Abstract This paper does not intend to present results of an empirical study but rather those of theoretical, epistemological, and historiographical reflections about the heterogeneity of the field of social sciences, a field fragmented into objects, methods, and concepts that are mutually ignorant across disciplines and languages. From the author’s historical perspective, the roots of the blockages lie in the historical conditions surrounding the formation of the social sciences, particularly their initial disciplinary configurations aimed at population control (social engineering). Subsequently, once these initial conditions were overcome (thanks to the scientistic moment), the disciplinary structure — enabled by decomposing the object of social science into various dimensions (time, space, language, culture, kinship, etc.) assigned to distinct disciplines — helped mitigate the critical risk that they embodied. The author maintains that the object of social science cannot be anything other than the explanation of the dynamics of human societies, as expressed in social change. However, this object is largely neglected in favor of empirical work on specific aspects of social functioning, to the detriment of studying transformation. Concepts and models for understanding transformation remain inadequate, even among historians. Although historians are theoretically the only ones who fully incorporate the dimension of time (hence the reference to Markov and the question of scales), they do so in a strictly backward-looking manner. After having presented the methodological frame of this analysis (2.), the paper will address the historical genesis of the cacophony within the social sciences (3.1.); the dynamics of social change as a desirable yet underexplored theoretical horizon (3.2.); and propose concrete steps to advance toward this objective (3.3.).

This study explores the deep structure of political legitimacy as embodied in the bayʿa, not as a mere ritual or juristic formality, but as a foundational stratum in the historical and symbolic constitution of authority within the Islamic political imagination—most notably in the Moroccan case. Adopting an anthropological–constitutional approach, the article argues that the bayʿa is not an event that vanishes with time; rather, it is a structural residue that continues to shape the state’s identity despite institutional transformations. As shown through comparison with French, British, and Spanish models, the bayʿa emerges as a legitimacy-producing mechanism nourished by memory, ritual, and collective recognition, underlying major shifts in the relationship between community and political center. Within this comparative horizon, Morocco appears as an exceptional configuration: it brings together classical juridical heritage, tribal anthropology, and modern constitutional dynamics in a framework where Imārat al-Mu’minīn (the Commandership of the Faithful) functions as the symbolic fulcrum that constantly regenerates legitimacy through text, ritual, and memory. On the basis of makhzen archives and rigorous historiographical and anthropological studies (al-Tāzī, Bouzineb, Belhaddad, Berque, Montagne, Terrasse), the article shows that bayʿa in the Sahraʾ al-Maghribiyya (Moroccan Sahara) has never been a mere gesture of loyalty, but a politically operative mechanism structuring relations between Saharan tribal confederations and the ʿAlawid center since at least the seventeenth century. This historical continuity receives juridical confirmation in the 1975 Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice, which recognized the existence of “ties of allegiance” between the Sultans of Morocco and various Saharan tribes—an acknowledgment that reinforces the historical and legal embeddedness of the Moroccan Sahara within the Moroccan state. The study concludes that the bayʿa, in its broader conceptual horizon, is neither a purely religious rite nor an administrative procedure. It functions as a foundational political myth through which the state re-articulates its own self-understanding whenever historical conditions or governance structures shift. Morocco thus offers one of the clearest contemporary embodiments of this dynamic: the bayʿa operates as an extra-constitutional layer of legitimacy that sustains political cohesion and grants authority a symbolic depth bridging history, institutions, and collective memory—both in the national center and in the Moroccan Sahara.

This article examines police reforms through a meta-relational framework: one that resists resolution and foregrounds the tensions, contradictions, and partial truths that shape institutional life. Focusing on active listening in U.S. police training, particularly the Integrating Communications, Assessment, and Tactics (ICAT) program, it shifts the question from whether such reforms “work” to how listening becomes a site where care, control, legitimacy, and resistance intersect. Drawing on the ICAT curriculum, ethnographic fieldwork at a North Carolina police academy, and interviews with trainees, the article argues that listening is not merely a communicative skill, but a relational technology shaped by institutional logics. Within this frame, reformist and abolitionist perspectives are treated not as opposing endpoints but as partial, coexisting lenses that illuminate different dimensions of the same policing terrain: reform highlights the openings that listening trainings may create, while abolition underscores their structural limits. Through three vignettes: the case of Sandra Bland, a role-play training scenario, and video-recorded police–civilian encounters, the article traces how police listening can both reproduce institutional power (“the trap”) and generate moments of relational reconfiguration (“the emergent”). It concludes by arguing that police listening must account for the relational, historical, and institutional conditions of listening itself.

