ABSTRACT Cinema posters, which historically served as the primary tool for promoting films in Iran, gained significant importance during the 1960s and 1970s. This shift was largely due to the first serious and commercial presence of cinema media in Iran, as well as its adaptation to the prevailing social discourses. During this period, two major trends emerged within Iranian cinema: the so-called Filmfarsi, which became the mainstream cinematic genre of the time, and an alternative cinema that stood in contrast. The purpose of this article is to analyse the representation of women in Filmfarsi posters, using Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis framework. Fairclough’s approach examines the interplay of various discourses within a shared socio-cultural context. This study involved the analysis of over one hundred commercial cinema posters to explore the representation of actresses. The findings, when contextualised within the social and historical conditions of the period, reveal that women’s presence in these posters was often governed by the dominant discourses of the time, with portrayals either emphasising sexual attraction and eroticism and marginalising women altogether in favour of male-centric or patriarchal narratives.

Abstract Based on original archival research, this paper observes the sudden emergence of a large number of periodically published scientific and technical translation bibliographies in various Western countries. It proposes that these bibliographies should not (only) be regarded as a resource for research into the history of (scientific) translation, but that they themselves can be conceptualized as a new type of object of such research: translation bibliographies are a form of explicit translation knowledge that can and should be investigated with regard to the historical conditions of their production as well as their functions. This paper claims that these translation bibliographies form the core of a ‘translation knowledge infrastructure’ that was successively built up from 1945 onwards in the wake of the internationalization of the academic field in order to control the massive increase in translation production and to organize it rationally.

The article discusses the phenomenon of contemporary artistic auteur games. The topic is fi rstpresented within the context of historical and media-related conditions, as well as the evolutionof games–particularly with regard to authorship. The case study under discussion is Papetura,a game by Polish creator Tomasz Ostafi n. On the one hand, it is characterized by a unique andpersonalized creative idiom, and on the other, it brings to light creative limitations resulting from thetechnical aspect of the production process in video game development.

Extreme weather events can severely disrupt critical infrastructure, triggering cascading effects on power, transportation, and essential services. However, standard weather and climate datasets often lack specialized variables necessary for hazard assessments. We present a unified dataset of infrastructure-critical weather and climate variables across the United States at 0.25° resolution, covering daily or sub-daily intervals from 1979 to 2100. The dataset includes temperature, dew point, wind gusts, precipitation partitioned by rain, snow, and freezing rain or ice pellets, lightning, and wildfire metrics. Historical conditions (1979-2023) are synthesized from observations and reanalysis products, while future projections are derived from 14 CMIP6 global climate models (historical, SSP245, and SSP585 experiments). Physically based and data-driven methods are used to estimate variables not directly provided by existing models. By integrating these variables into a single unified dataset, we enable consistent, high-resolution assessments of weather-related infrastructure risks across past and future periods, supporting wide-ranging applications in energy, transportation, water resources, emergency management, and beyond.

Mapping four decades of lake chlorophyll-a across a continental watershed: A dataset for the lake winnipeg basin (1984–2023)

The purpose of this study is to identify the principle of combining Christianity and patriotism in the early philosophy of Uchimura Kanzo. Since the research implies a certain narrowing of time, subject and historical framework, in order to achieve the goal we have chosen the historical-philosophical method, which allows us to carry out consistent work not only with a limited sample of texts, but also with reference to specific historical conditions, i.e. with the context, both internal and external. The work is based on an analysis of Uchimura’s ori­ginal writings from the early years of his writing career; and on Russian and foreign studies of his philosophical thought. As a result of the study, we have identified a central principle of Uchimura Kanzo’s early philosophy in the juxta­position of Christianity and patriotism, upon which other constructs are layered. This principle is absolutised justice, which is at odds with Christianity, on the one hand, and with the real events about which the thinker writes, on the other. The author's justice is not constructed in terms of Christian morality, but in terms of samurai duty, in which there is only one Way. Thus, three milestones of the re­lationship between the two civilisations are built around justice: the first, the re­lation of Christianity and Japan to the problem of double duty; the second, the evaluation of the attitude of foreigners towards Japan; the third, the building of the Kingdom of God and the military policy of Japan.

