Jadali epistemology represents one of the foundational pillars of the Islamic intellectual tradition, emphasizing the pursuit of truth through dialogue, rational argumentation, and coherence with divine revelation. Originating from the concept of mujadalah, Jadali evolved into a method of reasoning designed to test, refine, and authenticate arguments through sound logic and strong textual grounding. This article provides an in-depth examination of the Jadali mode of thought, including its dialogical, comparative, and critical methods, as well as the contributions of key figures such as Al-Ghazali and Fakhruddin al-Razi in strengthening the rational paradigm within Islamic scholarship. The study also compares Jadali epistemology with Western rationalism as developed by thinkers like René Descartes and Immanuel Kant. Although both traditions highlight the central role of reason, they differ fundamentally in their epistemological orientations: Western rationalism tends to be individualistic and introspective, whereas Jadali is dialogical, intersubjective, and firmly anchored in revelation. Through a qualitative library-based approach, this research demonstrates that Jadali epistemology offers a more holistic, ethical, and integrated model of knowledge, making it highly relevant for contemporary Islamic education and the cultivation of critical thinking in the modern era.

The Industrial Revolution, or the period of rapid industrial growth and social change roughly from the late 18th to the early 19th century, widely influenced the world of English literature. This case study will research the effects that industrialization had on Romantic literature by focusing on the reaction of romantic poets and novelists to the driving forces of their time. Thus, Romantic literature emerges as a reaction against the mechanization and urbanization of the Industrial Revolution-emphasizing themes such as nature, emotion, and individualism as counterpoints to the dehumanizing effects brought about by industrial progress. Key figures include William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Mary Shelley, who used their work to critique industrial society and praise the sublime beauty of the natural world. Representative texts-like Wordsworth's "Lines Written a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey," Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," and Shelley's "Frankenstein"-are analyzed for how these authors grappled with tensions between nature and industry, tradition and innovation, individuality, and conformity. By looking at the interplay between historical context and literary expression, this study will present a nuanced understanding of how the Industrial Revolution shaped the writing of Romantic literature and contributed to broader cultural and intellectual currents at the time.

The article highlights the life and creative path of Ukrainian translator, educator and a lawyer Oleksandr Yakivych Konyskyi. It describes his creative legacy, which consists of over a hundred poetic and prose works, as well as journalistic writings. The article notes the significant contribution of the educator and translator to publishing activities and the creation of the textbook “Grammar.” It has been established that his most famous work was “Prayer for Ukraine” (“God Almighty, One and Only”), which became the anthem of Ukraine. It is emphasized that Oleksandr Yakivych Konyskyi was one of the key figures of the Ukrainian national movement in the second half of the 19th century. It has been established that the outstanding teacher and translator took an active part in the organization of the Poltava community, whose main task was considered by its members to be the education of the Ukrainian people. It has been established that the primary task of the community members, including Oleksandr Konysky, was to carry out educational activities among the broad strata of the Ukrainian people. It has been revealed that one of his main achievements was “Ukrainian Spelling,” published by Oleksandr Konysky in 1862 in his native language for elementary school students, which gained wide recognition in schools. It is emphasized that his “Prayer for Ukraine” became the spiritual anthem of Ukraine. It has been established that the main areas of Oleksandr Konysky's activity were literary (author of fiction, journalism, popular science works, biographical studies, the spiritual anthem of Ukraine “Prayer for Ukraine (God Almighty, One...)”), social and cultural-educational (active participant in the Ukrainian national revival, organizer of the Tarasivtsi Brotherhood – a youth national consciousness organization, participated in the creation of Ukrainian schools, held readings and created educational circles, initiated the creation of the All-Ukrainian Public Fund “Prosvita”), as well as publishing (founder and editor of Ukrainian magazines) and legal (defended peasants in court cases, advocated for social justice).

