Inbound Market Research Articles

The changing performance of inbound tourism under the fluctuation of the Renminbi exchange rate

In the context of the information age in the post epidemic period, China's inbound tourism is increasingly recovering, and related tourism products are gradually coming into the view of foreign consumers. The development of tourism is an important way to promote international relations and improve international influence, while the exchange rate plays an irreplaceable role as one of the important influencing factors of international trade. In addition, the exchange rate reflects the price conversion index between the two countries can effectively explain the international economic situation and the continuous reform of the exchange rate system on China's foreign exchange market has caused different impacts, the exchange rate fluctuations of the RMB may be outside the part of the population with the intention of coming to China to cause a certain impact. In order to explore the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the inbound tourism industry, this paper combines the background of the post-epidemic period with a view to empirically analysing the issue through macro data, and then exploring the changes in China's inbound tourism market under the fluctuation of the RMB exchange rate from multiple perspectives, as well as the transmission mechanism of exchange rate fluctuations on the inbound tourism market. Ultimately, it will provide certain reference value for the Chinese government and the related tourism industry, so as to effectively promote the development of China's tourism industry and improve China's international influence.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ МЕЖРЕГИОНАЛЬНОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ В РАМКАХ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ, ПРОДВИЖЕНИЯ И РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ТУРИСТСКИХ ПРОДУКТОВ

The dynamic development of tourism activities in the regions of the Russian Federation, the high interest of the population in travel, and the close attention of federal and regional authorities to tourism determine the relevance of the study, the results of which are presented in the article. The purpose of the study is to study the organizational aspects of interregional cooperation in the framework of the formation, promotion and sale of tourist products, taking into account practical features: cooperation of tour operators, interaction with travel service providers, implementation of agency networks, etc. The research methods are: analysis of scientific publications and the legislative and regulatory framework in the field of tourism; synthesis of processes related to the formation, promotion and sale of tourist products, as well as interviews. The article provides examples of Russian interregional routes; presents the functions and conditions of the activities of tour operators and travel agents in the Russian Federation; suggests a scheme of interaction of subjects within the framework of the formation, promotion and sale of tourist products at the interregional level; presents organizational aspects of the implementation of interregional cooperation in the framework of work with tourist products. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the organizational aspects of interregional cooperation in the framework of the formation, promotion and sale of tourist products. The practical significance of the study is due to the possibilities of using the main provisions and conclusions by such subjects of the tourist market as tour operators and travel agents (for the development of interregional tourist routes), as well as regional and municipal authorities in the development of concepts, strategies and programs for the formation and development of domestic and inbound tourism in the regions. The results of this study serve as the basis for further research on the subjects of the domestic and inbound tourism market within the framework of interregional interaction at the micro, meso and macro levels.

The Stability of Southeast Asia as a Reliable Tourist Source for China: An Analytical Study

Since the initiation of reform and opening-up, China has witnessed remarkable growth in inbound tourism, attributable to its increasing openness to the global community and a burgeoning emphasis on tourism development. Among the notable trends, Southeast Asia has emerged as a dependable and predominant source of tourists for China’s inbound market. This research delves into the factors contributing to Southeast Asia’s status as a stable tourist source for China, examining elements such as geographical location, abundant tourism resources, economic conditions, historical connections, and cultural ties between the regions. By utilizing official data on Southeast Asian tourists visiting China and studying the mutual relationship between the two areas, this paper presents an in-depth analysis. Based on the findings, this study provides pertinent recommendations for sustaining and further developing Southeast Asia’s position in China’s tourism market.

