Hypothetical-deductive Reasoning Research Articles

Analysis of Students Scientific Reasoning Ability and the Correlation to Students Cognitive Ability in Physics Learning

This study aims to identify students scientific reasoning ability in Palu city and the correlation between students’ scientific reasoning abilities and their cognitive aptitude within the context of physics education. In this study, we adopted a descriptive quantitative research method where the respondents consist of four high schools in Palu city, namely SMAN 1, SMAN 7, SMAN 6, and SMAN 4 Palu. An instrument by Lawson (LCSTR) was adapted for this study and it consist of 12 items two tier multiple-choice that contains conservation of mass and volume, proportional thinking, control of variables, probabilistic thinking, correlational thinking, and hypothetical deductive reasoning. Meanwhile, for the cognitive understanding test, we utilized a static fluid concept comprehension test. The findings of this research using SPSS to analyzed find that Pearson correlation coefficient is 0,54 that revealed significant correlations between students’ scientific reasoning abilities and their cognitive aptitude in the context of physics learning. These correlations provided valuable insights into how these components influence each other and impact students’ performance and achievement in physics. The study’s result has implications for educators as a reference in the selection of models and methods of physics learning appropriate to train and develop students scientific reasoning skills.

When Not to Operate on Acute Cases-A Surgeon's Perspective on Rapid Assessment of Emergency Abdominopelvic Computed Tomography.

Clinical problem solving evolves in parallel with advances in technology and discoveries in the medical field. However, it always reverts to basic cognitive processes involved in critical thinking, such as hypothetical-deductive reasoning, pattern recognition, and compilation models. When dealing with cases of acute abdominal pain, clinicians should employ all available tools that allow them to rapidly refine their analysis for a definitive diagnosis. Therefore, we propose a standardized method for the quick assessment of abdominopelvic computed tomography as a supplement to the traditional clinical reasoning process. This narrative review explores the cognitive basis of errors in reading imaging. It explains the practical use of attenuation values, contrast phases, and windowing for non-radiologists and details a multistep protocol for finding radiological cues during CT reading and interpretation. This systematic approach describes the salient features and technical tools needed to ascertain the causality between clinical patterns and abdominopelvic changes visible on CT scans from a surgeon's perspective. It comprises 16 sections that should be read successively and that cover the entire abdominopelvic region. Each section details specific radiological signs and provides clear explanations for targeted searches, as well as anatomical and technical hints. Reliance on imaging in clinical problem solving does not make a decision dichotomous nor does it guarantee success in diagnostic endeavors. However, it contributes exact information for supporting the clinical assessments even in the most subtle and intricate conditions.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING IN PHYSICS CLASSROOM WITH HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS FROM MARGINALIZED CONTEXTS

The importance of studying scientific reasoning is crucial for various reasons, ranging from the unsatisfactory outcomes of standardized tests at both national (PLANEA) and international (PISA) levels that govern the quality of learning to the classroom level where there is often a preference for covering a thematic content program rather than encouraging reasoning per se. Due to this, the present article aims to establish the variations in scientific reasoning that occur during the teaching of Physics at the high school level categorized as high marginalization. To achieve this, the Scientific Reasoning in the Classroom Test by Lawson was used, where a pre-test and post-test were administered to two groups, one control and one experimental. In the experimental group, a didactic intervention focused on the use of concepts such as magnitude, unit, and variable was carried out, as teachers had reported that students struggled to relate these concepts, leading to confusion when completing exercises. In contrast, the control group received the class as it is typically conducted. However, the results obtained in the post-test of both groups indicate that there were no statistically significant variations in either the experimental or control group. Despite these results, it was found that students remained in empirical-inductive reasoning during the first part of the Physics course. Therefore, a challenge in educating students under similar conditions would be designing activities that contribute to the transition toward hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

Metacognitive Activities Performed by Pre-Service Science Teachers in Scientific Reasoning Skills Teaching with the POE Technique

