Relevance. The importance of scientific understanding of the historical experience of the activities of preSoviet police bodies is relevant at the present stage, when there is a transformation not only of law enforcement agencies, but also of state and public institutions as a whole. In this regard, the study of the activities of the preSoviet police bodies may be timely and in demand. In relation to the police bodies of the Tauride province, no special scientific research was undertaken.The purpose of the study is to study the process of reforming the police bodies of the Tauride province in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Empire.Objectives: analyze the state of the regulatory framework in a historical retrospective regarding the organization of the police; consider the problems associated with the history of the formation and activities of domestic police institutions of the Tauride province throughout the 1830-1870s.Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was the historical method and principles of determinism and comprehensiveness, which ensured the study of the studied phenomena in the context of specific historical conditions of their origin and development. Special methods of historical research were used, which together contributed to the achievement of this goal.Results. The study of regulations and archival documents made it possible to identify typical features of the reform of police bodies and the peculiarities of their formation in the Tauride province.Conclusions. An analysis of specific decrees, charters and circulars gave reason to assert that Crimea, which was part of the Tauride province in the 19th century, had a complex administrative-territorial division that determined the specifics of the peninsula's police bodies. This is true for Sevastopol, the country's main military Black Sea port. Despite this, in the Tauride province, as well as throughout the country, there were standard regulatory legal acts in relation to the police, and their reform was carried out in line with all-Russian trends.

Relevance. The presented article examines the legislative acts regulating land surveying and the land surveying process in Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries. During this period, the penetration of land management relations into the military, social and economic spheres of state activity occurs. The relevance of this study lies in the comprehensive consideration of the institute of land surveying in Russia during the XVI-XVII centuries in relation to land management relations, as well as taking into account socio-economic factors and political conditions in the context of historical facts and events of that time.The purpose of this study is to establish a range of basic legislative acts in the field of legal regulation of the institute of land surveying, as well as to identify on their basis the features of the development of the institute of land surveying as an integral part of land relations in the Russian state in the XVI-XVII centuries.Objectives: to analyze legislative acts in the field of legal regulation of land surveying; to determine the place of the institution of land surveying and the boundary process in the field of land management relations of the Russian state of the XVI-XVII centuries; to identify the features of the normative consolidation of boundary laws in the specified period.Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is represented by general scientific methods of cognition, as well as methods of legal science – the historical-legal method, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods.The results of scientific research indicate that the current system of boundary laws of the XVI-XVII centuries is represented by a significant number of normative acts, the central place of which is occupied by the Cathedral Code of 1649, as well as the Scribal Orders of 1681, 1683, 1684, containing the main body of land administrative and boundary regulations.Conclusions. In general, it can be concluded that during the XVI-XVII century. there was an evolutionary nature of the development of the institute of surveying, taking into account specific historical conditions, as well as socio-economic and political factors. The land legislation of the XVI -XVII centuries was formed in the context of the development of boundary legislation.

Power outages are a common and persistent problem in Iraq, significantly impacting various aspects of life and business. These interruptions disrupt routine household tasks and hinder more complex technical operations in industries and services. Emphasizing the need for careful management and proactive solutions. This paper introduces a real-world time series dataset for Baghdad city, including historical outages, weather conditions (such as temperature), and power overloads, and analyzes the correlation among these parameters in different seasons. The research uses this dataset to train one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks (1D CNN) to find patterns and relationships that can accurately predict when power outages can happen in the long term and short term to improve the management of the Baghdad electricity grid through data-driven networks. This model was evaluated using performance metrics, and the results show that CNN is accurate in predicting outages in the short term with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of (0.0077), whereas, in the long term, it has achieved an MAE of (0.0775). These predictive models have the potential to facilitate the development of proactive measures aimed at reducing the impact of power outages by anticipating potential outages in advance. This research focuses on enhancing the reliability and efficiency of Baghdad's electricity supply, ultimately contributing to economic growth and stability.