러시아-우크라이나 전쟁과 국제관광

Since the World Health Organization(WHO) declared a pandemic due to the COVID-19 outbreak on March 11, 2020, the international tourism industry has suffered an unprecedented blow. In the international tourism market, which was in a gradual recovery of period, Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, subsequent Western sanctions, and a counterattack by Russia, were enough to cause a new level of uncertainty. After the Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Ukraine and Moldova closed their airspace, and Western countries imposed measures such as a ban on takeing off and landing and flying in their own airspaces, and the suspension of the code-sharing agreement on planes belonging to Russian airlines. Russia also responded and it has become inevitable for neighboring countries to change air routes. This led to an increase in flight time and an increase in air ticket costs, which negatively affected international tourism. Nevertheless, international air ticketing declined for the two weeks after the outbreak of the war, but demand for international tourism has gradually recovered since then. According to the UN World Tourism Organization's Tourism Recovery Tracker data, the number of international tourist arrivals around the world at the end of 2022 recovered to 65% compared to 2019 before the pandemic, exceeding the expected recovery of 37% to 50% compared to 2019, an estimated scenario announced by the UN World Tourism Organization in January 2022. In particular, the number of international tourist arrivals in Europe has recovered to 80% compared to 2019, indicating a fairly rapid recovery compared to 27% in the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, the number of international tourist arrivals around the world from January to March 2023 recovered to 80% compared to 2019 before the pandemic, 90% in Europe, and 72% in Central and Eastern Europe. And it can be seen that the recovery is faster not only than experts expected at the beginning of the outbreak of war, but also than the result of the survey on the recovery period of international tourism to the pre-pandemic level, which was surveyed by experts from each country by the UN World Tourism Organization before the outbreak. And the number of Russians entering Korea in 2022, 60,019, which is 17.5% compared to 343,057 in 2019 before the pandemic, and the number of Russian patients using medical institutions in Korea was 9,616 in 2022, which is 32.2% compared to 29,897 in 2019. Although the pace of recovery is not faster than that of other countries, considering that the number of arrivals from January to May 2023 was 60,671, which has already exceeded the annual number of arrivals in 2022, the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the Korean inbound tourism market can be seen as insignificant.

Solutions for sustainable development of inbound tourism in Khanh Hoa Province after Covid-19

Sustainable tourism development is a top concern in all countries in the world, especially developing countries like Vietnam. Issues of environmental pollution, changes in habits in life and consumption, conflicts of economic interests between parties, a decrease in the number and quality of tourists after the Covid-19 pandemic, and many other problems are other potentially emerging. Khanh Hoa province is a tourist center in the South Central region and the Central Highlands. An interesting stop for inbound tourists when coming to Vietnam. In addition to the achievements, the inbound travel business in Khanh Hoa province has been revealing many factors that lack sustainability in terms of environment, economy, culture, and society. Therefore, to sustainably develop inbound travel tourism in Khanh Hoa province. The author used the research method of secondary documents, and analyzed the current situation of inbound tourism development in Khanh Hoa in recent years, thereby giving urgent solutions: Focusing on re-developing the inbound tourist market, assessing re-evaluate tourism resources in order to build suitable tourism products, have sales promotion strategies, apply information technology, increase investment in human resource development, raise people’s and inbound travel community’s awareness.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON HUNGARIAN HEALTH TOURISM

Abstract. Introduction: Health tourism is a key economic sector in Hungary, and its development and support has been a priority of the national economic development programmes since the millennium. Just like in the rest of the world, Hungary's tourism performed badly in the first year of the COVID-19. Objective: The objective of our study was to examine the main indicators of inbound health tourism to Hungary in the period of 2019-2020. Our main objective was to estimate the loss to the country's budget from declining inbound health tourism. Methods: The applied research method was secondary research, based on tourism demand data published by the Central Statistical Office (KSH). The national economic effects generated by the expenditure of foreign health tourists in Hungary were estimated using input-output analysis. Results: The number of foreign health tourists decreased to 46.4% compared to 2019, and the number of days spent by foreign health tourists decreased to 40.9% compared to the previous year. In the year of the pandemic, inbound health tourist spending generated total national output of €417 million, a decrease of more than 46% compared to the previous year. The contribution of inbound health tourism to GDP was €209.2 million, almost €160 million lower than in 2019. Conclusion: After a peak year in 2019, pandemic COVID-19 led to a significant drop in demand in the inbound health tourism market, which will also see a sectoral and territorial shift in 2020.

Study on the Evolution of the Temporal and Spatial Structure of Inbound Tourist Market in Shaanxi Province

Based on the number of inbound tourists in Shaanxi Province from 2009 to 2019, this paper selects 18 tourist markets as samples, and analyzes the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of inbound tourist markets in Shaanxi Province from the perspectives of time and space by using the research methods of market share and interannual change index. The results show that the number of inbound tourists in Shaanxi Province is increasing year by year. The interannual change index of inbound tourists decreases year by year, and the inbound tourism market tends to be stable gradually; The spatial structure of inbound tourist market in Shaanxi province presents an "M" shape, which tends to be stable gradually. In the tourist market of Shaanxi Province from 2009 to 2018, except for Hong Kong, Macao and Russia, Japan and Indonesia changed from a strong pro-landscape market to a weak pro-landscape market; Thailand and Malaysia have changed from a weak pro-scenic market to a strong pro-scenic market, and the pro-scenic degree of other tourist markets has not increased or decreased much. Finally, according to the current situation of inbound tourist market in Shaanxi Province, this paper puts forward corresponding countermeasures to improve it.

