Honorific Expressions Research Articles

学習者言語の配慮的側面についての評価

This research analyses the evaluation of considerate speech of Korean Learners of Japanese language. One group of 4 native speakers, specialized in Japanese Language Teaching, and another of 15 Korean college students learning Japanese were asked to evaluate the degree of consideration (hairyo) of Korean learners’ speech. The results found for each group are the following:<BR> (1)Both the researchers’ group and the students’ group evaluated requests for agreement, refusal and apologies as “considerate utterances”. However, while the researchers’ group negatively evaluated the use of “noda” form by learners who have higher proficiency, the students’ group negatively evaluated the sudden switch from Japanese to Korean language. <BR> a few common points were observed between the evaluation of the two groups. These common points refer to “modesty”, honorific expressions and honorific titles.<BR> (3)The qualitative analysis of the evaluation shows that the following points were poorly evaluated: use of the mother language, use of expressions of respect (honorifics) and, also, paralinguistic behavior such as laugh and silence.<BR> Looking at the overall evaluation of both groups, we observe that the object of these evaluations was linguistic forms that are often emphasized in Japanese language teaching, such as utterances of refusal, modesty and apologies. Elements such voice tone, laugh, silence and code switching are not given the same importance. Therefore, we believe that these elements were less considered by the evaluators.

A Sociolinguistic Study on the Development of Grammar System of Treatment Expression

Analysis of the language in which honorific expressions are developed has revealed various findings. The social and cultural background can be considered by analyzing the history of the honorifics, etc., but the honorifics are often used in colloquial language. Is also an issue of this research. Since honorifics reflect not only their practical aspects but also society, culture, and ideas, it is one clue to know from the history and usage of honorifics, and there is room for sociolinguistic analysis and consideration. Is an area where there are still many.

日本語敬語教育への新たなアプローチ

日本語敬語教育への新たなアプローチ

한국어와 미얀마어의 상대 높임 표현 비교 연구 -비격식체를 중심으로-

한국어와 미얀마어의 상대 높임 표현 비교 연구 -비격식체를 중심으로-

Speech Level Shift in the Domain of the Elderly Care in Japan by the Indonesian Caregivers

This study aimed at identifying the phenomenon of speech level shift in the domain of the elderly¬ care in Japan and finding out the rationale of the shift. Speech level in Japanese language is defined as the formality and politeness level in an interaction, which in lingustics is related to the use of formal or non-formal forms at the end of an utterance and is usually said as honorific expressions. Speech level shift is a shift from one speech level to another. The subjects of this study were 68 Indonesian caregivers who worked in the nursing homes in Japan. The data were collected in three areas, namely Osaka, Yokohama and Toyohashi. They were collected by recording the speech events between the caregivers and the elderly. The findings of this study indicated that speech level shifts took place in the interaction between the caregivers and the elderly. There were two types of speech level shifts used by the caregivers, namely plus level shift and minus level shift. They took place in the contexts of formal and nonformal speeches between the two speakers and were done by the caregivers to enable the elderly understand their speeches faster.

An empirical study of honorific mismatches in Korean

While numerous studies have approached honorification mainly focusing on how honorific forms and features agree with each other in syntactic derivation, the present study focuses on mismatches between a referent and the verb that the referent depends on with respect to honorification. If Korean honorification is a syntactic phenomenon, the mismatches in honorification must be fully accounted for as syntactic agreement cannot be disobeyed in principle. However, either theoretical or empirical inquiry into the mismatches in honorification has not received due attention. Systematic theoretical research on the issue is scant and the empirical endeavors are even rarer. Therefore, the full range of acceptability variance for different honorific expressions remains unknown, which hinders a livelier discussion about honorification. In this context, the present work employs two widely supported methods of linguistic research, viz. acceptability judgment testing and corpus exploration, in order to account for cases of the honorific mismatches. First, the cross-validation reveals that there is no a posteriori evidence for believing that Korean honorification undergoes a syntactic agreement. The experimental results indicate that Korean native speakers largely allow the mismatches involving a referent in an honorific form and a verb in a non-honorific form. Furthermore, they reveal that this type of mismatch forms occurs almost twice as frequently as the forms in perfect agreement in the corpus. These results demonstrate that the syntactic agreement-based approach conflicts with the native speakers' acceptability judgments and the language usage in daily speech. Second, the present study empirically corroborates the evidence that Korean honorification is semantically/pragmatically controlled. On the one hand, it is borne out that the mismatches involving a referent in a non-honorific form and a verb in an honorific form are mostly disallowed. These mismatches are instances of semantic restriction (i.e., anomalies); the head lexically imposes a blocking constraint on its dependent (not vice versa) with respect to the meaning and marking of honorifications. On the other hand, the empirical findings support the validity of the pragmatic conception that speakers manipulate the attitudes toward a given discourse situation and thereby choose the most appropriate honorific form out of the different forms with different degrees of deference. Since the most salient entity to the speaker in discourse (mentally as well as physically) is the hearer, the hearer (if honorable) tends to receive the strongest deference in honorific expressions; it turns out that if the verb is honorifically marked almost two-thirds of the associated referents refer to the honorable hearer. In addition, the mismatches with a referent in a non-honorific form and a verb in an honorific form can appear when the speaker needs to modulate their attitude of deference to an extreme degree or the honorific feature of the referent is semantically underspecified.