This study develops a dynamic IS-LM macroeconomic model that incorporates delayed taxation and a memory-dependent income effect, and calibrates it to quarterly data for Romania (2000–2023). Within this framework, fiscal policy lags are modelled using a “memory” income variable that weights past incomes, an approach grounded in distributed lag theory to capture how historical economic conditions influence current dynamics. The model is analysed both analytically and through numerical simulations. We derive stability conditions and employ bifurcation analysis to explore how the timing of taxation influences macroeconomic equilibrium. The findings reveal that an immediate taxation regime yields a stable adjustment toward a unique equilibrium, consistent with classical IS-LM expectations. In contrast, delayed taxation, where tax revenue depends on past income, can destabilise the system, giving rise to cycles and even chaotic fluctuations for parameter values that would be stable under immediate collection. In particular, delays act as a destabilising force, lowering the threshold of the output-adjustment speed at which oscillations emerge. These results highlight the critical importance of policy timing: prompt fiscal feedback tends to stabilise the economy, whereas lags in fiscal intervention can induce endogenous cycles. The analysis offers policy-relevant insights, suggesting that reducing fiscal response delays or counteracting them with other stabilisation tools is crucial for macroeconomic stability.

The article examines the relationship between myth, fairy tales and science fiction, focusing on the category of miraculous. Myth creates an ontological basis for a fairy tale, defines basic narrative structures, and creates archetypal characters. A fairy tale, in turn, recycles and adapts mythological material to specific historical conditions, combining the “fantastic” and the “magical”. Science fiction structurally corresponds to the archetypal schemes of a fairy tale, but reality is being remythologized. Science and technological achievements are endowed with a “miraculous” motif, which was previously characteristic of myth and fairy tales. The author analyzes the transformation of fairy-tale motifs and mythological archetypes in the context of the science fiction work by A.N. and B.N. Strugatsky “Monday Begins on Saturday” (hereinafter – PNVS). The purpose of the work is to show the relationship between myth, fairy tales and science fiction; to identify and analyze the functions, characters of fairy tales and mythology in the story “Monday Begins on Saturday”. Methods: hermeneutic analysis of the text, which allows to identify stable fairy-tale motifs and archetypes. Special attention was paid to identifying the functions of a fairy tale according to V. Propp. A method of analysis and synthesis used to systematize the data obtained and identify semantic connections between phenomena; a religious approach used to consider the phenomena of “miraculous”, “fantastic” and “magical”, as well as to analyze the mythological context. Results: during the analysis, it was revealed that science fiction, in particular the novel by A.N. and B.N. Strugatsky’s “Monday Begins on Saturday” uses, but transforms, mythological and fairy-tale structures and archetypes. The miraculous, as a key category, develops and moves from the sacred and inexplicable in myth, through the magical in a fairy tale to the scientifically grounded. The novel for “junior researchers” «Monday Begins on Saturday» is an example of remythologization. Finally, scientists and staff of the institute are endowed with magical features, and scientific experiments become miraculous. The analysis of the story through the prism of the functions of a fairy tale reveals stable narrative patterns.

This article addresses key methodological issues in the study of ethnonymy, focusing on new hypotheses on the origins of Finno-Ugric ethnonyms. The singular nature of ethnonyms, and the apparent lack of opportunity for statistical validation of etymologies — as is more common in toponymy — has led, on the one hand, to a proliferation of speculative and arbitrary explanations, and on the other, to a reliance on the availability of historically verifiable data to support or reject such proposals. Despite widespread acknowledgement of this challenge, the article argues that ethnonymic analysis can function as a methodologically distinct branch of historical and philological research. It demonstrates that conclusions in this field can be systematically verified, provided four key conditions are met. These are as follows: 1) Linguistic accuracy in the proposed etymology, with close attention to both phonological and semantic detail, and to historical plausibility, including the need to identify the etymon as precisely as possible within a specific source language, rather than settling for generalized solutions. 2) Consideration of ethnonymic “universals” and the support of etymological proposals through typological analogies — while recognizing that such parallels are always shaped by specific ethnohistorical circumstances. 3) Awareness of the distinctive naming conventions present in the ethnonymic tradition under study, which themselves reflect particular historical conditions. 4) An understanding that both the application of universals and the functioning of naming traditions are context-dependent, and that any proposed etymology must either align with or help to revise the reconstructed ethnohistorical setting in which the ethnonym likely emerged. The article illustrates this approach through examples from Balto-Finnic, Sámi, Mordvin, Mari-Meryan, Permic, and Ugric ethnonymy. In comparative historical and typological terms, it also draws on ethnonymic material from Samoyedic, Siberian, European, and Amerindian languages.

Abstract Culture is indispensable for explaining the persistence of corruption in a country. While studies on historical conditions of corruption can specify broad cultural explanations, they often elude systematic comparison regarding concepts of culture and types of corruption. Therefore, we advance an analytical model to integrate different historical-cultural paths of corruption constructed as social institutions and classified by alignment with inner-group rules and legal norms. Drawing on a literature review, we exemplify our approach along a roadmap of corruption-supporting cultural concepts in Poland. We develop hypotheses about their cultural roots and expected impact on individual and collective forms of corruption today. Our analysis reveals a spectrum of deep-rooted cultural concepts that explain the persistence of corruption in Poland, which can neither be solely linked to foreign influences nor to its communist past.