China’s Tourism Industry under COVID-19: Impact & Response

The outbreak of COVID-19 has strained the global economic situation, and many industries are facing serious threats. As COVID-19 continues to spread across the globe, countries around the world have introduced strict travel controls. The tourism business has experienced unprecedented effects as a result of unfavorable external circumstances and customer anxiety. This paper examines COVID-19's effects on the travel and tourism sector, explaining the development status of China's domestic, inbound and outbound tourism market under the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, discovering the changes of college students' travel decisions before and after the pandemic, and demonstrating the severe damages of tourism enterprises, in particular, enterprises that mainly operate the hotel business and travel agency business. After that, the effectiveness and rationality of the existing tourism recovery strategies are evaluated. This paper adopted the research methods of questionnaire survey and chart analysis to investigate the changes in college students' tourism consumption and the number of trips before and after the epidemic, and to evaluate the tourism recovery strategies which are implemented in China, such as issuing travel consumption coupons, the government's economic support for tourism companies. Eventually, the most suitable recovery strategy for China's current tourist market will be analyzed.

Environmental regulation and tourism industry development: evidence from China.

Tourism is a large, environment-dependent global industry. As an important policy tool for environmental protection, environmental regulation plays a significant role in development of the tourism industry. Using the panel data of 284 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2018, this paper innovatively analyzes the impact mechanism of environmental regulation on China's tourism development from the perspective of the integration of institutional and environmental economics. At the same time, this paper uses the instrumental variable two-stage least squares method (IV-2SLS) to solve the endogeneity problem of environmental regulation and China's tourism development, which makes the research conclusions more robust. The main results were as follows: (1) environmental regulation significantly promoted the development of the tourism industry. Specifically, tourist arrival (TA) and tourism revenue (TR) increased 8.79% and 8.64%, respectively, when the intensity of environmental regulation increased by 1%. This effect was still robust after applying a series of tests; (2) the impact of environmental regulation on the development of the tourism industry was heterogeneous for three aspects: the domestic and inbound tourism market, urban type, and urban location; (3) environmental regulation contributed to China's tourism industry development through industrial structure upgrading, technological innovation, and urban image promotion. Our findings offer valuable insight for the concerned authority and tourism sector to understand the positive role of environmental regulation in promoting high-quality development of the tourism industry by corresponding policy-making, industrial structure upgrading, technological innovation, and urban reputation building.

코로나19 팬데믹에 유학생의 스트레스가 여행의도에 미치는 영향: 성별에 따른 조절효과

As the inbound tourism market stagnated due to the COVID-19 pandemic, international students have become important potential tourists in the domestic tourism market. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of international students

방한 중국 조선족 관광객 행태에 관한 탐색적 연구

Purpose This study aims to explore the characteristics of the Korean-Chinese outbound tourism to South Korea by particularly focusing on VFR market. The vast majority of the ethnic group reportedly visit South Korea to see and reunite their families, friends and/or relatives. Despite the significance of Chinese inbound tourism market in South Korea, academic understanding of the heterogeneous segments in the market is still lacking. Methods Online and offline surveys which were conducted in 2019, for adults and college students group and young students group, respectively. Results It showed that VFR is the ethnic group’s main purpose of traveling to South Korea (average 75.1%), which is consistently true to all segments including adults, college students, and young students in this study. They also collected travel information from reference groups including families and relatives alongwith the Internet and commercial travel information, and, in contrast to general Chinese outbound tourists, different destinations in Korea were preferred by the target groups (e.g., Incheon) and their travel behavior is different in terms of the length of staying and expenditure behavior. Conclusion Findings contribute to better understanding Chinese VFR tourism market and accommodating the unique needs of the segment. In particular, this study will prompt timely actions to deal with the recovery and resilience of the travel and tourism sector after the COVID- 19 pandemic.

A Study of Shanghai Tourist Destination Brand Equity: Perspectives from Western Group Tourists

This study examines western group tourists’ perceptions of city destinations in China and measures destination brand equity for Shanghai as a city tourism destination in China’s inbound market. The study investigated 420 Western group tourists and verified the path relation between the constituent elements of Shanghai's tourism destination brand equity. It examined the influence of four independent variables (brand awareness, brand image, brand quality and brand value) on the dependent variable (brand loyalty). The findings suggest that only brand quality has direct and significant impact on brand loyalty, while brand awareness, brand image and brand value affect brand loyalty indirectly through brand quality. It is also found that genders, number of visits, and tourists of different occupations have significant different evaluations in the brand awareness. There are significant differences in the brand value between different household incomes and tourists in different regions. This research provides suggestions for tourism destination brand building and management in Shanghai, such as a guaranteed high-level qualified experience for travelers, increasing the brand awareness among Westerners through cross-cultural communication via global social media.

