If want to grasp the integrity of Toegye''s literature, we can not leave his prose of literary research. In this paper, Toegye''s Xing Zhuang and Mu Jie Zhi Ming as the object of study, based on the background of ancient Chinese prose, mainly from the image, emotional and literary techniques of three aspects of his prose for the literary research. Toegye''s prose created vivid characters, showed real emotions, used rich literary techniques, and achieved high artistic achievements. Toegye''s literature is not only a kind of poetry literature, but also a rich literary style including prose.

Metaphor: Meanings and Humanbecoming Metaphorical Truths.

The purposes of this paper are to briefly describe the meaning of metaphor from a variety of sources, to show its ubiquitous and creative nature, to share some examples used in common parlance and scholarly works, and to elaborate the meaning of metaphor from a humanbecoming perspective with three metaphorical truths-semantic resonance, coherent integrity, and magical transfiguring. Metaphor is a linguistic way of conveying an idea in poetic language with words and phrases articulated as complete ideas with the use of unusual words that normally have different meanings. Metaphor has been used often in literary narratives and poetry to clarify meaning. Many authors offer ideas about what a metaphor is and how it should be used. Some of those are presented in this article.

Imaginary Controversists: Abraham Gómez Silveyra and the Theologians of the Huguenot Exile

In the Huguenot refugee community in The Netherlands, known as a hotbed of the early Enlightenment, literary interest in Judaism was ubiquitous, yet actual Dutch Jews were relegated to a marginal position in the exchange of ideas. It is this paradoxical experience of cultural participation and social exclusion that a major unpublished source allows to depict. The ex-converso Abraham Gómez Silveyra (1651–1741), a merchant endowed with rabbinic education and proficiency in French, composed eight manuscript volumes of theological reflections in Spanish literary prose and poetry. This huge clandestine series, which survives in three copies, shows the author’s insatiable curiosity for Christian thought. While rebutting Isaac Jacquelot’s missionary activity, he fraternizes with Pierre Jurieu’s millenarianism, Jacques Basnage’s historiography, and Pierre Bayle’s plea for religious freedom. Gómez Silveyra, however, being painfully aware of his voicelessness in the public sphere, enacts Bayle’s utopian project as a closed performance for a Jewish audience.

The Effect of Poetry and Music on Ancient Sports in Iran

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of poetry and music on ancient sport. As a cultural work, traditional gymnasium (Traditional gymnasium) can be understood correctly and comprehensively when, in addition to what is seen from the point of view of today's science, it is transcended and measured and analyzed in the field of thought and civilization that has emerged from it.
 Method: is field and library.
 Results: A review of the poetry literature shows that ancient sport is a sport that dates back to the Medes and pre-Islamic eras. Among the traditional gymnasium poems, the poems that are related to the praise of God, the praise of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the praise of Imam Ali (AS) have a special place and the educational role of music in the ancient sport, as it becomes easier and closer to people's lives, avoiding entertainment and specialized complexities and relying on simple and easy principles, first seeks to get people to follow their words and second to put their words in their minds. The music in ancient's sport has been chosen in such a way that the mentor can easily make it or memorize it.
 Conclusion: The study of the influence of poetry and music in ancient sport confirms that; traditional gymnasium, as a cultural work and the poetry and music literature of traditional gymnasium as a component of this interconnected whole, has a doctrinal and educational effect. Traditional gymnasium is a training place for athletes and in this regard, the literature of poetry and music are tools that have each used their best forms and tools for this teaching. It seems that survey and field studies in this field should be considered by researchers in the field of sports science.

“These Hearts, Can They Reach Tranquility?”

The article examines the Arabic literary poetry written by Iraqi Jews in Israel during the 1950s after their immigration from Iraq. This temporal revival of Arabic poetry by Jews was the swan song of the Arab-Jewish culture as we are currently witnessing its demise– a tradition that started more than fifteen hundred years ago is vanishing before our eyes. Until the twentieth century, the great majority of the Jews under the rule of Islam adopted Arabic as their language; now Arabic is gradually disappearing as a language mastered by Jews.

Social Criticism in Hijaz Yamani's Poetry Literature entitled Human Rights (HAM)

Keberadaan karya sastra mampu mengkomunikasikan pengalaman masyarakat dalam kondisi dan situasi tertentu. Adapun satu diantara karya sastra tersebut adalah puisi. Puisi dapat tergolong dalam suara kritik sosial ditangan seorang penyair. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana kritik sosial dari penyair lokal Hijaz Yamani. Kritik sosial yang diinternalisasikan dalam puisi yang berjudul Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM). Metode yang digunakan untuk menguraikan subjek penelitian adalah metode deskriptif. Namun, demikian, penelitian ini menekankan pada seleksi dokumen sekunder untuk menunjang hasil penelitian. Hasil penelitian mendeskripsikan dalam Puisi Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM), Hijaz Yamani, beberapa puisinya memuat kritik sosial terhadap berbagai penyimpangan yang terjadi dalam pembangunan dan perlu kita terima secara adil sebagai masukan untuk menyegarkan kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara. hak asasi manusia sebenarnya memiliki keterbatasan, yaitu bahwa hak asasi manusia adalah hak asasi manusia lainnya. Hak asasi manusia memiliki topeng yang harus diwaspadai. Penyair mengungkapkan kritiknya sekaligus mengingatkannya akan hak asasi manusia yang sesungguhnya.