This essay will explore the use of ecological imagination in women’s writing as counter-memorial practice in the contemporary Turkish novel. In a growing body of work, the search for a language and aesthetics of ecology serves both to subvert human-centric ideologies and to rewrite official history that aims to erase collective memories of ethnic conflicts and political injustice. Ecological imagination, as the essay will argue, serves as an alternative medium for remembering and transferring the untranslatable. In this context, the essay will discuss the ways of rebuilding women’s memory in alliance with traumatized landscapes and non-human agencies. Sema Kaygusuz’s Every Fire You Tend (2009) and Ayşegül Devecioğlu’s Weeping Mountain, Silent River (2007), the two novels explored in this essay, are emblematic of the potential of literature to make catastrophic events representable through an ecological imagination as a challenge to prevailing patterns of historical conditions. The narrative styles of these texts bend official modes of history writing and traditional modes of testimonial writing as they draw upon the lived experiences, memories, and subjugated knowledge of female subjects. Reading these novels through the lens of ecology also contributes to women’s memory, which, in the context of Turkey, has always been in a tense relationship with the conservative historical practices of the nation-state.

Introduction. In the late 1960s, the so-called theory of participatory democracy emerged in Western political philosophy, and in the 1970s it became particularly widespread. Purpose. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of this theory: its essence is briefly formulated, and then it is considered in what historical and intellectual conditions it arose and developed, and what are its main advantages and disadvantages. Methodology. For this purpose, the methods of historical, comparative and normative analysis are used. Results. It is noted that the theory arose as a reaction to the democratic elitism that prevailed in post-war Western political philosophy, but did not completely displace it, so today there are well-known supporters of both democratic elitism and participatory democracy. Participatory democracy is criticized from the point of view of its two basic values: political equality and political participation. Both the relativity of these values and the dubiousness of their correlation are shown, and it is also demonstrated that both of these values do not always contribute to achieving normatively correct results. Among the positive features of the participatory democracy is its emphasis on mass political participation as an effective means of establishing the real peoples' political power. Also participatory democracy advocates a productive view of the traditional liberal values of freedom and equality as a means of providing each individual with opportunities for self-actualization. Finally, the emphasis of participatory democrats on the overcoming economic inequality and increasing equal access to education, as well as the view of participatory democrats on voters not as egoists, but as responsible citizens are positively assessed. Conclusion. Today the participatory democracy has only limited normative appeal, and the degree of its applicability strongly depends on specific empirical conditions.

Abstract Equatorial Asian fires are strongly influenced by teleconnections associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Additionally, fire intensity in this region varies depending on the specific type of El Niño event, namely the Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño and the Central Pacific (CP) El Niño. However, their distinct impacts and localized variations remain insufficiently understood. Using both reanalysis and future projection data, we investigated the distinct influences of the EP and CP El Niño, as well as the IOD, on potential fire occurrences. Our results indicate that both types of El Niño significantly enhance fire activity in southern Equatorial Asia, with a stronger impact associated with the EP El Niño, whereas the IOD primarily affects the southwestern and south-central regions. These fire patterns are closely linked to large-scale atmospheric circulation changes, particularly modifications in the Walker and Hadley circulations, which influence regional precipitation and atmospheric subsidence, thereby altering vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture availability. Furthermore, fire-prone conditions in Equatorial Asia are modulated by land-atmosphere coupling, with the EP El Niño and IOD intensifying surface drying and heat stress, while the CP El Niño exhibits a weaker influence. Moreover, we found that the relationships between these three climate variabilities and Equatorial Asian fires are projected to intensify, with the IOD’s influence expanding geographically in the future. Our findings provide a foundation for improving fire prediction and enhancing our understanding of climate-driven fire variability in Equatorial Asia under both historical conditions and future climate scenarios.

Unlocking climate resilience by exploring the mitigation potential of improved rotation with cover cropping.