The Impact of the 29th Olympic Games on Beijing Inbound Tourism

Base on combined ARMA model, the impact analysis of the 29th Olympic Games on Beijing inbound tourism shows that the 29th Olympic Games promote the inbound tourism in Beijing in the general. The 29th Olympic Games had a prominent pro-Olympic promoting effect on Beijing inbound tourism and an obvious crowding-out effect on Beijing inbound tourism in the Olympic year when the 29th Olympic Games was held. Post-Olympic valley effect did not appear in Beijing inbound tourism market. With the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games coming soon, in order to strengthen the long-term impact of the Olympics on Beijing inbound tourism, further policy support is needed.

An Examination of the Influence of Emotional Solidarity on Value Cocreation with International Muslim Travelers

Given the rising Muslim travel market and the scarcity of research on Muslim inbound market, it is important to elucidate how international Muslim travelers are perceived through the lens of residents in non-Islamic countries. This study provided an insight into how value cocreation is created through emotional solidarity and attitudes in the context of the Muslim travel market. Results of the structural model for American residents were comparatively similar to those of their Korean counterparts, which is indicative of both countries’ acceptance and tolerance of international Muslim travelers. In particular, residents’ openness to experience and the perceived benefit of international Muslim travelers for development of the tourist destination were significant predictors of emotional solidarity. Residents’ emotional solidarity subsequently explained their attitude toward international Muslim travelers. Attitude toward international Muslim travelers would lead to a positive attitude toward Muslim tourism, which in turn, triggered value cocreation behavior with international Muslim travelers.

Empowerment of Digital Inclusive Finance and Development of Tourism Industry-Empirical Evidence from Prefecture-level Cities

Based on the panel data of 297 prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2018, this paper uses fixed effect model to empirically analyze the relationship between digital inclusive finance and development of tourism industry. The results show that, First, digital inclusive finance has significantly promoted the development of tourism industry, and this promotion effect is more obvious in the inbound tourism market compared to the domestic tourism market. Second, dimensional heterogeneity analysis shows that the coverage and popularization of digital inclusive finance have improved the possibility of vulnerable groups obtaining tourism financial services. The deepening of its use has met the escalating demand of mainstream market for the tourism consumption, and lowered the financing difficulty for micro and small tourism enterprises. Third, the analysis of regional heterogeneity shows that the promotion of digital inclusive finance to tourism industry is only reflected in the eastern and western China. For the domestic tourism market, digital inclusive finance has produced stronger benefits in the east than in the west, while for the inbound tourism market, it shows the opposite conclusion.

Understanding news coverage of tourism safety: a comparative analysis of visitors and non-visitors

Comprendiendo la cobertura de noticias sobre seguridad turística: Un anΆlisis comparativo de visitantes y no visitantesPropósitoEste estudio identifica los factores que influyen en la seguridad percibida de Tailandia por los turistas emisores chinos, con el análisis de la cobertura de los medios, y además compara las diferencias en las percepciones de seguridad entre visitantes y no visitantes.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueSe ha adoptado una metodología mixta. Basado en el análisis de contenido de 204 noticias sobre incidentes de seguridad en Tailandia, este trabajo divide los factores de percepción de seguridad en cuatro dimensiones. Los datos cuantitativos se recopilaron mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados de 370 visitantes que tenían experiencia en viajes a Tailandia y 407 visitantes potenciales que no habían estado en Tailandia.ResultadosLos resultados demuestran diferencias significativas en la percepción de seguridad de los visitantes y no visitantes, lo que indica el miedo de los no visitantes a la incertidumbre y la intolerancia de lo exótico. Este estudio también confirma que las características sociodemográficas influyen en la percepción de seguridad del destino de cada grupo. Además, para los no visitantes, la mayoría de las cuestiones de seguridad influyen negativamente en su intención de visita futura, pero para los turistas, los resultados son contrarios.Limitaciones/implicaciones de la investigaciónLos resultados brindan información valiosa para la práctica de la industria. Más campañas publicitarias en los medios chinos podrían reducir los efectos secundarios de los eventos de crisis y corregir las imágenes potencialmente inexactas sobre los riesgos de enfermedades y terrorismo. Además, el gobierno tailandés debería mejorar la calidad de su infraestructura turística y aumentar la estandarización y eficiencia de los servicios turísticos.Originalidad/valorLos medios de comunicación juegan un papel importante en la imagen del destino, la toma de decisiones turísticas y las medidas de seguridad de los gobiernos. Este estudio identifica los factores que influyen en la seguridad percibida de Tailandia por parte de los turistas chinos, con el análisis de la cobertura de los medios. El estudio proporciona una mejor comprensión de las diferencias en las percepciones de seguridad entre visitantes y no visitantes de Tailandia. La segmentación de visitantes y no visitantes también ayuda a los gestores de los destinos a satisfacer expectativas específicas de seguridad.