In the article, the author highlights the problem of the real organizational and legal status of the guarantor of the Educational Program as a key figure in terms of proper and high-quality implementation of the Educational Program throughout its term. Noting that the rights and obligations of the guarantor of the Educational Program, and to some extent freedom (of choice, action) are enshrined in local regulatory acts (Regulations on the guarantor of the educational program) of higher education institutions. The issue of the legal definition of the guarantor, the interpretation of which is given by the National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NAQAVO), is also outlined. The author draws a parallel between the local consolidation of the legal status of the guarantor of the Educational Program of various higher education institutions (higher education institutions of different forms of ownership) and emphasizes that it is precisely local regulatory documents that clearly define its organizational and legal status. At the same time, the provision of organizational powers on the one hand to the guarantor of the Educational Program raises the problem of his subordination and coordination functions with structural units, the dean’s office and the head of the department (if these are two different figures in the educational process). The issue of cooperation between the guarantor of the educational program and the developers of the educational program and the scientific and pedagogical staff who provide the Educational Program is also raised. In particular, the responsibilities of the guarantor of the educational program include the control function over compliance with licensing requirements by scientific and pedagogical workers. At the same time, the guarantor is not endowed with administrative (managerial) powers in terms of the effective implementation of such provision. The place of the guarantor in compliance with licensing conditions by scientific and pedagogical workers is outlined, in particular his role in providing teachers with relevant professional publications of the educational components assigned to them. The article also raises the issue of the guarantor’s adherence to the principles of academic integrity when preparing materials for the self-assessment of the Educational Program and providing reliable information to the Expert Group that conducts accreditation of the Educational Program.

The article is devoted to management system of the scientific and technological sphere (STS) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The analysis focuses on the formal component of the STS. Based on regulatory documents, federal and regional development strategies, as well as general information about the state’s political system, key ministries and departments responsible for managing science and technology are identified. Special attention is paid to the form of state. The UAE is an asymmetric federation where some regions have more powers than others. This can be seen in the norms of the Constitution of the state, according to which there is a differentiation of emirates according to the way they participate in the formation of public authorities. Such specifics determine the regulatory and legal system of the country and the implementation of various strategies, including in the field of scientific and technological development of the state. It is noted that the STS management system is characterized by low transparency, and informal practices and governance institutions are of high importance in the state itself. The characteristic features of the political regime are personalism and patron-client relations that influence personnel appointments. Thus, key positions in the management system of the scientific and technological sector are occupied by figures associated with the ruling families of the emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai, namely Al Nahyan and Al Maktoum. In this regard, special attention is paid to the role of key stakeholders and informal relations. As a result of the research, key figures in the STS system were identified, their biographies and the degree of relations with the ruling houses were given. In addition, the STS management system is not considered in a vacuum, but in the context of the general political system of the state. The author takes this into account and analyzes the dynamics of the development of the science and technology management system in the context of competition between the emirates, as well as the current key domestic political trend – the movement from federalism to centralization. Thus, the purpose of the study is to fill in the gaps in understanding the UAE’s scientific and technological management system and to trace its transformation in the context of recent domestic political changes.

This paper summarizes the joint contribution of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)/Framatome GmbH to the HORIZON 2020 MUSA (Management and Uncertainties of Severe Accidents) project, along with additional simulations conducted outside the project focusing on the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the Accident Source Term Evaluation Code (ASTEC) results for a medium-break loss-of-coolant accident scenario. This scenario included the activation of severe accident management actions in a generic KONVOI nuclear power plant. The calculation platform used for these analyses is based on the ASTEC code, developed by Autorité de sûreté nucléaire et de radioprotection (ANSR, formerly IRSN) for severe accident simulations, and the KATUSA (KArlsruhe Tool for Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis) tool, developed by KIT as part of the KIT/Framatome WAME project. The release of Xe, I, Cs, and Ba to both the containment and the environment was considered as a key figure of merit in the study. The results for the simple statistics, as well as the Spearman correlations between the figure of merit and the selected uncertain input parameters, are presented and discussed. Additionally, an investigation into the failed simulations is provided, along with the option of using a relative timescale.

Background: With the evolving legal landscape in South Africa, cannabidiol (CBD) and non-medical cannabis products are increasingly available, posing challenges for healthcare professionals. Retail pharmacists, as key figures in patient care, face a critical knowledge gap in providing informed advice on these products. This study assessed the attitudes and clinical knowledge of retail pharmacists in South Africa regarding the recommendation and patient counselling with respect to CBD and non-medical cannabis. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative design study was conducted, using an online survey to evaluate pharmacists’ knowledge and attitudes towards CBD and non-medical cannabis. A sample of 178 pharmacists provided a statistical power of 0.997, ensuring robust results. Results: While 69% of pharmacists recognised CBD’s therapeutic potential, 63% felt unprepared to recommend it because of insufficient knowledge and 60% cited a lack of resources in their pharmacies. Only 13% scored above 50% in the knowledge assessment, which included legislative and clinical understanding related to CBD and non-medical cannabis, with 31% reporting no formal training to educate themselves on CBD products. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for targeted educational initiatives and clear South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA) guidelines to bridge knowledge gaps among retail pharmacists. Updated resources on CBD safety, interactions and therapeutic use are critical to empower pharmacists to deliver evidence-based counselling. Contribution: The findings contribute to healthcare education, policy reform, and health promotion by emphasising the importance of equipping pharmacists with the tools necessary for safe and effective counselling on CBD and cannabis products.