The subject of the study is the views of the Spanish philosopher, literary scholar, and cultural theorist José Ortega y Gasset on art and the significance of artistic form, as well as their connection to the traditions of formal art criticism. The definition of artistic form proposed in his works is examined, as well as the use of his theoretical approaches by the Spanish researcher to analyze the work of Diego Velázquez. The author also considers the context in which Ortega y Gasset's views were formed: the work of his predecessors—the classics of formal art criticism—the concepts of artistic form they established, and the successes of non-objective avant-garde art, which required philosophical, artistic, and scientific interpretation. Such a broad context is necessary to establish connections between Ortega y Gasset's ideas and general trends in the development of philosophy and art practice in the first half of the 20th century. The main method of research is the comparative method, which allows for identifying similarities and differences between Ortega's concepts and those of his predecessors, as well as the comparative-historical method, which explains the origin of the identified differences. The study concludes that Ortega y Gasset's formalism represents a development and continuation of the concepts of the classics of formal art criticism, but in different historical and social conditions related to both the growing individualization of European culture and the turbulent successes of avant-garde art. While for G. Wölfflin or A. Riegl, artistic form was something eternal and unchanging, Ortega starts from the infinite diversity of forms produced by the artist, each of which serves as a way to realize his individuality. Thus, the study reveals the significance of the Spanish philosopher's work for the history of Western art criticism and his place in the evolution of formal representations of art. Ortega's views culminate in the development of formalism in the 20th century and serve as a prologue for iconological studies.

The study investigates the relationship between institutional quality and economic growth in 27 European Union countries over the period 2004–2022, with particular attention to the distinction between Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries and the EU-16. The analysis is guided by the premise that institutional development is deeply rooted in historical and socio-cultural conditions, which differentiates the trajectory of post-communist economies from that of Western Europe. Panel data econometric models were applied, using data from the World Bank and the Fraser Institute database. The modeling was performed with varying parameters for both groups of countries. Five different types of institutions that may influence growth rates were considered. Overall, the results indicate a positive impact of institutional quality on economic growth across the EU, although the effect is markedly stronger in Western Europe. Government size, regulatory quality, and trade freedom were identified as the most influential institutional dimensions in both groups of countries, while the legal system proved to be statistically insignificant – most likely due to EU-wide harmonization. The most notable divergence concerned monetary stability, which strongly supported growth in the EU-16 but did not yield significant effects in the CEE countries. These findings suggest that the rapid growth in the CEE region was primarily driven by the catching-up process rather than by institutional improvements, although the role of institutions is expected to strengthen with further convergence.

Abstract: Mohammed Ayoob’s subaltern realism argues that postcolonial states’ behavior is shaped by colonial legacies, internal insecurities, and external pressures from major power interventions, as well as from regional disputes. This framework was developed by Ayoob to explain conflict dynamics in the “Third World/postcolonial/developing/Global South” and, more specifically, as Ayoob terms them, subaltern states. This study extends Ayoob’s argument in three key ways. First, we advocate for context-specific subaltern realism, moving beyond broad categorizations like “Third World/postcolonial/developing/Global South/subaltern states” to ensure analyses reflect each state’s unique historical, political, and socioeconomic conditions. Second, we apply subaltern realism to analyze Pakistan’s governance of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB)—a disputed territory under its administration that is part of the broader Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. Unlike secessionist movements typically discussed by Ayoob, GB’s demand is integrationist, seeking provisional constitutional recognition rather than outright independence. We analyze internal and external factors contributing to Pakistan’s hesitation in granting GB provisional provincial status. Third, we extend subaltern realism by disaggregating “subaltern” into two registers—state-subalternity and societal subalternity—and centering the voices of GB’s subaltern publics—local experts, students, and communities—rather than focusing solely on the state. This shift foregrounds how marginalized populations articulate their political aspirations, offering a more nuanced application of subaltern realism to territorial disputes.