المادة الشعرية في كتب التاريخ (المنتظَم لابن الجوزي نموذجاً)

The paper aims to reveal the value of poetry literature included in history books in order to show the literary value of these books. The significance of this paper lies on that it draws the attention of researchers to look for Arabic literature in various sources beyond the specialized booksin the field such as history books, biographies and translations.The paper includes an introduction of the Imam Ibn -eljawzi and his books “Almuntadham” in the history of kings and nations which contains more than two hundreds poems, more than nine hundreds poetry pieces in addition to verses, “Rajaz” and other types of poetry It also includes a study of the poetry of Ibn-eljawzi not mentioned the above-mentioned book but included in the books of other poets whoare mostly his friendsThe researcher adopts the descriptive analytical methodology. The most important findings include;: history books contain a great literary value because they contain in many instances selected texts which blend the narration of historical events and biographies. The study also revealed that the book “Almuntadham”. includes many poetry pieces not included in the books written by the poets who said them. The researcher recommends conducting literary studies on Arabic literature and related Islamic books which are not necessarily pure literary books.

أثر الأدب الحبشي في نشأة الأدب الأمهرى وازدهاره

يهدف هذا البحث إلى محاولة بيان أثر الأدب الحبشي في نشأة الأدب الأمهرى وازدهاره، وتعدد أشکاله الأدبية. وذلک من خلال إبراز کثير من الأعمال الأدبية الأمهرية، وبيان مدى صلتها بأعمال أدبية حبشية تسبقها، وتوضيح کيف نشأ الأدب الأمهرى في البداية معتمدا على الأسلوب الدينى للأدب الحبشي الذى کتب باللغة الحبشية (الجعزية) المقدسة لدى کثير من الإثيوبيين، وانتقلت بعض ملامحه وقواعده في کتابة الأدب الأمهرى، وذلک من خلال نقل وتأليف کثير من الأعمال الأدبية الأمهرية التى تعتمد على مصادر وأصول أعمال أدبية حبشية. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect that Geez literature had on originating Amharic literature and developing it. The Amharic language emerged as the principal successor tongue and the daughter language of Classical Ethiopic. The impact of Geez literature is evident in a lot of Amharic literature works. The bases of Amharic literature is mainly derived from the moral, religious, philosophical tradition already well established in Ge’ez literature. This can be proved through scrutinizing the content and form of these texts. This research has various aspects as it deals with various literary works of Amharic literature. The research divides these works to: religion literature works, history literature works, romance literature works, philosophy literature works , astronomer literature works, drama literature works, and, finally, poetry literature works. It is vivid that these works are diverse and reflect valuable data as they shed light on the important effects of Geez literature in establishing Amharic Literature and its multiple literature forms

On Self and the Era: Literary Exploits of Russian Émigrées in Africa

Within the general array of the studies on the issues of immigration during the era of intensive migration processes induced by the Russian revolution of 1917, the approach of researching into cultural self-preservation and cultural identity of the immigrants is used to a considerably lesser extent. At the same time, such an approach, especially if supplied with evidence in the form of fictional and journalistic works, is extremely important for understanding the socio-cultural adaptation of an individual to the new environment and determining the specifics of cultural integration associated with the inevitable and dramatic clash of different cultural stereotypes. The emigrant generation of Russians of the “first wave”, who found themselves in Africa, had the ability to create literature. There were many women among them, for whom literary testimony, poetry, and journalism were important. Epistolary became one of the ways of cultural expression, recreating the history of communities whose existence for a long time remained little known. The use of these sources opens up new areas of life and history of Russian emigration. Life at the crossroads of different cultural traditions, tragic awareness of their isolation from the native culture, challenging experience of learning a foreign culture, as well as the existence within the space of different traditions of life – all these marks of the cultural composure of a Russian emigré of the first half of the 20th century can be found in their journalistic and fictional works. In the works of Russian emigrants, there is a special subtlety of psychological mood, a special insight into their own lives, their “I”, and a special piercing compassion for the world around them. Hence the special lyricism of the women’s prose and poetry, despite the dramas of life reflected in them, and the specialness of their position in this world. Their literary samples are a vivid evidence of a bygone era and represent fresh inclusions in the general literary process. Combining with the poetic and prose streams of Russian emigrant literature, they join together in the general world literary process that was experienced by the 20th century.