This work examines how the Silk Road functioned not only as a trade route but also as a cultural and religious network that enabled the spread of Buddhism from India to China between the 5th and 10th centuries CE. By analyzing historical records, pilgrim accounts, and archaeological evidence, this paper shows how monks, merchants, and rulers played vital roles in translating, adapting, and embedding Buddhist teachings in Chinese society. In this work, particular attention is given to key figures such as Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing, as well as to significant sites including the Mogao Caves, Kizil Caves, and Bezeklik Caves. These sources demonstrate the dynamic process of cultural adaptation in which Indian Buddhist traditions were blended with Chinese aesthetics, philosophy, and political structures. The findings reveal that Buddhism not only spread geographically but also transformed into a uniquely Chinese form, deeply integrated into literature, art, and governance. This research highlights the Silk Roads importance as a medium of cultural transformation and shows that Buddhisms spread was a process of active negotiation and adaptation rather than passive diffusion.

This article examines the emergence and development of book history within the Western (primarily European and North American) academic landscape of the 20 th century. The study aims to trace the key stages in the formation of book history as an interdisciplinary field, identifying major scholars and their research directions. The author explores the transition from early bibliographic studies to the establishment of an independent discipline that investigates social, economic, and cultural dimensions of text production, dissemination, and reception. The relevance of this research is driven by the growing interest in interdisciplinary approaches within the social and human sciences, which allow the consideration of the book not only as a text but also as a cultural artifact. Special attention is given to the contributions of key figures such as Lucien Febvre, Henri-Jean Martin, Donald Francis McKenzie, Roger Chartier, and Robert Darnton, whose ideas significantly influenced the development of interdisciplinary methods for analyzing the book as a unique cultural phenomenon. The study also examines fundamental theoretical models that explain the “life cycle” of the book—from its creation and publication to its reception and preservation. A distinct focus is placed on the emergence of book history research centers and scholarly societies, which played a crucial role in the institutionalization of this field in the 1980s and 1990s. The practical significance of this work lies in its potential application to educational programs in book history, cultural studies, and library science, as well as in the refinement of theoretical and methodological approaches for further research in the study of book culture.

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the current situation of the Turkish audiovisual industry by conducting comprehensive field research. It focuses on the structure of the industry, the problems it faces, and potential areas for development by drawing on the opinions of different key figures. Through interviews with key industry stakeholders, the study offers an in-depth assessment, addressing its challenges and opportunities. During the study, interviews were carried out with 22 professionals operating in eight different fields of the Turkish audiovisual industry. The data obtained were divided into predetermined codes and analysed using MAXQDA. To provide a portrait, the descriptive codes allowed comparisons to be made between industry representatives and offered valuable contextual insights about each participant. The findings of the study revealed that the industry has a significant number of problems. These problems stem mainly from the lack of a holistic view of the structure of the industry and a limited understanding of how to resolve observed challenges that have technological, pedagogical, and urban dimensions. The findings are intended to provide valuable insights for academics and industry professionals while providing suggestions for the development of film industry strategies.

To explore the circumstances that contributed to the development of neonatology and neonatal units in Israel, and to recognize the key figures who played an essential role in these advancements. This qualitative study involves in-depth, semi-structured interviews with a purposively selected group of participants, including pediatrics, NICU managers, managers in the Israel Neonatal Society, and policymakers from Israel's Health Department. Interviews were conducted in a free narrative setting to encourage open sharing of personal experiences and opinions, with all sessions audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim for accuracy. Thematic analysis was applied to the transcripts to identify recurring patterns and themes, providing an in-depth understanding of participant views. Additionally, text analysis of policy documents and guidelines from Israel's Ministry of Health and other relevant organizations was conducted using content analysis to complement and broaden the insights obtained from interviews. The study adheres to strict ethical standards, including obtaining informed consent and maintaining participant confidentiality. This study was conducted as part of the requirements for MD degree from the Goldman Medical School at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