Abstract Background United States wilderness areas face increasing challenges from altered fire regimes and climate change, and land managers face ever more complex decisions about fire use. While federal policies permit various fire management strategies in wilderness, including prescribed fire, managers predominantly rely on suppression despite broad support to restore and sustain fire's natural role in these landscapes. Consequently, wilderness fire regimes continue to diverge from historical norms. To better understand wilderness fire management, we used surveys and interviews with wilderness and fire managers to assess current fire management strategies, how they differ in wilderness versus non-wilderness areas, and the rationales behind wilderness fire management decisions. Results Respondents identified public perception, resource availability, and administrative hurdles as primary barriers to prescribed fire and managed wildfire. Notably, these constraints stem more from implementation challenges than from wilderness policy restrictions. Though prescribed fire is rarely used in wilderness, research participants expressed strong support for its expanded application. Conclusions Adequate plans, policies, and practices must accompany wilderness fire management ideals. Addressing risk aversion among decision-makers and building public trust will also benefit wilderness fire management. While allowing natural ignitions to burn in wilderness might be viewed as ideal, many wilderness areas may require active management through prescribed fire to restore historical conditions before natural fire regimes could safely resume. Our research demonstrates the need for wilderness fire management that balances sustaining wilderness qualities with the realities of historical fire regimes that were shaped in part by Indigenous people and challenges posed by legacies of fire exclusion compounded by a changing climate.

ABSTRACT The right to play, framed within human rights rhetoric, is often seen as an emancipatory principle aimed at liberating children’s bodies in the pursuit of global educational justice. Yet this universal framing obscures the historical contingencies and governing rationalities embedded in its formation. Drawing on Foucault’s history of the present, this article critically examines how the right to play with joy has been constituted as a global object of knowledge, operating as a technique of affective governance that regulates children’s bodies in education. It traces the philosophical and historical legacies underpinning the right to play, revealing its embedded exclusionary principles and techniques of governance. The analysis further unpacks the historical conditions that enabled play with joy to be captured by human rights discourse and institutionalized as a global regime. The CDC’s ‘Learn the Signs. Act Early’. program is examined as a global condensation illustrating how play and joy are transformed into developmental indicators that normalize childhood and reproduce exclusions. The paper offers critical insights at the intersection of affect theory, human rights discourse, and constructions of childhood, and concludes by calling for a reimagination of education from the affective boundaries and limits of the present.

Reliable precipitation inputs are essential for hydrological modeling, yet global precipitation products often exhibit substantial discrepancies that introduce significant uncertainties into streamflow simulations and projections. In this study, we assessed the relative contribution of precipitation dataset uncertainty to discharge simulations and projections, in comparison with uncertainties from model structure, model parameters, and climate projections, in the Liujiang catchment, southwest China. Three widely used satellite-based products (CHIRPS, PERSIANN, and IMERG) and one reanalysis dataset (ERA5) were combined with three hydrological models of varying structural complexity to simulate streamflow. Using an ANOVA-based variance decomposition framework, we quantified the contributions of different uncertainty sources under both historical and future climate conditions. Results showed that precipitation input uncertainty dominates discharge simulations during the calibration period, contributing over 60% of total variance particularly at high flows, while interactions among precipitation, model structure, and parameters govern low-flow simulations. Under future climate scenarios, climate projection uncertainty overwhelmingly dominates discharge predictions with 50–80% of uncertainty contribution, yet precipitation products still contribute significantly across time scales. The compensation of precipitation biases by hydrological models can cause parameter values to deviate from their true physical meaning. This deviation may further amplify the differences in discharge projections driven by different precipitation products under future climate conditions and increase the overall uncertainty of streamflow projections. Overall, this study introduced an integrated approach to simultaneously assess precipitation uncertainty across flow regimes and future climate scenarios. These results emphasized the necessity of using ensemble approaches that incorporate multiple precipitation products in hydrological forecasting and impact studies, particularly in data-scarce regions reliant on global datasets.