The aim of this study was to investigate the pre-service teachers’ metacognitive activities occurring in the teaching scientific reasoning skills with the POE technique. The participants of the research included six pre-service science teachers who were seniors in the science education department of at a university in the west of Turkey. The holistic single-case design was used as the research method in this study. The POE Activity Report, an Activity Journal and a Semi-structured Metacognition Observation Form were used to examine the participants’ metacognitive activities. Inductive and comparative analysis was used to. It was found that (i) the pre-service teachers performed various monitoring activities (f = 13) and evaluating activities (f = 4) in the teaching of six different scientific reasoning skills (control of variables, proportional reasoning, correlation reasoning, probability reasoning, combinational reasoning, hypothetical-deductive reasoning) with the POE technique; (ii) there was more variety in metacognitive activities performed by pre-service teachers in teaching of control of variables (f = 15), there was least diversity in the teaching of hypothetical-deductive reasoning skill (f = 10). The results were discussed in line with the related literature, and suggestions were presented regarding the teaching of scientific reasoning skills.

Phenotype clustering in health care: A narrative review for clinicians.

Human pathophysiology is occasionally too complex for unaided hypothetical-deductive reasoning and the isolated application of additive or linear statistical methods. Clustering algorithms use input data patterns and distributions to form groups of similar patients or diseases that share distinct properties. Although clinicians frequently perform tasks that may be enhanced by clustering, few receive formal training and clinician-centered literature in clustering is sparse. To add value to clinical care and research, optimal clustering practices require a thorough understanding of how to process and optimize data, select features, weigh strengths and weaknesses of different clustering methods, select the optimal clustering method, and apply clustering methods to solve problems. These concepts and our suggestions for implementing them are described in this narrative review of published literature. All clustering methods share the weakness of finding potential clusters even when natural clusters do not exist, underscoring the importance of applying data-driven techniques as well as clinical and statistical expertise to clustering analyses. When applied properly, patient and disease phenotype clustering can reveal obscured associations that can help clinicians understand disease pathophysiology, predict treatment response, and identify patients for clinical trial enrollment.

Artificial intelligence-enabled decision support in nephrology.

Kidney pathophysiology is often complex, nonlinear and heterogeneous, which limits the utility of hypothetical-deductive reasoning and linear, statistical approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled decision support systems - which use algorithms based on learned examples - may have an important role in nephrology. Contemporary AI applications can accurately predict the onset of acute kidney injury before notable biochemical changes occur; can identify modifiable risk factors for chronic kidney disease onset and progression; can match or exceed human accuracy in recognizing renal tumours on imaging studies; and may augment prognostication and decision-making following renal transplantation. Future AI applications have the potential to make real-time, continuous recommendations for discrete actions and yield the greatest probability of achieving optimal kidney health outcomes. Realizing the clinical integration of AI applications will require cooperative, multidisciplinary commitment to ensure algorithm fairness, overcome barriers to clinical implementation, and build an AI-competent workforce. AI-enabled decision support should preserve the pre-eminence of wisdom and augment rather than replace human decision-making. By anchoring intuition with objective predictions and classifications, this approach should favour clinician intuition when it is honed by experience.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AS MODERATOR BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

The main objective of this study was to verify the moderating role of Information Technology on the relationship between KM implementation and organizational performance in a university context through Abdelmalek Essaadi University. by collecting the views of teacher-researchers, using a hypothetical-deductive reasoning approach and a quantitative working method. Our questionnaire was administered to a representative sample of 88 teacher-researchers from the different institutions of the university under study. The results obtained using Hierarchical regression prove the moderating and positive role of Information technology on the intensity of the relationship between the application of the KM and (Training, research, publication, and governance) as indicators of organizational performance with a change in the correlation rate from R=0.917 to R=0.974 with the addition of leadership as a moderator variable with a degree of impact of 5.7%. This paper presents empirical evidence on the importance of the organizational, technical, and human factors on knowledge management implementation and enhancing performance. KEYWORDS: organizational performance, Information Technology, knowledge management.