This paper examines the translation theories and practices of Xu Zongze 徐宗澤 (1886–1947), a key figure in the Jesuit community of the Zi-ka-wei compound 徐家匯. Descending from the prominent Catholic Xu family and serving as chief editor of the Revue Catholique 聖教雜誌, Xu was uniquely positioned to engage in religious and cultural dialogues. By situating Xu within modern China’s translation history, this paper highlights his significant contributions to translation scholarship, especially in merging Western religious thought with Chinese traditions. Xu utilized the “Discussion” column of the Revue for his “Treatise on Translation” 譯書論, celebrating Jesuit translation accomplishments and examining historical policies. His works advocate for using the Jesuit legacy in contemporary translation debates to enhance cultural understanding. Xu’s efforts, including the Synopsis of Jesuit Translations during the Ming and Qing Dynasties 明清間耶穌會士譯著提要 and the “New Terms” series, resist linguistic dominance while facilitating intercultural understanding. Through his translation experience and Jesuit cultural initiatives, Xu Zongze advocated for the establishment of a Catholic translation institute aimed at developing talent and enhancing communication with Catholic publishers. By centering on Xu, this study reexamines the role of Zi-ka-wei within the context of modern Chinese translation history, evaluating how its engagement with Western knowledge effectively addressed the intellectual demands of the era, which called for contemporary interpretations.

he purpose of this article is to present the history of the senatorial family of Annii Italici Honorati and its representatives: L. Annius Italicus Honoratus (father), L. Annius Italicus (Gavidius) [Torqu?]atus (son), Annius Honoratus (son), Annia Italica (daughter), L. Annius Italicus Rutilianus (grandson). The key figures were homo novus L. Annius Italicus Honoratus and patricius L. Annius Italicus (Gavidius) [Torqu?]atus. Within two generations, the gens had achieved patrician status. The turning point in the family's path to the political elite came in the year 238 (the Year of the Six Emperors). At that time, Annius Italicus Gavidius Torquatus was appointed quaestor on the recommendation of the emperor (candidatus Augusti), and his father and father-in-law took an active part in the work of the college XX viri rei publicae curandae.The promotion of the Annii Italici Honorati was not, however, solely the result of individual merit – affinities with influential gentes also played an important role. The Annii were supported by the Bellicii, the Claudii Attici and the Rutilii Crispini, confirming the importance of family alliances in the political life of the Roman Empire.

The conference dedicated to Giovanni Rosadi, held in Florence on the centenary of his death, brought renewed attention to a key figure in the origins of Italian landscape law. Starting from the rediscovery of his 1910 legislative proposal “For the Protection of the Landscape”, the event offered a multidisciplinary reflection on the relevance of his ideas today. The introductory paper, while framing the contributions of the speakers, highlights the importance of distinguishing between the protection of landscape values and environmental protection, calling for a clearer, more effective and sustainable evolution of operational tools.

Taking the historical event of Sima You, Prince of Qi in the Western Jin Dynasty, being excluded from the imperial court as the starting point, this paper analyzes the important role of key figures in maintaining organizational stability. Sima You was highly respected and outstanding in ability; he could have stabilized various forces in the Western Jin imperial court and prevented the outbreak of the "War of the Eight Princes". However, after he was forcibly "laid off" (excluded from the court) by Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin, the court lost its stabilizer, eventually leading to 16 years of internal chaos. By in-depth analysis of this historical case and combining it with modern enterprise management theories, this paper discusses the potential risks in enterprise layoff decisions. It puts forward management suggestions that enterprises should learn from history, carefully evaluate layoff decisions, and avoid "laying off the vital arteries".

