Honorific Expressions Research Articles

Study on the Corresponding Chinese Expressions of Korean Honorific Expressions ‘-nim/nim’ : Based on the Drama Parallel Corpus

Study on the Corresponding Chinese Expressions of Korean Honorific Expressions ‘-nim/nim’ : Based on the Drama Parallel Corpus

A Socio-Pragmatic Study of Honorific Expressions in ''Pride and Prejudice''

Honorific expressions are mostly common used in literature, specifically in novels. They have occupied an important role within the domain of socio-pragmatic studies of language. They refer to one form of speech that signal social deference, through conventionalized understandings of some aspects of the form-meaning relationship. Honorific expressions have not been studied sufficiently from a socio-pragmatic perspective, particularly in literature. The problem is, therefore, honorifics have not received an adequate analysis and significant attention from a socio-pragmatic perspective, specifically in literary text. Hence, this study attempts to answer the following questions: what is the relationship between honorification and politeness? That is, are honorifics necessarily utilized to indicate politeness or not"? Is there a relationship between the honorific expressions and the sociolinguistic variables like, age, social distance, educational degree and social status in the movie ''Pride and Prejudice''? This paper aims at identifying these honorific forms that are manifested socially and pragmatically with reference to theory of intimacy/status and the theory of politeness. Besides, it attempts to investigate the relationship between the positive and negative politeness strategies and the functions of different categories of honorifics that are used by some public characters in movie 'Pride and Prejudice'. It also sheds light on the effect of different sociolinguistic variables in interpreting and identifying the honorific expressions. The finding of this study reveals that context and other sociolinguistic factors are an effective factors and have an important role in providing a full understanding of the intended meaning of honorific forms. Substantially, this paper shows that how the choice of honorific expressions is utilized differently depending on particular socio-pragmatic aspects.

A study of honorifics and honorific expressions in the Korean secondary school teacher recruitment examination

A study of honorifics and honorific expressions in the Korean secondary school teacher recruitment examination

Honorifics in Newspapers: The Announcement of Queen Elizabeth Death. A Pragmatic Study

The significance of words is not based on sensory input but in terms of what that input means when it is perceived. This is the basis of social relationships, and it is the basis that reflects the social knowledge. Politeness is realised through the choice of suitable language expressions according to the situational and social context. Honorific forms are the typical linguistic expressions for exhibiting politeness since their use presumes pragmatic agreement with the situation. Honorifics are a politeness method in a specific language which may be particular words, or sentence structures. The current study aims to find out how the newspapers announced the death of Queen Elizabeth and how they honored her by using different types of honorific expressions. Ten newspapers (five from The United Kingdom and five from The United States of America) have been chosen to be analysed based on Levinson’s (1983) model. According to the findings, most newspapers use referent honorifics and authorised recipient kinds to indicate the nature of the speaker's regard for the person being referred to.

한국어교재 분석을 기반으로 하는 초급 한국어 높임 표현 교육 방안

이 연구는 초급 한국어 학습자들을 대상으로 높임 표현을 효율적으로 교육할 수 있는 방안을 탐색한 것이 다. 이러한 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 대학의 한국어교재와 국제통용 한국어교육 표준모형 4단계의 높임 표현을 비교하여 문제점을 도출해보고, 학습자들에게 좀 더 효율적으로 높임 표현을 교육할 수 있는 방안에 대 해 논의하였다. 이 연구에서는 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 각 대학의 한국어교재와 국제통용 한국어교육 표준 모형의 높임 표현 목록에서 차이가 있었는데, 이는 추후 개선되어야 한다. 둘째, 학습자들의 능동적인 학습 참 여를 위해 학습 전에 높임 표현 영상을 제공하고 교실 수업에서는 교사가 정확한 높임 표현 지식을 전달하고 학습자들은 높임 표현 사용 상황을 이미지화해 보는 과정을 통해 교육의 효율을 높이는 방안을 제안하였다. 한 국어 높임 표현은 한국인의 정서와 문화를 이해하는 데 중요한 언어 표현이기 때문에 교육 현장에서도 하나의 단원으로 교육해야 하며, 높임 표현과 관련된 여러 가지 체험으로 자연스럽게 높임 표현을 쓸 수 있도록 해야 한다.