La fidélité professionnelle de la génération Y

Employee loyalty has been the subject of much research for several decades. It is now considered to be one of the main interests of senior managers. Indeed, it has an impact both on the Personal efficiency, Organizational performance and also his productivity. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of affective commitment, intention to leave and the sense of self-determination, perceived by Generation Y executives of the Office Cherifien des Phosphates (OCP), on their sense of loyalty. In order to do this, we made a set of hypotheses through and we have assumed that the explanatory variables have a direct impact on the loyalty of the Office's senior managers. Based on the nature of our research, we have opted for a quantitative approach with a hypothetical-deductive reasoning mode, with the aim of presenting a more complete research model, which has been improved through a rich literature review, and which will serve as a basis for establishing the links between the different variables treated in our field of study. The target population presented senior managers of Generation Y of OCP Jorf Lasfar (500 executives). The self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 140 senior managers, allowing us to retrieve only 72 questionnaires, 50 of which are valid for statistical analysis. The collected data were processed and analyzed using the analysis software SPSS V.24. There was a statistically significant correlation between affective commitment and the sense of loyalty (β = 0.445, p 0.05).

Visual reasoning and the perception of forms

Whenever a new device enables our senses to access an uncharted sensible world, our experience needs to be widened to be able to embrace it. Many animals don’t recognize themselves in mirrors. Thus, mirrors found in ancient Egyptian tombs bear witness to a device that involved a widening of human experience. While by then reflectors were commonly believed to hold the spirit of their beholder, they also provided the motivating force for use of geometry as a logical framework, rather than the form of the outer world. Euclid of Alexandria conceived of geometric constructions and their rules as the connecting link between visual world and hypothetical-deductive reasoning. Yet, he didn’t have a clue about receivers. In our view the problem of linking received information in an image format to a mathematical space cannot be solved once and for all, but rather needs to be posed and understood afresh once in a while. All the more so in an information and telecommunication era, when the techniques of acquisition and rendering of visual information have been extended well beyond the domain of optical instruments, and the language of mathematics has advanced to a different level of proficiency.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ЛЕГАЛЬНОГО ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА В НЕФТЯНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

The article discusses various aspects of the development of legal entrepreneurship in the oil industry. Using the methods of generalization, comparison, system analysis and hypothetical-deductive reasoning, the study studied the current state and specificity of the problems of the legality of entrepreneurship in the oil industry. The article describes the results of the analysis of theoretical concepts for the study of illegal entrepreneurship and shadow financial and economic activities. The determinants of the formation of illegal entrepreneurship in the oil industry and the barriers to its legalization are highlighted.

Identifying Scientific Reasoning Skills Of Science Education Students

The article discusses a study carried out to investigate scientific reasoning skills among 82 science pre-service teachers at the Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), one of the public universities in Malaysia. The development of general scientific abilities is critical to enable students of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) to successfully handle open-ended real-world tasks in their future careers. Teaching goals in STEM education include fostering content knowledge and developing general scientific abilities. One such ability is scientific reasoning. Scientific reasoning encompasses critical thinking skill is an important and vital learning outcome in modern science education. Lawson (1978) categorized scientific reasoning into four domains: Conservative Concept, Proportional Concept, Control Variable and Probabilistic Thinking, and Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning. An instrument by Lawson (1978) was adapted for the study. The findings show that a majority of the science pre-service teachers possess low ability in scientific reasoning. It is also found that there was no significant difference among the science pre-service teachers of the physics, biology and chemistry disciplines examined. Physics students had developed higher ability in Conservative Concept, Proportional Concept, and Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning and chemistry students had higher ability in Control Variable and Probabilistic Thinking, whereas biology students had moderate ability in the four scientific reasoning patterns.
 KEYWORDS: scientific reasoning; science education; higher education.