The article analyzes the life path of Kurmanjan Datka, an outstanding personality in the history of Kyrgyzstan, who made a significant contribution to the state and social development of the country. Its role in promoting international relations, diplomatic efforts and governance of the Altai region in the difficult historical conditions of the 19th century is emphasized. The study focuses on the uniqueness of Kurmanjan Datka as a female leader who managed to achieve a high status in traditional society and leave an indelible mark in the history of the Kyrgyz people.

ABSTRACTThis research uses the province of Bas‐Uele as a case study to examine the often‐overlooked historical conditions that contribute to conflicts among ethnic communities in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Following a conflict mapping model and analyzing qualitative data collected through semi‐structured interviews with 20 local authorities and focus group discussions with 80 community leaders, I explore alternatives to prevent social conflicts from escalating into direct violence and allow citizens to focus on sustainable development. Specifically, I analyze the context of conflicts in Bas‐Uele and provide information for conflict interpretation, prevention, and management in multi‐ethnic settings. My findings reveal that conflict is pervasive throughout the province and revolves around a trilogy: ethnic identity, customary power, and land ownership. These results enhance our understanding of how threats to harmonious community coexistence can hinder development. Additionally, this paper provides valuable information for policymakers and scholars involved in grassroots conflict transformation efforts.

The article addresses the specifics of mutual linguocultural borrowings in Russian and Chinese languages, reflecting changes in the linguistic picture of the world under the influence of socio-cultural and economic-political phenomena and processes. The relevance of the study is conditioned by historical and geographical conditions as well as economic and political processes that have led to the intensification of contacts between Russia and China in various spheres. The aim of the article is to conduct a linguocultural analysis of Russian loanwords in Chinese language and culture and Chinese loanwords in Russian linguoculture in the aspect of communicative practices. Methodologically, the research is based on socio-cultural, historical and comparitive approaches. In the course of the study the authors used the method of analysing scientific literature on the topic of the paper, as well as methods of comparison when considering the interpretation of the concept of ‘borrowing’ offered by Russian and Chinese linguists, methods of generalisation and systematisation of the obtained information. The conducted research allowed for identifying the main ways, sources and methods of mutual borrowings in Chinese and Russian linguocultures. The authors conclude that linguocultural borrowings form a linguistic picture of the world, make an integral part of intercultural communication and promote better mutual understanding among peoples. The practical significance of the article consists in the possibility of using the obtained results in teaching Chinese in Russia and Russian in China.

ABSTRACT This themed issue is on the 2024 election and the politics of race. And it is also necessarily about the racial dynamics unfolding under the Trump administration at present. The questions addressed by the twelve authors in this volume include: What are the historical conditions that allowed a nativist, white supremacist political movement to go mainstream in the twenty-first century U.S.? How is racism embedded in American political institutions? How do people understand the connection between their racial positionality and their political interests? What are the relationships between emotions and politics and emotions and race? How are gendered projects and racial projects linked in contemporary U.S. political discourse? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the organized left at this time? And what kinds of mobilization and resistance to racism in the Trump era are necessary and possible?

Hegel's idea of world history is an important branch of his philosophical system, which mainly discusses the development, essence, meaning of history and the evolution of human reason. He believed that history is the process of realising the Absolute Spirit (Geist), which represents the evolution of human reason, and the end of history is the realisation of human freedom; the ‘world spirit’ is the unfolding process of the absolute spirit, and world history is the writing of the absolute spirit in different time and space. Marx, on the other hand, criticised Hegel's abstract thinking from the materialist conception of history. He thought that Hegel's idea of world history was unable to reveal the complexity and concreteness of real history, and ignored the concrete historical conditions and social practices. After critically absorbing Hegel's view of history, Marx reshaped the theory of world history, established that the subject of history is the real human being, and pointed out that the factors driving the process of history should be established in the real material production activities instead of the pure spirit (Geist) referred to by Hegel. Marx establishes a brand new mechanism of historical evolution, further establishes the foundation of the materialist conception of world history by clarifying the roles of labour, interaction and division of labour and their interrelationships in the process of historical evolution, comprehensively elaborates the theory of social history and world history, and reveals step by step the law of the development of human history under the state of alienation.