Abstract. There is unequivocal evidence that climate change will change the risk profile of dams, which are critical pieces of infrastructure that safeguard water supply and provide flood mitigation for populated areas. A key input to assessing risks to dam safety is a probabilistic estimate of extreme flood magnitudes with the potential to overtop dams. However, few studies have attempted to consider climate change in such estimates due to the challenges involved. A recent examination of contemporary scientific findings pertinent to climate change impacts on the probability of dam overtopping floods has informed the projection of estimates made here. We project changes in the exceedance probabilities of overtopping floods, namely floods that exceed the dam crest flood, for 18 large dams in Australia under a range of global warming assumptions. Explicit consideration is given to the impacts of climate change on rainfall depth, rainfall temporal pattern, and rainfall losses resulting from changes in antecedent catchment wetness. We used event-based flood modelling and Monte Carlo sampling to appropriately represent the range of uncertainties associated with projecting estimates of extreme flood quantiles. The analysis is dependent on the degree of global warming, which allows results to be interpreted in terms of different greenhouse gas emission scenarios and future time horizons. Our results are consistent with general expectations that the probability of dam overtopping floods will increase with global warming. Specifically, we found that increases in rainfall depth had the largest impact for all 18 dams under climate change. Under 4 °C of global warming, which approximates conditions towards the end of this century under a high emissions scenario, the probability of overtopping floods was between 2.4–17 times that of historical conditions for the dams investigated. We also found that the overtopping probability has more than doubled compared to the historical baseline for four of the dams investigated here as a result of global warming that has already occurred.

The Pantanal, considered the world’s largest tropical wetland, is increasingly threatened by intensifying droughts driven by climate variability and climate change. Using Multi-Source Weather data (MSWX), and bias-corrected multi-model means from five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations for the years 1980–2100, we assessed historical and future drought conditions under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios for the Pantanal. Drought conditions were identified through the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) across multiple timescales, and with different reference periods. A historical analysis revealed a significant drying trend, culminating in the extreme droughts of 2019/2020 and 2023/24. Future projections indicate a dual pressure of declining precipitation and rising temperatures, intensifying the severity of dry conditions. By the late 21st century, SSP5-8.5 shows persistent, severe multi-year droughts, while SSP2-4.5 projects more variable but still intensifying dry spells. The SPEI highlights stronger drying than the SPI, underscoring the growing role of evaporative demand, which was confirmed through risk ratios for drought occurrence across temperature anomaly bins. These results offer multi-scalar insights into drought dynamics across the Pantanal wetland, with critical implications for biodiversity, water resources, and wildfire risk. Thus, they emphasise the urgency of adaptive management strategies to preserve ecosystem integrity under a warmer, drier future climate.

This essay will focus on the theoretical and political importance of anti-caste writings, taking Dalit feminist author Baby Kamble’s The Prisons We Broke (2009). It proposes that such Dalit writings need to be considered manifestos as they have an important role in advancing manuski or the human rights of Dalits. Anti-caste literary writings are critical foundations of the field of Dalit studies and enable Dalit theory to articulate and uphold the historical and contemporary conditions of Dalits’ oppression. Such manifestoes are thus documents for a radical future that shape the field of social studies, political theories, and social movements.

The differences in the forms of land rent in Poland and Ukraine are due to the specifics of the historical development of agrarian relations, the level of institutional support, and the condition of the land market in each country. The basis for this substantive analysis was the literature on the subject, primarily concerning the issue of land rent from a historical and contemporary perspective. Relevant legal acts and statistical data characterizing agriculture in the analyzed countries were also used. The aim of the conducted research and analysis was to identify and characterize the types of land rent in Poland and Ukraine. It was found that there are similarities and differences in the occurrence and perception of land rent between the analyzed countries. Not all types of land rent identified in Polish agriculture occur in Ukraine. In addition, those identified in Ukrainian agriculture are not always reflected in the same way in Polish conditions. This is related, among other things, to the historical conditions of the established agricultural system and Ukraine’s remaining outside the European Union. The comparative analysis of land rent types in Poland and Ukraine indicates a shared economic nature but significant differences in the mechanisms of their formation and distribution. Future research on land rents in Poland and Ukraine should be supported by empirical research and comparative analysis of the specific effects of the existence of individual types of rents.

Centennial changes in forest cover and water yield in a flatwoods watershed.