The object of the study is the Velvet revolution in Armenia; the subject is its causes and prerequisites, the course and success factors of the operation to change the ruling regime in this state. The authors consider such aspects of the topic as the political history of the first years of the existence of the independent Republic of Armenia, reflected in a number of electoral cycles; technologies for organizing protest actions by Armenian citizens at the beginning of the XXI century; socio-economic and other causes and prerequisites for the growth of crisis trends in the country on the eve of the events of 2018; the role of internal and external forces in the preparation and implementation of the Velvet revolution, including the personality factor of Prime Minister Sargsyan and his main opponent Pashinyan; finally, the methods of the opposition's struggle against the ruling regime and the reasons for its final victory. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of historicism and scientific objectivity, methods of analysis, observation and a systematic approach. The latter assumes that the object of research is a system consisting of interrelated elements, and takes into account the specific historical conditions in which its development takes place. In this article, such a system is the Color revolutions. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the events of 2018 are considered objectively from a systemic point of view. The authors conclude that the Velvet revolution was caused by both internal and external causes. Among the key factors that led to her victory, it is worth noting the weakness of the ruling regime of Armenia and the effective actions of its opponents led by Pashinyan, especially in terms of using the advanced information and communication technologies.

This article examines two institutional documents from the fact-checking organization “Aos Fato”’ website, aiming to analyze (i) how language performs the agency’s authority, and (ii) which social voices are privileged or authorized in its discourses. The theoretical and methodological foundation of the article is based on Sociodiscursive Interactionism (SDI) (Bronckart, 2006); the New Literacy Studies (NLS) (Street & Castanheira, 2014) and Media Literacy (Hobbs & Jensen, 2009; Ferreira, 2021); studies on disinformation (Komesu, Alexandre, & Silva, 2020; Assis, Komesu, & Pollet, 2021; Wardle & Derakhshan, 2023); and the concept of truth as discussed by Foucault (1996) and Arendt (2011). From Foucault (1996), the concept of “will to truth” is taken as an exercise of discursive power that guides the analysis of how the agency’s verification criteria (metrics, classificatory labels, and “reliable” sources) construct an authority that naturalizes certain truths in the digital public sphere. From Arendt (2011), the thesis on the fragility of factual truth is incorporated, which, due to its reliance on testimony and records, is reduced to mere opinion in political contexts. The article uses the textual analysis model proposed by Bronckart (2006), which articulates linguistic and discursive dimensions, to verify how the agency’s language performs authority, which social voices are privileged, and under which social and historical conditions this construction is legitimized. The results provide clues that, although fact-checking organizations like “Aos Fatos” represent a significant advancement in combating disinformation, their editorial policy reveals some vulnerabilities regarding verification criteria and the authority discursively constructed by the institution, which seems to point to the need for other strategies capable of addressing the roots of the informational crisis threatening contemporary democracies.

ABSTRACT Background Occupational science continues to study occupation from a Westernised, Eurocentric, and middle-class perspective despite efforts to incorporate Global South perspectives. As such, this middle-class worldview is used as universal, following normative ways of thinking and doing while neglecting the socioeconomic, political, and historical conditions that shape class. This paper unpacks the middle-class perspective in occupational science by drawing attention to how this concept shapes occupational therapy practice. Methods Cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) was utilised to problematise the concept of the middle-class in two activity systems through analysis of a collaboratively created case that connects social class to the authors’ experiences as professional occupational therapists. This analysis was supplemented by the theoretical perspectives of Latin-American Collective Health and Social Occupational Therapy to compare the existing literature for both activity systems. Results Using CHAT, the case portrays practitioners as subjects who reproduce and adopt a normative middle-class view in different contexts. Findings Analysis of the two activity systems resulted in the identification of a subject, object, tools, rules, community, division of labour, and outcome. The first contradiction entails knowing where the health problem lies: is it from the individual's diagnosis or from the limitations of institutions and social systems? The second contradiction refers to how do we design health interventions: do we develop individual abilities or do we also facilitate critical thinking skills of individuals and their families to contribute to institutional as well as structural transformation? The last contradiction focuses on the position of the care provider: do they acknowledge when they are positioned as ‘instruments’ that further institutionalise biomedical practices or as ‘subjects’ who are more in control of the work that they do allowing them to actuate their purpose of care and service? Conclusions Class is a social category constituted and reproduced through occupations. It is argued that professional practice is performative, and therapists ‘doing’ practice need to consider class assumptions and the imposition of these assumptions on groups/individuals. Critical reflexivity is needed to problematise further how normative interpretations of middle-class shape and are shaped by doing practice, perpetuating dominant views while neglecting other experiences.