GALILEO'S METHODOLOGICAL VERSATILITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS PHYSICS

Galileo's way of doing science is very controversial. Some historians interpret their work in the light of empiricism, that is, science constructed through sensory data interpreted in the light of logical-mathematical reasoning. Others interpret their work under the aegis of rationalism, by means of which science is constructed, a priori, starting from reality, through pure hypothetical-deductive reasoning. In this view, Galilean experimental incursions played a secondary role in the development of his work. Therefore, two distinct forms of interpretation arise and an asymmetric view of doing science. The scientific method is seen as a recipe, and in an attempt to obtain explanations that best approach reality and achieve true knowledge, it is imperative to follow certain pre-established rules or predetermined restrictions. In contrast, sectarian-free interpretations clarify and promote the genesis of Galilean thought, taking it to a much more complex and lavish level. Some interpretations suggest raising the condition of Galileo to genius and not to a great talent, without observing that the difference between them lies in the addition of intuition to talent, an indispensable ingredient for the transposi-tion between the empirical and rational instances at the right time, so natural to geniuses. According to this point of view, Galileo's work challenges the thesis of being an asymmetric and closed process, replacing it with a dialectical bias, giving intuition and imagination essential roles in the development of his work, hence the genius of his work. personality. This work seeks to understand the genesis and motivations inherent to Galileo's works and the impossibility of compartmentalizing his activity, thinking and originality in narrow and imprecise molds.

KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN ILMIAH SISWA KELAS XI SMAN DI BANYUWANGI KOTA MATERI SUHU DAN KALOR

Scientific reasoning ability is important to have for students to understand the concept of physics and have a good mathematical reasoning ability. The scientific reasoning ability itself is the ability of a person to use his or her reasoning in resolving a problem by coming up with facts or tangible evidence, so that the conclusion can be drawn. The research was conducted with a view to analyzing the scientific reasoning ability of high school students in Banyuwangi city on temperature and heat material. The study used a research instrument in the form of a multiple-choice scientific reasoning ability test based on LCTSR. This type of research is descriptive research. The results of this research include the percentage of test result scientific reasoning ability of students in Banyuwangi city in the proportional reasoning is 60.51%, in variable control of 58.17%, at a probability reasoning of 49.87%, on The hypothetical-deductive reasoning is 47.4%, on the reasoning correlation of 20.53%, and the reasoning on conservation is 37.22%. The largest percentage is proportional reasoning, while the smallest is a correlation reasoning. Then it can be said that high school students in Banyuwangi City have the best scientific reasoning ability on the proportional reasoning pattern and the ability of scientific reasoning which is lacking in the pattern of reasoning the correlation.

On the Role of the Human Resource Management System

The HRM (Human Resource Management) system is a subsystem of any action system (AS). There is a cognitive and scientific “problem of the role of the human resource management system” within AS. The objective of this paper is determining whether the unique system characteristics and role of HRM are reflected in shaping the HRM system, and particularly in its structure. The relationships of the system characteristics and role of HRM to its shaping and structure has not been fully recognized scientifically. It is claimed here that the HRM subsystem is the most important and well-adjusted subsystem of any AS, and that the HR system should be managed according to the principles of unique dialectic management, paradox and chaos management. The paper deals with the following domains: material – AS category; 2) objective – “HRM system” category; 3) universality of time and space. The paper employs a praxeological and systematic approach, prognostic methodology and hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

Design of scientific reasoning test instruments on simple harmonic motion topics

Scientific reasoning is one of the 21st century skills that is expected to be taught in science class. The students scientific reasoning skills are important in addressing new issues and planning investigations to solve real-life science, engineering and social problems. This study aims to design a scientific reasoning test instrument on simple harmonic motion topics in senior high school. The method utilized in this research is a research and development of instructional model 4D (define, design, develop, and disseminate), but this research limited only to 2D (define and design). The define stage include: (1) literature study (2) field study (3) concept analysis (4) formulate instructional objective. The design stage is to design the test instrument to be developed. The test intrument scientific reasoning based on Han (2013). There are 8 dimensions of scientific reasoning that is control of variables, proportions and ratios, probability, correlational reasoning, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, causal reasoning, and hypothetical-deductive reasoning. The test instrument scientific reasoning consists of 24 items, two tier, multiple choice test.

O CASAMENTO DAS PESSOAS COM DEFICIÊNCIA MENTAL NO BRASIL: Identidade, cultura e família.

As pessoas com deficiência mental podem exercer, por si só, os atos da vida civil de natureza existencial, incluindo o direito ao casamento, baseado nas normas do Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência, baseado no tratado internacional de Direitos Humanos das pessoas com deficiência – carta de Nova Iorque – aprovado com status de norma constitucional. O tratado determinou a incorporação junto aos ordenamentos jurídicos internos dos países signatários de conquistas culturais e identitárias acerca dos Direitos das pessoas com deficiência. Assim, apresenta-se discussão sobre o tema na vertente jurídico-dogmática, com raciocínio hipotético-dedutivo, e investigação jurídico-descritivo e jurídico-interpretativo.