Abstract Background Large, severe fires are increasing throughout frequent-fire forests of the western United States due to warming climatic conditions, as well as legacies of early twentieth century land-use practices and anthropogenic fire exclusion. Resource objective (RO) wildfires—where naturally ignited wildfires are allowed to burn to accomplish management objectives—are increasingly accepted due to relatively low cost and flexibility on lands where mechanical treatments are not allowed (e.g., designated wilderness) or economically feasible. We previously implemented a field study across a portion of the Mount Trumbull Wilderness to identify differences between historical (ca. 1870) and contemporary (1999) forest structural conditions following 100 + years of fire exclusion. The study area subsequently experienced two RO wildfires (2012 and 2019), which presented an opportunity to (1) assess how closely post-wildfire (2023) conditions approximated historical forest conditions and (2) evaluate how RO fires influenced patterns of tree mortality and regeneration. Results Reconstructed forest structure was made up of open stand conditions (density: 62 trees ha −1 ; basal area: 9 m 2 ha −1 ) with large ponderosa pines (quadratic mean diameter: 42 cm). By 1999, the site was dominated by closed-canopy stands with many small-diameter trees. In 2023, following the two RO wildfires, tree density, basal area, and canopy cover were significantly reduced (20–50%), and tree size significantly increased. Ponderosa pine regeneration density declined relative to pre-fire levels, whereas regeneration of sprouting hardwood species increased. About half of the old trees (i.e., pre-dating ca. 1870) that were alive in 1999 died by the end of the study period, likely due to effects of fire-caused injury and drought. High-severity patch sizes in each fire were relatively small (6.2–46.6 ha) and within the historical range of variability for southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems. The 2012 fire reduced remotely sensed fire severity in 2019. Conclusions Overall, RO fires shifted forest structure in a remote wilderness area toward open conditions that were historically present at the site, and likely reduced vulnerability to severe fire in the future. However, tree density remained six times higher than historical levels, and managers should consider allowing future RO wildfires to burn within the wilderness to further reduce tree density and accomplish ecological restoration goals.

This paper explores the intricate relationship between economic conditions and educational development in the Ajmer-Merwara region of Rajaputana during the colonial era. By examining historical data and records, this study aims to understand how economic factors influenced educational policies, access, and outcomes in this unique region administered directly by the British. The paper highlights the challenges and opportunities that arose from the economic environment and their lasting impact on the educational landscape. Objectives To examine the historical economic conditions of Ajmer-Merwara. To analyse the impact of these conditions on the region's educational development. To identify key factors that facilitated or hindered educational progress in response to economic changes.

Abstract This article examines how the past half-century’s three most important events in Norway’s modern immigration history – all interpreted by contemporaries as ‘problems’ or ‘crises’ – have shaped norms and policy in the field of Norwegian migration legislation. These events – namely, the arrival of the first labour migrants from the Global South to Norway in the late 1960s and early 1970s; the influx of refugees from the conflict in Bosnia in the first half of the 1990s; and refugee arrivals during the 2015–2016 European migrant crisis – all brought shifts towards increased restrictiveness, particularly in relation to migrant returns. Taking up the call to examine how policy norms are socially constructed on the basis of specific historical conditions, this cross-disciplinary article employs a critical and constructivist stance and draws on sociological theory and terminology to show how the ‘problem’ and ‘crisis’ labels informed the outcomes at each juncture.

Different Types of Household Vocabulary in the English Language and Their Structural Analysis Summary The vocabulary of a language consists of numerous words that develop according to social and historical conditions. Household vocabulary is studied through thematic and lexical-semantic classifications and reflects national and cultural features. English household vocabulary includes simple, derived, and compound words. New words arise from both internal and external sources and integrate into the lexicon. Household words are key lexical units expressing a people’s customs and culture. Keywords: Language vocabulary, household lexicon, lexical-semantic classification, new words, national culture

Walter Benjamin’s question about the historical conditions of perception takes on renewed urgency in a moment defined by political extremisms that rely on algorithmic modalities of image distribution. From an Althusserian perspective attentive to the ideological and subjective dimensions of the platformization of social life, this article advances the hypothesis that social media reinforces a tautological mode of organizing the sensible. This mode narrows subjective fields of vision and reshapes the very scene of political interlocution. The argument develops in three sections. The first defines the spatio-temporal dispositif of platformized images, drawing on Rancière’s critique of the dilemma between spectator passivity and activity. The second argues that the algorithmic montage of the visible is the cornerstone of a strategy for controlling subjective time, one that depends on scrolling as a practice of reception that produces a specific effect on subjects’ ideological and imaginary relation to the world. The third examines how trolling contributes to radicalized variants of neoliberalism. Trolls trigger a decentralization of punitivism and transform the structures of resentment through the evaluative stance promoted by platforms. The conclusion contends that the tautological shock of algorithmic montage shapes the nexus between communication and culture, extending into the formation of subjectivities. The very stage on which political interlocution unfolds is displaced toward tautology, leveling out the diverse and contradictory experiences of inhabiting a shared historical time.