Syntactic Features of the Japanese “-negau” and Korean “-himanghada” Sentence

This study examined the syntactic structure and characteristics of the sentence constructions using the Japanese term “-negau” and the corresponding Korean term “-himanghada.” The data for the study were extracted from “Syounagon” a corpus published by Japan’s National Institute of Japanese Language and Linguistics, and the example sentences were modified in a way that did not affect the study. Native Japanese and native Korean speakers assisted in determining the data’s sufficiency. The study’s results are summarized as follows. First, it is observed that the deep structure of the Japanese “-negau” and “-himanghada” sentence constructions are bi-clause structures in nature. These considerations were presented through the semantic domain and the phenomenon of honorific expression. Second, “-negau” and “-himanghada,” sentence constructions with a bi-clause sentence structure exhibit syntactic structures known as control and raising structures, depending on the functional characteristics of the sentence. The phenomenon of meaning interpretation of idiomatic expressions examined such conclusions. Third, the Japanese “-negau” and Korean “-himanghada” sentence constructions exhibit surface-level characteristics of the mono-clause sentence structure. This was suggested through the cleft sentence phenomenon that appears in the “-negau” and “-himanghada” sentence constructions. The results of the study, as described above, can be considered a universal characteristic that can be applied to other hopeful verb phrases found in Japanese and Korean.

Syntactic Features of the Japanese “-negau” and Korean “-himanghada” Sentence

This study examined the syntactic structure and characteristics of the sentence constructions using the Japanese term “-negau” and the corresponding Korean term “-himanghada.” The data for the study were extracted from “Syounagon” a corpus published by Japan’s National Institute of Japanese Language and Linguistics, and the example sentences were modified in a way that did not affect the study. Native Japanese and native Korean speakers assisted in determining the data’s sufficiency. The study’s results are summarized as follows. First, it is observed that the deep structure of the Japanese “-negau” and “-himanghada” sentence constructions are bi-clause structures in nature. These considerations were presented through the semantic domain and the phenomenon of honorific expression. Second, “-negau” and “-himanghada,” sentence constructions with a bi-clause sentence structure exhibit syntactic structures known as control and raising structures, depending on the functional characteristics of the sentence. The phenomenon of meaning interpretation of idiomatic expressions examined such conclusions. Third, the Japanese “-negau” and Korean “-himanghada” sentence constructions exhibit surface-level characteristics of the mono-clause sentence structure. This was suggested through the cleft sentence phenomenon that appears in the “-negau” and “-himanghada” sentence constructions. The results of the study, as described above, can be considered a universal characteristic that can be applied to other hopeful verb phrases found in Japanese and Korean.

한국어 교재에 나타난 높임법 연구: 경희대, 성균관대 고급 교재 담화 지문 분석을 중심으로

The purpose of this study is to examine the honorifics based on the discourse of Korean language textbooks. First, the explanation of hearer honorifics is exhaustively studied in Korean language textbooks. We have classified the honorific expression of speech level and examined the characteristics of the metalinguistic explanation about hearer honorifics in each textbook as well as find the grammatical mistakes. Second, the classification of discourse genres has been accomplished, such as conversation, colloquy, news, lecture, speech, narration, etc., and each has been divided into the speech level of hearer honorifics. Third, the shifts of speech level in hearer honorifics have been examined from the various points, such as the diverse existence case of ‘speaker and hearer

TOEIC의 간접 발화 영역에 반영된 폴라이트니스 고찰 : Brown & Levinson의 체면 위협 행위와 Leech의 가치 거래 개념의 비교를 중심으로

Politeness is a linguistic strategy used to assign value to a hearer by mitigating the face-threatening acts that a speaker commits to the hearer or lowering the self value of the speaker. Using positive and negative politeness are significant strategies to alleviate face-threatening acts, but are not being applied universally throughout all languages. Maintaining the face of the hearer reflects the individualism and egalitarianism that is aligned with a Western view, so it can be challenging to apply that view to some Eastern languages possessing honorific expressions. This is because communication functions not only to exchange information between individuals, but also serves the important role of complying with the order and the roles assigned to each individual in a society. Therefore, certain utterances may be decoded differently according to one's cultural background, or to the extent to which they may offend the hearer. Politeness as a value transaction overcomes the limits of the concept of politeness of face. The most coherent answer to questions in TOEIC's indirect utterance type is not approached from the viewpoint of the speaker-listener's face-threatening level, but from the view of the value of the requested information. Although the correct answer does not seem to consider the speaker’s face, it plays a sufficient role if minimum value to the required information in each question is provided. In this way, politeness can be recognized as a useful device for people from different cultural backgrounds beyond only the problem of courtesy.