Naxalism remains one of India’s most pressing internal security challenges. Emerging from the Naxalbari uprising in 1967, it has developed into a multifaceted insurgency driven by radical ideology, entrenched socioeconomic inequalities, and governance failures. This study examines the historical roots, ideological underpinnings, geographic spread, and structural conditions sustaining the movement. It also evaluates state responses, including counterinsurgency operations, development programs, and attempts to address underlying grievances. Despite prolonged efforts, Naxalism continues to undermine India’s democratic institutions and socioeconomic stability by occupying the developmental vacuum in affected areas. While the state’s approach has been predominantly security-focused, recent initiatives—such as those in Andhra Pradesh—indicate a possible shift toward more inclusive strategies. This paper argues for a comprehensive national policy that integrates security, development, and political dialogue to achieve sustainable peace and avoid the consequences of excessive militarization.

The services sector plays a crucial role in shaping a country’s economy, enhancing efficiency across industries. Essential services such as transport, financial, and telecommunications services enable the movement of people, goods, and capital internationally. The sector’s share reached 65.7% of the gross domestic product (GDP) globally in 2020, with world trade in services increasing from 6.0% to 13.6% of GDP between 1990 and 2019. This growth has also led to a significant increase in employment, with 51% of the global workforce now in services, 17% up since 1991. This article examines the growing significance of the services sector in trade, employment, and economic growth, focusing on intra-industry trade (IIT) among South Asian nations. Using data from the Trade in Services database of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and World Development Indicators (WDI), the study finds that significant sectoral shifts in IIT, particularly in Afghanistan and India, highlight dynamic changes in trade profiles. Further, trade imbalances (TRIMs) and differences in income per capita are found to have a negative impact on the intensity of IIT, while trade orientation (TO) positively impacts it, suggesting that more trade-oriented nations have higher IIT. The findings demonstrate the importance of balanced trade relations and suggest that historical trade conditions continue to influence trade within the industry. JEL Classification C23, F14, F15

Rising temperatures cause advanced phenology of grapevines and increased sugar concentration in berries, which ultimately modify variety suitability in a given region. Here, four bioclimatic indices and a refined grapevine sugar ripeness (GSR) model were employed to assess the suitability of six winegrape varieties across six winegrape-growing regions of China under historical climate conditions (1961-2020). First, four indices were compared between two periods, one before (P1) and one after (P2) an abrupt climate change events identified during 1988-2002 in these regions. Results showed three temperature- related indices increased in six regions, while the first fall frost day was delayed by 0-16days in five out of the six regions during P2 compared with P1. Second, GSR model was applied to simulate target sugar concentrations as a proxy for grape harvest dates (GHDs). Direct utilization of original GSR model yielded unsatisfactory predictions with clear bias. Consequently, GSR model was recalibrated with local data to obtain an acceptable performance with R 2 and NRMSE values of 0.83 and 2.8% as well as 0.83 and 3.1% for the calibration and validation datasets, respectively, and further simulated GHDs of six varieties with advanced values of 6-30days in six regions for P2 in comparison with P1. To provide a holistic view of freezing injury risk before harvest, comprehensive freezing injury index (CFI) was developed by integrating the frequency, duration and severity of the freezing risk. CFI decreased (2-60%) during P2 in all regions and the magnitude of decrease was elevation dependent. These findings provide valuable insights into the selection of varieties that can more reliably achieve fully mature fruit, producing more balanced wines with greater typicity under warming climate.

This study looks at intersectionality as a theoretical-methodological tool based on the epistemology of black feminist thought. This perspective promotes the deconstruction of oppressive intersectional practices, validating the experiences of black women as legitimate forms of knowledge. The research adopts a bibliographical review, based on texts such as those by Patrícia Collins and Sirma Bilge (2020), Carla Akotirene (2019), Kimberlé Crenshaw (1991), Leslie McCall (2005) and Baukje Prins (2006). This analysis made it possible to critically examine the theoretical foundations and methodological applications of intersectionality, highlighting its contributions to the analysis of the conditions of historically marginalized groups. The literature review shows that this tool transcends the conceptual sphere and is essential for analyzing the historical and structural conditions that shape the experiences of black women and other marginalized groups. Its application highlights the importance of integrating research practices that promote social justice and structural transformation.