‘서비스직 과잉 존대 표현’에 대한 다층적 인식 조사 및 비판적 검토

‘서비스직 과잉 존대 표현’에 대한 다층적 인식 조사 및 비판적 검토

드라마를 통한 「行く」「来る」「いる」의 존경표현 연구

In Japanese society, the use of honorific expressions can be mainly seen in business scenes, and TV series are based on the actual language commonly used in current society. Hence, 10 TV series in which honorific expressions are frequently used are analyzed in the research to study honorific expressions of ‘Iku(go)’, ‘Kuru(come)’, and ‘Iru(exist)’. In the result, only ‘Ikareru’ is used as an honorific of ‘Iku’. ‘Iratsharu’ among the respectful expressions of ‘Kuru’ is used at 73.6% of the cases and other expressions like ‘Mieru’, ‘Korareru’, ‘Oide’, ‘Okoshi’ and ‘Mairareru’ are occasionally spoken. As for ‘Iru’, ‘Iratsharu’ is mostly used at 93.6% except for the cases using the auxiliary verb, ‘Orareru’. Clarifying the honorific Expressions of ‘Iku’, ‘Kuru’, and ‘Iru’ can help Korean Japanese learners apply the terms to real conversations. (Kumoh National Institute of Technology)

높임법을 통해 본 한국 및 베트남의 문화 비교 연구 -가정 내 커뮤니케이션을 중심으로

한국과 베트남은 유교문화의 영향을 많이 받았는데 이러한 영향은 언어적인 측면 특히 높임법의 사용에서 많이 반영되어 나타나고 있다. 양국 언어의 높임법은 가정 내 커뮤니케이션의 수직 관계 또는 수평관계에서 보편적으로 나타난다. 수직 관계든 수평 관계든 손아랫사람은 높임법을 통해 손윗사람을 높여 존경을 드러낸다. 손아랫사람은 높임법을 활용해서 자기를 낮추고 손윗사람을 높이는 것이다.BRBR 높임법을 통해 손윗사람은 손아랫사람에게 자기 지위를 주장하며 가정 내 장유유서의 질서를 지키도록 한다. 가정 커뮤니케이션에서 높임법은 중요한 역할을 가지며 서로의 지위를 드러내기도 하고 가정 내구성원들 간의 관계를 조정하기도 한다. 이러한 기능에 의해 높임법이 잘 사용되는 경우 가정 내 갈등이나 불화를 감소시킬 수도 있을 것으로 보인다.BRBR 양국은 문화와 언어가 서로 밀접한 관계에 있는데 이는 문화가 언어에 드러나고 언어가 문화를 드러내는 현상을 보여 주는 단서가 되기도 한다. 그러므로 높임법에 대한 연구를 통해 양국의 유교문화가 양국민들의 사고방식 및 생활 습관에 반영된 문화적 특징을 살펴볼 수 있다.