Japanese and Indonesian Prohibitive Expressions on Prohibition Signs at Train Stations: A Linguistic Landscape Study

This article focuses on the expressions of prohibition signs in Japan and Indonesia. Based on the Politeness Theory of Brown Levinson (1987), consideration for the other conversation participants is expected if the speaker tells them not to do something in personal communication. In contrast, the expressions on prohibition signs in public spaces did not need such consideration and can be done “without redressive, baldly”. However, many prohibitions signs use polite expressions. Japanese has “keigo” system that adjusts the usage of vocabulary depending on whom the listener is, while Indonesian does not have that system although polite expression is commonly used. This article aims to resolve those differences and compares the expression of prohibitions signs, especially in train stations, which displayed many prohibited signs from cautions, and manners expressions. The data in this study were collected at Tokyo station-Tokyo and Osaka station-Osaka in Japan, and Gambir station-Jakarta and Gubeng station-Surabaya in Indonesia. The results found that the prohibition signs at railway stations in Indonesia used prohibitive expressions with and without honorific expressions almost equally. On the other hand, Japan’s railway stations used more prohibitive expressions with honorifics on their prohibition signs. In Japan railway stations, the use of honorific expressions on prohibition signs is part of their service and to appeal that they are a railway company with good service.

The Consideration of the “Tosanikki” With the Focus on the Honorific Expression and the Euphoric Change Form

헤이안시대에 나타나는 존경어로 「たまふ」가 가장 일반적이지만, 土佐日記에서는 「たまふ」의 용례는 그다지 발견되지 않고 「たまふ」의 변형인 「たぶ」가 많이 나타나고 있다. 원래 「たぶ」는 「たまふ」와 함께 존경의 의미를 나타내는 경어지만, 이번 조사에서는 최고의 경의를 나타내는 「たまふ」를 삼가고 경의가 낮은 변형형 「たぶ」를 사용함으로써 여성작품의 특징을 살려 폭넓은 사람에게 경어를 사용하지 않았나 추측할 수 있었다. 또한 『土佐日記』의 경어가 음편형으로 변한 경우는 「たうぶ」와 「たいまつる」가 있었고, 「たうぶ」는 「たぶ」로서, 「ウ」음이 삽입된 것은 드문 일이라고 할 수 있겠다. 음편형이 경어와 접속되어 「よんたび」처럼 나타나며 하나의 단어처럼 느끼게 한다든지 음편형이 회화체보다 지문에 많이 사용되어 지고 있었다는 것도 이 작품의 특징으로 볼 수 있지 않나 생각된다.

In-depth studies on “hodo” used in honorific expressions in modern Japanese

Based on practical example sentences included in the thesis, in-depth investigations and analysis are conducted about “hodo,” which has been used in honorific expressions of modern Japanese. Although several previous studies have examined the dictionary meaning or forms of “hodo”, they have not focused on usage patterns such as its time of appearance or morphological characteristics. This article primarily aimed to study and analyze the three aspects of “hodo” used in honorific expressions: ① the time of appearance, ② morphological characteristics, and ③ meaning and function of “hodo.” Related to these studies, practical example sentences are investigated and listed in the article.BR In summary, significant results are drawn in all three aspects in the article. First, the time of appearance is newly studied and found. Although “hodo” first appeared in 1906, the research found that it began to be used in 1986 as an expression as of today. Second, the morphological characteristics were investigated as follows: “hodo” can be classified into two cases in taking ① “nohodowo” and ② “nohodo.” The article describes that both cases of “hodo” take honorific forms as an action noun in front of “hodo”. The difference between the two cases is that in the former, most of the predicates were omitted, but in the latter, “onegaimoushiageru” was the most common. Additionally, a predicate in the latter case can be used without implying the meaning of requests. Third, the meanings and functions are found as follows: “hodo” has the meaning of “avoiding assertiveness and softening the expression” and has the function of a postposition.