POST-2005 TURBULENT JOURNEY TOWARDS DEMOCRACY. THE ERDOĞANISATION OF TURKEY

Turkey-EU relations have been very unstable over the last decades. Since 2005 the leverage power of the European Union started to reveal signs of stagnation or lack of effectiveness. Simultaneously, Turkey’s democratic performance has tangibly weakened. 
 This article postulates that Turkey has worsened its democratic performance since 2005 due to an internal dynamic of a growing authoritarianism and the subsequent drifting apart from the EU. In other words, the Erdoğanisation of Turkey hindered its Europeanisation and democratisation processes. 
 In order to assess the validity of this statement, methods such as literature review, official documents’ analysis and quantitative analysis will be used. It will be privileged a hermeneutical approach that underlines the phenomena’s interpretation through a hypothetical-deductive reasoning strategy. 
 In terms of structure, this article will be divided as follows: a first section will be devoted to briefly revise Turkey-EU relations, especially considering the breaking point of 2005; the second part will focus on an analysis of the evolution of Turkish democratic performance, including a quantitative approach; and the third section, before the final considerations and reflections, will introduce the concept of Erdoğanisation, attempting to understand its role in the country’s developments over the last decade.

Identify Students’ Scientific Reasoning Ability at Senior High School

This study aims to identify students’ scientific reasoning ability in SMAN 3 Surakarta. The ability of scientific reasoning is an important factor to encourage students’ thinking ability in learning. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with 88 students 11th-grade taken at random. The data of scientific reasoning obtained through written test using the Lawson classroom test of scientific reasoning (LCTSR), instrument test that used consists of 12 items two tier multiple-choice that contains 6 scientific reasoning domain 1) Conservation of Mass and Volume (CMV), 2) Proportional Thinking (PPT), 3) Control of Variables (CV), 4) Probabilistic Thinking (PBT), 5) Correlational Thinking (CT), and 6) Hypothetical-deductive Reasoning (HDR). The domains are used as the basis for grouping students’ scientific reasoning abilities into three levels: concrete reasoning, transitional, and formal reasoning. The results showed that 51.14% of the students were at the level of concrete reasoning, 42,05% at the transitional level, and 6,81% at the formal reasoning level. This can be a reflection of whether the physics learning that has been implemented is able to encourage students’ scientific reasoning ability. The information can be used as a consideration in the selection of appropriate models, methods, and physics learning media.

Relations between scientific reasoning, culture of problem solving and pupil's school performance

The article reports the results of a study, the main aim of which was to find out correlations among the three components of the Culture of problem solving (reading comprehension, creativity and ability to use the existing knowledge) and six dimensions of Scientific reasoning (conservation of matter and volume, proportional reasoning, control of variables, probability reasoning, correlation reasoning and hypothetical-deductive reasoning). Further, we present the correlations among individual components of the Culture of problem-solving and individual dimensions of Scientific reasoning with pupils’ school performance in mathematics and physics. We conducted our survey among 23 pupils aged between 14–15 years in the Ústí nad Labem Region. The results have shown that one component of the Culture of problem-solving – the ability to use the existing knowledge – strongly correlates with three dimensions of the Scientific reasoning structure: proportional reasoning, control of variables and probability reasoning. However, no correlation was proved between the creativity and the dimensions of Scientific reasoning. We have found out also that the indicators of the Culture of problem-solving and the Scientific reasoning largely do not correlate with school performance either in mathematics or in physics.

3G3-J2 中学校理科における仮説設定能力の育成に関する研究 : 仮説演繹的推論における「仮説」と「予想」の区別を中心にして(科学教育論,一般研究発表(口頭発表),日本科学教育学会 第30回年会論文集)

3G3-J2 中学校理科における仮説設定能力の育成に関する研究 : 仮説演繹的推論における「仮説」と「予想」の区別を中心にして(科学教育論,一般研究発表(口頭発表),日本科学教育学会 第30回年会論文集)