Banana is an important cash and food crop worldwide. Recent outbreaks of banana diseases are threatening the global banana industry and smallholder livelihoods. Remote sensing data offer the potential to detect the presence of disease, but formal analysis is needed to compare inferred disease data with observed disease data. In this study, we present a novel remote-sensing-based framework that combines Landsat-8 imagery with meteorology-informed phenological models and machine learning to identify anomalies in banana crop health. Unlike prior studies, our approach integrates domain-specific crop phenology to enhance the specificity of anomaly detection. We used a pixel-level random forest (RF) model to predict 11 key vegetation indices (VIs) as a function of historical meteorological conditions, specifically daytime and nighttime temperature from MODIS and precipitation from NASA GES DISC. By training on periods of healthy crop growth, the RF model establishes expected VI values under disease-free conditions. Disease presence is then detected by quantifying the deviations between observed VIs from Landsat-8 imagery and these predicted healthy VI values. The model demonstrated robust predictive reliability in accounting for seasonal variations, with forecasting errors for all VIs remaining within 10% when applied to a disease-free control plantation. Applied to two documented outbreak cases, the results show strong spatial alignment between flagged anomalies and historical reports of banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) and Fusarium wilt Tropical Race 4 (TR4). Specifically, for BBTD in Australia, a strong correlation of 0.73 was observed between infection counts and the discrepancy between predicted and observed NDVI values at the pixel with the highest number of infections. Notably, VI declines preceded reported infection rises by approximately two months. For TR4 in Mozambique, the approach successfully tracked disease progression, revealing clear spatial spread patterns and correlations as high as 0.98 between VI anomalies and disease cases in some pixels. These findings support the potential of our method as a scalable early warning system for banana disease detection.

This paper addresses the following question: How should we position specific examples of genocide within the broader field of genocide studies? In responding to this question, the paper reflects on the significance—particularly pedagogical significance—of “postcolonial” African genocides. I provide some provisional considerations about this significance based on my teaching of African genocides in a genocide and literature course at the University of Winnipeg, Canada. As I elaborate subsequently, the literary/cultural texts of postcolonial African genocide that I find valuable for my classes contextualize African and other genocides in historical and ongoing conditions of imperialism. By embedding occurrences of genocide in Africa within a broader violent history of imperialism, they mobilize a relational understanding of genocide by insisting on the traumatic linkages of genocides in Africa to genocides and mass atrocities elsewhere. These works consolidate thinking about genocides (especially since the dawn of Atlantic Slavery) less as disparate, separate events but instead as entangled in an expansive history of imperialism.

As climate change intensifies, tropical cyclones (TCs) pose increasing threats to coastal urban areas. This study introduces a novel framework that integrates pseudo-global warming (PGW) technology with regional meteorological models to assess future changes in the climatology exposure of TCs focusing on urban wind fields. Utilizing sea surface temperatures derived from 28 global climate models as the primary climate indicator, this research simulates wind intensity changes of TCs under the latest climate scenarios—namely, shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) 1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5—over the period from 2021 to 2080. The 2018 Typhoon Mangkhut serves as the base condition for conducting the PGW variations. The results project increases in maximum wind speeds before landfalling by 13.20% under SSP1-2.6, 25.51% under SSP2-4.5, and 36.99% under SSP5-8.5, compared to the historical climate conditions from 1961 to 2020. For the urban wind field, the integration of high-resolution terrain and land-use datasets, along with urban canopy models, significantly enhances the accuracy of the simulations. This accuracy improvement is validated through wind speed recordings from four meteorological stations in Hong Kong, demonstrating the significant influence of urban heterogeneity on wind field estimation. Additionally, this study highlights a general increase trend in the vertical wind profiles of TCs in Hong Kong with climate change. The enhanced structural integrity of TCs in warm climates, characterized by notable increases in wind speeds around the typhoon eye, significantly intensifies their destructive potential.

While high-resolution future climate data are increasingly available for the contiguous United States, there has been limited focus on Alaska and Hawaii. Our study provides high resolution daily climate data —precipitation and temperature —at 10 km for Alaska and 1 km for Hawaii, based on 23 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and four scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5). The dataset includes outputs from different bias correction techniques (seven for precipitation, six for temperature). While one method (i.e., empirical quantile mapping) generally outperforms the others, its performance can vary by climate quantity, region, or climate model, motivating our aim to provide an ensemble dataset of bias-corrected outputs. Our results show that, on average, Alaska and Hawaii are projected to become warmer (6.7 °C and 5.8 °C) and wetter (46% and 31%) by the end of the 21st century for high-emissions scenarios compared to the historical period, despite large regional variability. Our dataset aims to support climate research, mitigation and adaptation strategies, and risk assessments for Alaska and Hawaii.