A Case of Lenition-Fortition and Honorific Asymmetry in Limbu Native's Nepali Speech

This article aims to observe why deviations occur in the Limbu natives' speech while speaking the Nepali language. The objective of the study is to find out the factors which are responsible for the distorted form of Nepali speech uttered by the Limbu natives. Basically, the analysis is based on the phonological and sociolinguistic theories. The phonological aspect is concerned with the sound system of both languages. From the sociolinguistic aspect, Nepali and Limbu languages have a sharp contrast in the use of honorific expressions. In the process of analysis, the study has revealed that the Limbu language has less number of sounds than the Nepali language. In addition, eight consonants play a crucial role to cause the deviation in Nepali speech uttered by the Limbu natives. The Nepali language exhibits the five-layered honorific pronominal subjects with parallel verb conjugations. In contrast, the Limbu does possess only one form. The article can be useful to create a way for interested individuals to deepen their understanding of the reasons behind the deviations committed by the native of one language-speaking another language.

An ‘Expressive’ Analysis of -Yo in Korean

This paper provides a semantic analysis of the discourse particle -yo in Korean. I show that despite the apparent similarities between -yo and the so-called speech level particles, the two do not form a natural class. I argue instead that -yo is an honorific item used in a variety of syntactic and semantic contexts with the purpose of expressing the speaker’s politeness towards the addressee. I further show that -yo qualifies as an expressive and propose an analysis in terms of ‘expressive’. The analysis is developed based on the interaction between -yo and other honorific expressions.

Context-Aware Neural Machine Translation for Korean Honorific Expressions

Neural machine translation (NMT) is one of the text generation tasks which has achieved significant improvement with the rise of deep neural networks. However, language-specific problems such as handling the translation of honorifics received little attention. In this paper, we propose a context-aware NMT to promote translation improvements of Korean honorifics. By exploiting the information such as the relationship between speakers from the surrounding sentences, our proposed model effectively manages the use of honorific expressions. Specifically, we utilize a novel encoder architecture that can represent the contextual information of the given input sentences. Furthermore, a context-aware post-editing (CAPE) technique is adopted to refine a set of inconsistent sentence-level honorific translations. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method, honorific-labeled test data is required. Thus, we also design a heuristic that labels Korean sentences to distinguish between honorific and non-honorific styles. Experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms sentence-level NMT baselines both in overall translation quality and honorific translations.

An EEG Analysis of Honorification in Japanese: Human Hierarchical Relationships Coded in Language.

This study examines the neural substrate of the understanding of human relationships in verbal communication with Japanese honorific sentences as experimental materials. We manipulated two types of Japanese verbs specifically used to represent respect for others, i.e., exalted and humble verbs, which represent respect for the person in the subject and the person in the object, respectively. We visually presented appropriate and anomalous sentences containing the two types of verbs and analyzed the electroencephalogram elicited by the verbs. We observed significant parietal negativity at a latency of approximately 400 ms for anomalous verbs compared with appropriate verbs. This parietal negativity could be a manifestation of the pragmatic process used to integrate the linguistic forms with the human relationships represented in the sentences. The topographies of these event-related potentials (ERPs) corresponded well with those of ERPs for two second-person pronouns in Chinese (plain ni and respectful nin). This correspondence suggests that the pragmatic integration process in honorific expressions is cross-linguistically common in part. Furthermore, we assessed the source localization by means of independent component (IC) analysis and dipole fitting and observed a significant difference in ERP between the honorific and control sentences in the IC cluster centered in the precentral gyrus and in the cluster centered in the medial part of the occipital lobe, which corresponded well with the functional magnetic resonance imaging findings for Japanese honorification. We also found several significant differences in the time-frequency analyses for the medial occipital cluster. These significant differences in the medial occipital cluster suggested that the circuit of the theory of mind was involved in the processing of Japanese honorification. Our results suggest that pragmatic and syntactic processing are performed in parallel because the person to be respected must fulfill the grammatical function appropriate for the honorific verb.