Digital Competitiveness of Tourism SMEs

This research examines the digital competitiveness of tourism SMEs in Thailand in hosting Chinese inbound tourists through their websites. Integration of tourism-related technology and social media funnels were considered as significant factors of analysis. Twenty-five tourism companies' online content, including their websites, social media contents, and digital publications, were analyzed to conclude the study results. Though most of the large tourism service providers such as hotels and airline companies have been working on bypassing the travel agency commission charges through direct selling with digital platforms, most of the tourism SMEs in Thailand still depend on third-party agents for hosting their services. The results reveal that Thailand - China tourism business is either B2B or B2B2C or even B2B2B2C models. A very limited number of companies with B2C models can directly reach and host the inbound Chinese tourism market. This research's findings are threefold - a methodology for assessing the digital destination hosting patterns, digital content analysis of tourism SMEs, and determining the business models through the website. Further research directions in this domain were also proposed.

Trade facilitation promoted the inbound tourism efficiency in Japan

This study explores the intrinsic correlation between trade facilitation and the inbound tourism efficiency in Japan based on the data from 2011 to 2019. According to the data from JNTO, Japan's inbound tourism showed a strong dependence on the Asian market, the growth rate of inbound tourists in Europe, America and Oceania increased in recent years. The COVID-19 seriously hindered the Japan's inbound tourism development. The fixed-effect regression indicates that trade facilitation promoted inbound tourism efficiency in markets of different types. The positive effect of trade facilitation on sightseeing market was most significant in Asia. While in Europe, America and Oceania, the inbound business market benefited most from trade facilitation. Trade facilitation amplified the positive effect of Japan's air transportation capacity, international tourism income and visa-free policy on the inbound tourism efficiency, and effectively buffered the negative impact of natural disasters. With regard to the estimated results of sub-indicators of trade facilitation, the improvement of infrastructure, government efficiency, customs environment and technological level all contributed to the increase in Japan's inbound tourism efficiency.

Hofstede의 문화 차원 이론에 근거한 무슬림관광객의 가치와 장기지향성의 관계연구: 체험경제이론(4Es)의 조절 효과를 중심으로

As part of the Post China strategy, this study was conducted to diversify the Korean inbound tourism market focused on specific countries. It targets Muslim tourists, which account for 25% of the world''s population and are expected to visit 150 million people after 2020. Based on the cultural dimension index of the top three Muslim countries visiting Korea, the cultural distance from Korea was calculated, and the difference between consumption value and experience value by cultural distance was confirmed. The effect of consumption value and experience value perceived by tourists on long-term orientation was analyzed, and which factors in the experiential economy theory were controlling. Based on the analysis results, a marketing strategy was suggested with implications.

Inbound Medical Tourism Or Export Of Medical Services: Which Market Do We Need?

The purpose of the paper is to consider development barriers and tools for targeted support and stimulation of the growth of this sector of the economy, as well as the peculiarities of the impact of the pandemic COVID-19 on the growth and development prospects of the Russian inbound medical tourism market. Methodology. The article is based on a qualitative sociological study conducted in November 2019 –December 2020, with focus groups and expert interviews method usage. In total, there were conducted 8 expert interviews and 4 focus groups. Findings. The launch of the federal project "Development of the export of medical services" within the framework of the federal program "Development of healthcare", the creation of the Moscow medical cluster, the development of regional markets for inbound medical tourism are considered as institutional measures that can facilitate the target audience's access to the resources of Russian medical clinics. The value of results. As part of the research, the authors for the first time have introduced the analysis of the first results of inbound medical tourism development in 2017-2020 in Russia. The differences between the export of medical services and the market of inbound medical tourism were revealed. The authors put forward the thesis about the export of medical services as the first phase of the development of the market of inbound medical tourism. This analysis identifies areas for further research.