Authentic Assessment Analysis of Literary Writing Skills ‘Poetry’ Based on the Concept of Creative Thinking in Students at Ihsaniyah High School

Authentic assessment is a form of assessment that emphasizes the ability of learners to demonstrate the knowledge they have in a real and meaningful way. Authentic assessment can see the advantages and disadvantages of students who later the deficiency can be used as a goal of improvement, so that students can be more responsible for the learning process and achievement. This study will examine the authentic assessment process in learning the skills of writing literature poetry based on the concept of creative thinking in students at IHSANIYAH Tegal High School. The purpose of this study is (1) analyzing authentic assessments applied by educators in the learning of writing literature poetry based on the concept of creative thinking in students at Ihsaniyah Tegal High School, and (2) the effectiveness of the use of authentic assessment in the learning of literary writing skills poetry based on the concept of creative thinking in students at Ihsaniyah Tegal High School. The method used in this study is qualitative research method using descriptive analysis. The object of research in this study is the authentic assessment technique of Indonesian language teachers at Ihsaniyah Tegal High School in the learning of writing poetry literature. Data and data sources in the form of RPP and Rubric authentic assessment of learning literary skills poetry sourced from Indonesian teachers SMA Ihsaniyah Tegal. Data collection techniques through qualitative data techniques taken through documents. The results showed that authentic assessment applied by Indonesian teachers at SMA Ihsaniyah using three assessment techniques, namely attitude assessment, knowledge assessment and probility assessment. In addition, authentic assessment applied to the study of literature poetry in students of SMA Ihsaniyah Tegal is fairly effective and in accordance with the guidelines for assessment of learning on the syllabus, RPP, and manuals issued by the Ministry of Culture and Education of the Republic of Indonesia.

АЛИШЕР НАВОИЙ ВА ТЕМУРИЙЛАР ДАВРИ АДАБИЙ АНЖУМАНЛАРИ

This scientific article is devoted to the study of literary meetings, enlightenment talks, poetry evenings, which took place during the lifetime of the great poet and thinker Alisher Navoi.It is fact that such art conferences held during the reign of Timurids played an important role in the development of classical literature and literary processes. In particular, we can see the direct and indirect influence of the period and poetic gatherings on the development of Navoi’s worldview, thinking and creativity.Historical and literary sources confirm that Navoi took part in various meetings, conversations of mashayiks, gatherings of scholars, meetings of poets, poetry evenings under the sultans, which were popular in his time. In addition to literary gatherings at the Sultan Hussein Boykaro palace, Navoi himself organized literary evenings and poetry readings at his home.Key words: Conversation, saints, scholars, debate, poets, muammo, samo

말레이시아 화인화문 시문학의 트랜스내셔널리즘과 문화적 정체성 연구

This paper studied the transnationalism and cultural identity through the development of the Overseas Chinese poetry in Malaysia. In Malaysia, the Overseas Chinese formed a single ethnic group and developed the cultural identity of the Overseas Chinese in a multiracial and multicultural society. In this paper, I studied the transnationalism and cultural identity that appeared in their poems, focusing on the works of 20th-century Overseas Chinese poetry in Malaysia. Through these studies, it is possible to understand the poetry world of Southeast Asia’s Overseas Chinese and to form a unique collective and cultural consciousness through the sinophone literature of Overseas Chinese.<BR> This article mainly considered the works of leading Malaysia’s Overseas Chinese writers Liu-si, Wen-renping, Wen-ruian, Wu-an, and Tian-si. By examining their world of poetry, one could understand the ethnic diversity and homogeneity of Overseas Chinese included in their world of poetry. In particular, in their poetry literature, the identification, ethnic and cultural identities of the Overseas Chinese are emerging. Homesickness about China, Taiwan, and hometown were expressed. And imaginative features of the transnational and ethnic group emerged. Thus, since the 20th century, they have moved to Malaysia, settled down, established their world of poetry, and developed Malaysia

말레이시아 화인화문 시문학의 트랜스내셔널리즘과 문화적 정체성 연구

This paper studied the transnationalism and cultural identity through the development of the Overseas Chinese poetry in Malaysia. In Malaysia, the Overseas Chinese formed a single ethnic group and developed the cultural identity of the Overseas Chinese in a multiracial and multicultural society. In this paper, I studied the transnationalism and cultural identity that appeared in their poems, focusing on the works of 20th-century Overseas Chinese poetry in Malaysia. Through these studies, it is possible to understand the poetry world of Southeast Asia’s Overseas Chinese and to form a unique collective and cultural consciousness through the sinophone literature of Overseas Chinese.<BR> This article mainly considered the works of leading Malaysia’s Overseas Chinese writers Liu-si, Wen-renping, Wen-ruian, Wu-an, and Tian-si. By examining their world of poetry, one could understand the ethnic diversity and homogeneity of Overseas Chinese included in their world of poetry. In particular, in their poetry literature, the identification, ethnic and cultural identities of the Overseas Chinese are emerging. Homesickness about China, Taiwan, and hometown were expressed. And imaginative features of the transnational and ethnic group emerged. Thus, since the 20th century, they have moved to Malaysia, settled down, established their world of poetry, and developed Malaysia