The purpose of this article is to present the results of the development of educational activities in the national libraries of the Altai, Khakassia, Tyva, Buryatia, and Sakha (Yakutia) republics. The article examines the key prerequisites, factors, and conditions that have influenced the formation of libraries as centers of culture, education, and preservation of national heritage. It also covers the history, traditions, and innovations of the educational mission of regional national libraries.

Environmental factors, including climatic and habitat conditions, not only critically sustain ecosystem functioning and community stability but also serve as key determinants of species distributions. Research on the instant effects of environmental factors impacts remains limited. Although traditional methods, such as species distribution model, are commonly applied to assess environmental effects, they frequently overlook interspecific interactions that may determine distribution patterns. In this study, we employed a joint species distribution model and a generalized additive model to analyze the lagged responses of 2022-2023 geographic distribution patterns to historical habitat conditions (2001-2019) in four widespread high-elevation ungulates (Equus kiang, Pantholops hodgsonii, Procapra picticaudata, and Bos mutus) on the Tibetan Plateau, defining this delayed response of animal distributions to environmental changes as the distribution lag effect (DLE). Our analysis revealed that while climate strongly influenced species distributions, habitat change drove most observed delays in distribution responses. In terms of community ecology, dispersed communities exhibited shorter time lags than concentrated groups. Analyses of lag duration revealed a 5-6-year DLE in high-altitude ungulate distributions. Our results provide valuable insights into sustainable alpine steppe management by highlighting the importance of maintaining habitat quality and mitigating resource competition over time. Furthermore, it offers guidance for the long-term conservation of high-altitude ungulate species.

Climate change will alter ecological dynamics, affecting the relative abundance of species. A primary challenge is whether and how to modify natural resource management practices to address these changes. We explored a model of a harvested fish population experiencing climate-driven changes in demography, finding that climate impacts impose a choice between management strategies that favor fishery yield or population biomass but not both. When climate caused a population’s carrying capacity to increase, or its productivity to decrease, a climate adaptive strategy relying upon this updated information maintained higher population biomass but produced similar or lower yield than fixed management pegged to historical conditions. In contrast, when climate caused a population’s carrying capacity to decrease, or its productivity to increase, a climate adaptive strategy produced greater yield but maintained lower population biomass. Both strategies prevented a population from becoming overfished (too small to achieve maximum yield), but the fixed management strategy could impose more excessive annual harvest rates (overfishing). These insights suggest climate adaptive management may not always outperform a fixed strategy. Yet in U.S. fisheries we found routine assessment of population status modifies demographic parameters, implicitly shifting management reference points that affect fishery yield and population biomass. Participatory processes can illuminate these impacts, creating opportunities to co-develop weightings for conservation and harvest objectives.

Scientific discussions about the spread of the Russian language in Central Asia in the pre-revolutionary period have acquired a noticeable politicized character in the last three decades. The “pendulum effect” in the assessment of the historical past, expressed in the transition from Soviet idealization to national criticism during the period of independent states, does not allow us to show the objective role of the Russian language in the political, economic and social life of Turkestan in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. A one-sided analysis creates difficulties in the implementation of a language strategy in modern Uzbekistan, where, in accordance with the Law “On the State Language”, all peoples of the republic have equal rights and opportunities. The purpose of this article is an objective and comprehensive analysis of the process of integration of the Russian language into all spheres of life of Uzbek society at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, which laid the foundation for large-scale processes in Soviet times. The contextualization method allows us to comprehensively reveal the historical, social and economic conditions for the development of language processes in a specific chronological period associated with the political tasks of the Russian state to develop the Turkestan region, which included the territory of modern Uzbekistan. On this basis, a number of discussion questions have been formulated related to the extent to which historical experience can be in demand at the present stage.