Aquaculture anaesthesia, particularly with natural agents, has gained increasing attention due to its relevance in fish welfare, stress management, and sustainable aquaculture practices. This study addresses the need to systematically assess the state of knowledge, gaps, and potential future trajectories in this dynamic field. We conducted a bibliometric analysis using Scopus to collect and analyse scholarly publications related to natural anaesthesia in aquaculture. Metrics such as citation counts, co-authorship networks, and keyword co-occurrence were employed to unveil the research landscape. The VosViewer tool was utilised for network visualisations, offering insights into collaboration patterns and thematic clusters. Preliminary findings indicate a prolific output of research, with specific authors and countries playing pivotal roles in shaping the discourse. The co-authorship network analysis reveals key figures and interdisciplinary collaborations, while the keyword co-occurrence analysis uncovers central themes and emerging topics. The country collaboration map provides a visual representation of regional clusters, emphasising the global nature of aquaculture anaesthesia research. This bibliometric study is poised to contribute a holistic understanding of the trends and patterns in natural anaesthesia research for aquatic species. The expected results will shed light on the interdisciplinary nature of the field, identify potential research collaborators, and pinpoint knowledge gaps for future exploration. The insights gained from this study aim to inform researchers, policymakers, and practitioners involved in aquaculture, paving the way for sustainable and welfare-centric practices in the field of aquaculture anaesthesia.

This article considers Roger Smalley’s conception of notation from the point of view of the relationship between playing and writing. It argues that notation was one of the ways in which Smalley understood music history as a history of the relationship between composers and performers. Smalley’s version of music history included several turning points, the most significant of which came with Karlheinz Stockhausen’s music, which changed the relationship between performers and composers. This changing relationship brought new challenges to the notation of music, which mediates between different roles. The article focuses on different forms of notation, and the flexibility of notation, which Smalley nevertheless incorporates into a coherent picture of postwar music; and positions Smalley as one of the key figures of the changing relationships that new forms of notation mediate. The article concludes with close observations about one of the scores that Smalley annotated most heavily, David Lumsdaine’s Kelly Ground (1966). These observations build on the research of Emily Payne and Floris Schuiling, who have established the value of performers’ annotations in writing about the agency of musicians and the adaptability of notation.

This text explores the profound and beautiful interplay between quantum physics and mathematics. We journey from the crisis of classical physics at the turn of the 20th century to the elegant, abstract mathematical frameworks that define modern quantum mechanics. We will see how physical problems forced the invention of new mathematics and how mathematical structures, in turn, provided the language to describe the quantum realm. Key figures like Planck, Einstein, Heisenberg, Born, von Neumann, Weyl, and Dirac will guide us,revealing a story where physical intuition and mathematical formalism are inextricably linked.

Integrated Quality Management (IQM) or Total Quality Management (TQM) has become a strategic issue in the field of education because it is directly related to improving the quality of learning, school management, and the achievement of sustainable competency standards. In the context of Islamic education and integrated schools, the implementation of IQM is not only oriented toward managerial efficiency but also toward the integration of religious values and the development of students’ character. Therefore, this literature review is essential to understand the development, trends, and challenges of IQM implementation in education. The purpose of this literature review is to examine how IQM is applied in various educational institutions and to identify its theoretical and practical contributions. The research questions proposed are: (1) How are the concepts and principles of IQM developed in education? (2) What are the main impacts and challenges of its implementation? The study employed a literature search through repositories, e-journals, and online publications using the keywords “integrated quality management,” “TQM,” and “education.” Out of 20 initial articles, only 5 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in depth. The analysis results revealed three main themes: strengthening the fundamental concepts of IQM, the role of key figures and TQM principles in education, and the implementation impacts on academic and non-academic quality. In conclusion, IQM has proven to be relevant as a strategy for improving educational quality, although challenges such as limited resources and internal resistance still need to be addressed. Future research should explore adaptive IQM strategies tailored to the local school context.

In the last 65 years several major historical databases with reconstructed life courses of large populations have been launched. Around 1990, we could find two important types of databases with longitudinal micro-data. The first type were event databases aimed on family reconstructions and usually based on baptism, marriage and funeral registers or on civil certificates introduced after 1800. The second type were databases with life courses: persons are observed on a more permanent basis using church examination or population registers. After 1990 a third type, databases with census data, really took off. In first instance in the form of samples, in second instance by entering full count samples which makes it possible to link the several censuses into one system, creating semi-longitudinal databases. Another development was the growth of special purpose samples into semi-longitudinal ones by following sampled persons from one source during their life course through linking with all kind of other sources. The development of these databases is indicative of considerable investments that have greatly expanded the possibilities for new research within the fields of history, demography, sociology, as well as other disciplines. In this paper I will compare 84 of these databases on several key figures like included sources, year of foundation, period of observation, area of observation, sample fraction and number of included observations, families and unique persons. An overview of all databases with all key figures is presented in the Appendix.