The Uses of Honorifics by President Candidate in The Campaign News Text on National Newspapers

The research aims to describe the types of linguistic tools for honorary excretion by presidential candidates in Indonesian newspaper news texts. The research method uses a qualitative approach. The data is in the form of direct sentence except from news texts that contain honorific expressions. Sources of data in the form of text national news about the presidential election campaign in the media Kompas, Media Indonesia, Republika, Sinar Harapan, and Sound Pembaharuan, published between January-March 2019. The collecting data is done by recording, clicking classify the linguistic tools used by taking fragments of sentence quotes. Data processing is done by identifying, sorting, verifying, interpretation of data, and concluded. The results of the study can be concluded that the types of linguistic tools for honorific expression in the speech of presidential candidates in Indonesian newspaper news texts include 13 types, namely: (a) self-name reference and self-name greeting, (b) self-name reference and self-name greeting as well, (c) greetings of kinship, (d) greetings of personal pronouns, (e) personal pronouns, (f) greetings of social position (social deixis), (g) position references/ranks / professions / social positions, (h) fatis, ( i) passive speech forms in-, (j) expressive modalities, (k) self-defeats, (l) euphemisms, and (m) relational modalities. The limitation of this research is that it still needs to be revealed the factors that influence honorifics, strategies that bring up honorifics, aspects of positive faces and negative faces. The study only focused on the type of use of honorific expressions

Maji ssu ka? Isn’t that honorific?

Abstract Japanese honorifics used by younger generations are dynamic sites of tensions and discrepancies due to disagreeable conceptions and interpretations among different generations and social groups. It has become a social issue in modern Japanese society often described as keigo no midare ‘disorder in honorific’. This article examines the increased use of ssu by young Japanese speakers as a substitution of the polite form copular desu. This honorific expression plays a role as a relatively new polite form to convey ambivalent emotions to express respect and concurrently their desire to seek affinity and engagement. By analysing Japanese fictions, popular cultures and online-blog comments on the use of ssu, we demonstrate diversity in the social perception of this new honorific.

EKSPRESI HONORIFIK DAN STATUS SOSIAL DALAM MASYARAKAT JAWA

Various titles and honorifics expressions in Javanese society has become particular interest for writer to analyze. The honorific expressions described in this paper include the title of nobility and greeting word in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. The research uses equality method to review particular lingual unit using determiner tools beyond language. Based on the data and analysis it is known that titles of the nobles are rara, gusti raden ajeng, gusti raden ayu, kanjeng pangeran harya, gusti bendara raden mas, gusti bendara raden ajeng, gusti bendara raden ayu, bendara raden mas, bendara kanjeng pangeran, bendara raden ajeng, bendara raden ayu. Where greeting word based on social class, the writer classifies it into three, upper, middle, and lower class. The greeting word on upper class society are such as papi, mami, papa/papah, mama/mamah, daddy, mom, tante, om, oma, opa, eyang, jeng. The greeting word on middle class society are such as ayah, ibu, bapak, bunda, abi, ummi, paman, bibi, mas, mbak. The greeting word on lower class society are such as pak/bapak, mbok/embok/simbok, biyung, mbakyu, pakdhe, mbokdhe, paklik, bulik. The greeting word are decreasing in number are embok/mbok/simbok dan biyung. Defining the greeting word is tightly associated to social status of the speakers.

BENTUK-BENTUK HONORIFIK DALAM BERBAHASA CIACIA

Abstrac : The aim of this research is to describe the forms of honorific expressions in the community of GunungSejuk Village. This study uses descriptive qualitative method aimed at revealing an empirical fact objectively scientifically based on scientific logic, procedures and supported by strong methodology and theoretical according to the scientific discipline that is pursued. Data collection techniques in this study were carried out by Observation Method, Data collection techniques by conducting direct observations of GunungSejuk people to find forms of language honorific expressions used by the people of GunungSejuk Village, in this observation technique researchers used two types of observations namely , free observation and planned observation. The technique of cooperating with technical informants obtains data by working with informants about the forms of honorific expressions in Ciacia language, the technique of referring and noting is recording all the data obtained from the informant. recording technique is a technique used to record the conversation of informants in the community of GunungSejuk Village. From the results of research conducted on the Analysis of Honorific Forms in the Language of Ciacia. So the author can conclude that the people of GunungSejuk Village use honorific forms of communication. The honorific forms are categorized into five types of honorifics, namely, kinship honorifics, honorific personal pronouns, title honorifics, position honorifics and professional honorifics. The use of honorific forms is used in the communication process in the community of GunungSejuk Village based on the level of social position in the community. Keywords: CiaciaLanguage; Honorific; Shape