Intensified human activities in recent years, such as wastewater discharge and agricultural non-point source pollution have led to a decline in lake water quality, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin, which threaten the stability of lake water ecosystems. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a scientific assessment of the water eco-environmental quality of shallow lakes and implement targeted management measures. Considering the characteristics of shallow lakes, major ecological and environmental issues, and current standards and guidelines, an indicator system method was employed to establish a water eco-environmental quality evaluation system tailored for typical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. This evaluation system comprises three criteria layers (aquatic organism, habitat quality, and water quality) and 10 indicator layers. Using survey data from 2022 to 2024 for evaluation, the results showed that the water eco-environmental quality of Lake Gehu was rated as poor, with the lowest score for macrophyte coverage and the highest score for riparian vegetation coverage. This indicates that the shoreline restoration project in Lake Gehu was effective, while the lake water quality still needs improvement. Remedial measures include increasing aquatic vegetation coverage, reducing nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads, and controlling the occurrence of algal blooms. This evaluation system combines field surveys with remote sensing monitoring data, fully considering historical and current conditions, and can guide local authorities in evaluating lake water environmental quality. The constructed evaluation system is applicable for the assessment of shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Basin. It provides a scientific basis for the continuous improvement of eco-environmental quality and the construction of Beautiful Lakes Initiative, contributing to the management and protection of lake ecosystems.

Year by year interest in the issues of sustainable economic development in scientific literature is growing. In economic and statistical terms, sustainable economic growth is a relatively new phenomenon that took shape in the middle of the 19th century, when the dynamics of world GDP reached the level of 2%. Its flywheel was launched by the industrial revolution in Britain. Due to the long time and the lack of an evidence base, many of its determinants continue to be debated. In 2024 Professor J. Steinsson of the University of California at Berkeley offered his interpretation of the conceptual approaches of various scientific schools to assessing the root causes of the Industrial Revolution. Taking into account the emergence of new data and methodological approaches to their processing, the author set himself the task of rethinking the answers to 3 questions: why did the Industrial Revolution take place in general, why did it take place in Britain, and why specifically in Britain in the 18th-19th centuries. Despite the incomparability of nowadays and specifically historical conditions of the first industrial revolution, this task seems practically significant for the current stage, when many countries put the tasks of reindustrialization or mitigation of the consequences of deindustrialization on their main agenda. With the remaining controversiality of many issues of the industrial revolution in Britain, the fundamental importance of coordinating actions in solving the trinity of tasks ensuring sustainable economic growth can be considered proven: acceleration of technological development, interconnection of (re)industrialization and agrarian transformations on an innovative basis, reinforcing these steps with institutional fine-tuning.

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is an economically important disease. With the increasing temperature caused by climate change, there is a concern that it may expand to regions currently at low risk, cause more serious ecological harm and economic losses in China. The pinewood nematode has an optimal temperature range for development, and historical meteorological conditions, particularly temperature, can influence its current occurrence through time-lagged effects. Lag effect is a temporally delayed effect. In order to investigate the threshold effect and lag effect of temperature on PWD, we collected province-level occurrence data in China and explored the threshold effect, lag effect, and spatial heterogeneity mechanism using a distributed lag non-linear model. The results show that temperature has a significant threshold effect and lag effect on PWD. The threshold temperatures and lag periods vary from 19.5 °C to 25.1 °C and from 1 to 3 months in different provinces in the study area. The threshold temperature shows significant spatial heterogeneity and is positively correlated with the average temperature. This study provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of PWD, as well as protection of forest ecological security.

The political differences in Pakistan have developed into a severe obstacle that obstructs democratic processes in the country. For several decades the political system of Pakistan has developed partisan divisions which caused a deep split between its voting population and its governmental structures as well as its civil sector. The study investigates various factors behind political polarization in Pakistan while explaining its social and economic results and assessing the impact on democratic institutions. The research investigates historical and modern conditions to reveal the detrimental effects of polarization on political dialogue and public disputes that weaken democratic systems. This study reveals that political polarization intensifies instability throughout Pakistan because it undermines governmental institutions together with citizen trust while corrupting democratic processes. The avoidance of such issues demands extensive reforms which must advance political alignment and minimize partisan behavior and reinforce democratic standards.