Pragmatic Study on Honorific Expressions with Non-Honorific Functions -With a Focus on Applicability to Felicity Conditions-

Pragmatic Study on Honorific Expressions with Non-Honorific Functions -With a Focus on Applicability to Felicity Conditions-

THE HONORIFICS EXPRESSIONS IN INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE OF JAVA ISLAND ETHNICS WITH RELEVANCE INTO ENGLISH

This research is a sociolinguistics study by examining greetings and verbs that accommodate honorific expressions in addressee, referent, bystander, and entire honorifics categories. This study also focuses on novel drama genre and women's struggle in upholding justice by Okky Madasari, Entrok, 86, Maryam, Pasung Jiwa, and Kerumunan Terakhir. The used descriptive qualitative method is analysis model of Spradley known as ethnography methodology that is highly domain analysis of data sources. Addressee honorifics well integrates into all kinds of them; they are in a kinship of family and relative, second personal pronoun, non-kinship of general society, occupational, religion, and local custom, as well as a verb.Furthermore, referent honorifics develops in almost kinds of them, and they are kinship of family, second personal pronoun, non-kinship of general society, occupational, religion, and local custom, as well as a verb. While by-stander honorifics flies in a half part of them, they are kinship of relative, third personal pronoun, non-kinship of general society, occupational, religion, and local custom. However, absolute honorifics consistently synergies with one part of them, it is religion.

Optimal linguistic expression in negotiations depends on visual appearance.

We investigate the influence of the visual appearance of a negotiator on persuasiveness within the context of negotiations. Psychological experiments were conducted to quantitatively analyze the relationship between visual appearance and the use of language. Male and female participants were shown three female and male photographs, respectively. They were asked to report how they felt about each photograph using a seven-point semantic differential (SD) scale for six affective factors (positive impression, extraversion, intelligence, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and agreeableness). Participants then answered how they felt about each negotiation scenario (they were presented with pictures and a situation combined with negotiation sentences) using a seven-point SD scale for seven affective factors (positive impression, extraversion, intelligence, conscientiousness, emotional stability, agreeableness, and degree of persuasion). Two experiments were conducted using different participant groups depending on the negotiation situations. Photographs with good or bad appearances were found to show high or low degrees of persuasion, respectively. A multiple regression equation was obtained, indicating the importance of the three language factors (euphemistic, honorific, and sympathy expressions) to impressions made during negotiation. The result shows that there are optimal negotiation sentences based on various negotiation factors, such as visual appearance and use of language. For example, persons with good appearance might worsen their impression during negotiations by using certain language, although their initial impression was positive, and persons with bad appearance could effectively improve their impressions in negotiations through their use of language, although the final impressions of their negotiation counterpart might still be more negative than those for persons with good appearance. In contrast, the impressions made by persons of normal appearance were not easily affected by their use of language. The results of the present study have significant implications for future studies of effective negotiation strategies considering visual appearance as well as gender.

Translation Study of Greetings and Verbs in Accommodating Honorific Expressions of Okky Madasari Novels

Abstract: This research is translation study by examining greetings and verbs that accommodate honorific expressions in addressee, referent, bystander, and absolute honorifics categories. This study also focuses on novel drama genre and women's struggle in upholding justice by Okky Madasari entitled Entrok , 86 , Maryam , Pasung Jiwa , and Kerumunan Terakhir . The used descriptive qualitative method is analysis model of Spradley known as ethnography methodology. Each of honorific expressions contributes in kinship, personal pronoun, non-kinship, and verb. Furthermore, they are analyzed to comprehend the translation techniques, and translation techniques’ effect to their translation quality. Abstrak: Penelitian ini merupakan kajian terjemahan dengan menganalisis sapaan dan verba yang mengakomodasi ungkapan honorifik pada kategori addressee, referent, by-stander dan absolute honorifics . Tulisan ini memfokuskan pada novel yang bercirikan drama dan perjuangan seorang perempuan dalam menegakkan keadilan karya Okky Madasari, yakni Entrok, 86, Maryam, Pasung Jiwa, dan Kerumunan Terakhir. Metode deskriptif kualitatif yang digunakan adalah model analisis Spradley yang dikenal dengan metodologi etnografi. Setiap ungkapan honorifik berkonstribusi pada sapaan kekerabatan, pronominal personal, non kekerabatan, dan verba. Kemudian, dianalisis untuk memahami secara mendalam teknik penerjemahannya dan pengaruh teknik penerjemahan tersebut ke kualitas terjemahannya.

The Form and the Frequency of Honorific Expressions in Twitter and the Minutes of the National Diet - Focusing on the Verbs “read” “write” “listen” and “return” -

The Form and the Frequency of Honorific Expressions in Twitter and the Minutes of the National Diet - Focusing on the Verbs “read” “write” “listen” and “return” -

이천 년 전에 들렸던 누가의 복음 이야기 : 9장 예시

When the author of the Gospel of Luke wrote the narrative about Jesus’ story, the majority of the common people could not read it because they were illiterate and could not afford to buy it. In those days, people usually got access to the literature by listening to someone who was literate. Luke also would have known well the main media of communication and the way of delivering his writing. Henry J. Cadbury pointed out four features of Lucan style, which are repetition, variation, distribution, and concentration. These are told to indicate influences of oral tradition.BR In Korea there are many Bible versions, representatively the New Korean Revised Version (1998), the Revised New Korean Standard Version, Common Translation Revised Version (1999), and Seonggyeong (2005). They all have a common purpose in their translation of the Greek New Testament in that they aim at adjusting to the Korean way of writing which is quite different from that of the ancient Greeks. Especially in the Gospel of Luke, the predicate is often located in the early part of the sentence. On the contrary, Koreans place the verb in the latter part of the sentence. Translations in all Korean Bible versions are therefore quite dissimilar to the Greek Bible, the so-called NTGSUP28/SUP chosen here when they are compared against the Greek one.BR I thus set up several principles for translating the NTGSUP28/SUP into Korean versions with the attempt to reconstruct the way early Christians comprehended when they heard the gospel of Luke two thousand years ago as follows: 1) The sentence is transcribed into the Korean version following the one breath rule while the reader is reading. In early Christian churches, a reader must have read out phrase by phrase, taking a breath before the audience because he could not keep on reading a sentence without breathing in and out. 2) The sentence is decoded according to the order it has been written. I try not to follow the Korean way of writing. It turns out the gospel of Luke was composed by means of oral devices and excellent utterances from the mouths of Jesus and the narrator. 3) I pursue the dynamic equivalence between the source text and Korean audiences. Koreans have the custom of using honorific expressions to convey respect to a teacher or older people. When the narrator calls Jesus, Jesus is called by his name with the suffix nim added to signal respect. When Jesus speaks to anyone whether it is his disciples, the crowd, the Pharisees, or etc., he uses honorific speech or mediates their level using hasipsiyo or haseyo instead of the imperative haera which is used towards lower people. 4) I try to preserve the unique features of Lucan style, which contains a lot of languages and phrases known to be influenced by the Septuagint.BR All Korean Bible versions rarely show a good command of literary Greek when choosing Korean words to transcribe various Greek words. Early Christians were evangelized and filled with the Holy Spirit not by reading but simply by listening to the Scripture. I hope many Koreans can be led in the same way of hearing to experience every bit of the gospel of Luke.

Focusing on Learners of Korean Language as a Second Language

Now it is generally recognized that education about Korean cultural factors is required in Korean Language education as foreign language. This means not cramming Korean culture to foreigners but role of communication to make them understand Korean culture and adjust well to life in Korea. In particular, language culture education emphasizes to grow communicative ability, and the application of literatures enables to understand and respond to knowledge about society and culture where the language is used, and discourses and behaviors fit to the criteria of the language community. Literature shows an individual s way to behave in some situations by contextualizing it, and provides useful insights about relations, emotions, attitudes, and the like. The method to suggest through contexts in cultural education, can raise cultural ability to be familiar with the targeted culture and to utilize the culture in linguistic activities beyond knowledge about the culture. Especially, Korean illustrated books among literature genres, contain various sub-cultures which are not seen easily in daily lives as well as the entire culture such as language, religion, and ethnicity with the stories including special situational contexts in visual images. Characteristics of Korean language culture seen in illustrated books include naming culture, honorific expressions, high context culture, appropriate speech-acts of asking and refusing, etc. High context culture can compose an intact discourse or phrase even a necessary element is omitted, and in some cases, when an element is omitted, it may be more naturalistic. In high context culture, in order to figure out the core contents of communications, it is necessary to be interested in the situation more than the message. Especially, in relations with family or friends, they already know the other party s message even though he or she does not mention it, they would reduce words with more limited language, and depend on the scenes or the situations more. Foreign learners would be able to understand and be familiar with Korean s language culture through learning from illustrated books. Honorific expression, one of characteristics of Korean language, shows Korean people s emotions. Korean s honorific expression is used to express for respecting the other party properly fit to the context of its usage. Based on illustrated books, to contemplate Korean s ways to think, to tell about the reason why Korean honorific expression is various and complex, and to learn various usage of we and diverse greetings by Korean would play a meaningful role for their adjust to life in Korea. If the culture of naming is learnt in the contextual situation of illustrated book, it is easy to understand and effective for foreign learners to remember it. Culture is not just confirmed when meanings in dictionaries in the language used in literature texts, it is necessary to instruct them to understand the contexts of language culture and basic culture mixed in a literature work. Foreigners aim to acquire culture is to adjust well to life in Korea, and its most basic requirement depends on acquiring language culture.

한글 연행록의 종결어미 연구

This article closely examines the prose text of Yŏnhaengnok (A journey to Beijing) in various vernacular versions. The text is assumed to be written in the eighteenth century, along with such texts as Choch’ŏnlok, Sangpongnok, Kich’uk yŏnhaengnok, Sŭngsarok, and Yŏnhaeng ilki. The vernacular versions of Yŏnhaengnok serve as a useful site for research particularly on sentence-final endings. In analysis of the text, this study reveals various sentence types and speech styles contained in the diverse versions. Besides, it is interesting to see that the authors do not use honorific expressions due to the lack of honorific-level speech in the written text. Conclusively, the study explores how the vernacular versions of Yŏnhaengnok contain similar or different grammatical features depending on the period it was written. Specifically, it shows that Sangpongnok was written much later than Yŏnhaeng ilki, despite the two works share the similar grammatical characteristics.

A Case Study on Japanese Web Programming Education Effect in the Japanese Department

This study is about the case of implementing “Japanese Web Programming(JWP) into class majoring in Japanese language. JWP is better for grafting to Japanese language and more efficient than other IT curriculum. JWP is applied widely and the demands of competent people are growing. And the highly competent people in Japanese language are required to be localized in Japan. Web environment needs the user-friendly composition of a picture. Web environment consists of texts and images conveyed to users as results on the screen. So it is necessary that the screens should be used for Japanese-friendly words and phrases, and images with preferred patterns and colors peculiar to Japanese. To do this, it is important that students should not only study Japanese honorific expressions but also understand Japanese culture and the expressions of contents containing that culture. Nowadays lots of Japanese IT industry needs a lot of talent. This is a great chance that many Korean IT talents with Japanese ability begin their careers in Japan. Such a social atmosphere invigorates Japanese department again through IT convergence. Therefore this study examine the case of this curriculum implemented in Japanese department since 2009 and through this shows a successful case to the organizations which want Japanese-based IT convergence.

Stylizacja językowa w filmach historycznych o początkach państwa polskiego ("Bolesław Śmiały", "Gniazdo)

The article discusses exponents of linguistic stylisation that occur in two polish historical films: Boles³aw the Bold (Dir. Witold Lesiewicz, 1971) and The Nest (Dir. Jan Rybkowski, 1974). Stylistic means are divided into three basic groups: grammatical (syntactic), semantic and pragmatic. The research has shown that the creators of both films applied similar methods of stylisation. They most often used following linguistic tools: analytical forms of the Polish past tense, inversion, item archaisms, bookish vocabulary and old honorific expressions. However, one may notice quantitative differences between analysed works. Exponents of stylisation more often appear in Boleslaw the Bold. On the other hand, they exhibit greater diversity in The Nest. In the final part of the article, the author claims that research into film dialogues should become an integral part of Polish stylistics.

Speech level shift in Japanese and Slovene

In verbal communication, we always aim to establish and maintain harmonious relations with others. Proper use of expressions and the choice of the way we speak are closely connected with politeness. In Japanese speech level is a level of formality or politeness in conversation, which is expressed by the use of linguistic forms (formal vs. informal) within and at the end of an utterance and the use of honorific expressions. In Slovene the level of formality or politeness in conversation is mainly expressed by the use of formal language and general colloquial language. Speech level shift is a shift from one speech level to another – e.g. from a formal style to an informal, etc. According to previous research, these shifts express speaker's psychological distance and a change of attitude towards a hearer. In this paper I will first briefly present the theoretical framework of politeness and an outline of speech levels in Japanese and Slovene. I will then present the data and the method used in this study. Finally, I will present and discuss the results of the analysis of both Japanese and Slovene conversation.