Lotion Research Articles

An Overview Of The Photo-Catalysis Of Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes And Their Effect On Human Life

Nanomaterials are engineered materials with extremely small particle sizes with at least one dimension ranging from one to one hundred nanometers. Nanoscale materials contain unique electrical, magnetic, catalytic, and optical properties that can be applied in various fields, including engineering, medicine, and the environment. Nanomaterials with appealing chemical and physical properties are being researched for potential energy and environmental applications. Nanomaterials have grabbed people's interest due to their ability to enhance efficiency through-beam gap control, chemical composition, structural diagram, light propagation, and charge/transport collection, among other things. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are mass-produced all over the world for use in a range of applications. TiO2 nanostructured materials have aroused much interest in the energy and environmental sectors due to their future applications in photocatalysis, solar cells, and pollution remediation. Furthermore, because TiO2 nanoparticles are widely available, inexpensive, and non-toxic, they are routinely employed in various products, including cosmetics, where they are used as a UV filter in sunscreens, face creams, foundation, and lipstick. Analgesics. Because of the relevance of titanium dioxide, we will discuss it in this review by demonstrating its characteristics, photocatalysis mechanism, and uses that come into direct contact with human existence.

A review article on anti-aging herbal cream

Face Cream is used cosmetically For Softening and cleansing the pores and skin like cold cream and vanishing cream. pores and skin like cold cream, vanishing cream, pores, skin Brightening cream, and ointment. Cream-Toiletry consists of many diverse substances inside the form of a thick liquid that possesses soothing as well as moisturizing outcomes while implemented to the skin. there are various sorts of lotions to be had in the marketplace like a light cream, sour cream, half and half the heavy cream, clotted cream, and many others, cause the formula of Anti-aging herbal cream is for reducing darkish Spots.

Antioxidant Activity Test from Vegetable Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme) in Hand and Body Cream

Dry, scaly, rough skin conditions accompanied by wrinkles and black spots characterize the skin that experiences premature aging. One of the causes of premature aging is free radicals. These free radicals can be overcome with natural or artificial antioxidants. Natural antioxidants are found in fruits and vegetables, one of which is tomatoes. Tomatoes in direct use are less effective, so they are made in the form of hand and body cream. Production of vegetable tomato and cherry tomato extracts fruit extraction and maceration using 96% ethanol, then concentrated with a rotary evaporator until the extract is thick. The extracts of vegetable tomatoes and cherry tomatoes were then tested for phytochemical, antioxidant activity, and identification of compounds with LC-MS, then applied to hand and body cream with a concentration of 1% and 3% with codes F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4. Hand and body cream of tomato extract are tested by measuring pH, viscosity, specific gravity, total microbial Contamination, homogeneity and testing for antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Phytochemical test results showed that flavonoid compounds were present in both extracts. The antioxidant activity of vegetable tomato ethanol extract was obtained with an IC50 value of 947.81ppm, and an IC50 value of 473.51 ppm was obtained for cherry tomato extract. From the LC-MS analysis, the compounds contained in cherry tomatoes, namely esculeoside A and B as cytotoxic activity, dehydrotomat as an antibacterial, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside as an antioxidant, and tomatidine as an antibiotic. Antioxidant activity of hand and body cream, hand and body cream F4 (964.05 ppm), hand and body cream F3 (1001.97 ppm), hand and body cream F2 (1033.73 ppm), hand body cream F1 (1036.61 ppm), and hand and body cream F0 (1486.14 ppm). Hand and body cream cherry tomato extract 3%, formula 4 (F4), has the highest antioxidant activity. It can be concluded that the addition of extract concentration affects the antioxidant activity value of hand and body cream. Body cream F2 (1033.73 ppm), hand body cream F1 (1036.61 ppm), and hand and body cream F0 (1486.14 ppm). Hand and body cream cherry tomato extract 3%, formula 4 (F4), has the highest antioxidant activity. It can be concluded that the addition of extract concentration affects the antioxidant activity value of hand and body cream. Body cream F2 (1033.73 ppm), hand body cream F1 (1036.61 ppm), and hand and body cream F0 (1486.14 ppm). Hand and body cream cherry tomato extract 3%, formula 4 (F4), has the highest antioxidant activity. It can be concluded that the addition of extract concentration affects the antioxidant activity value of hand and body cream.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SEA GRAPE (Caulerpa racemose) EXTRACT AS HAND CREAM AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY TEST

Caulerpa racemosa (C. racemosa) is a seaweed containing folic acid, thiamine, ascorbic acid, and phenol as secondary metabolites that function as antioxidants. This study aims to formulate a hand moisturizing cream containing C. racemosa extract and evaluate the quality of the cream preparation. The manufacture of hand cream from C. racemosa extract was carried out in several stages, namely C. racemosa extraction, antioxidant testing, formulation of cream preparations, and evaluation. Evaluation of hand cream preparations of C. racemosa extract included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH measurement, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion. The yield of C. racemosa from the extract was 33%. The IC50 of the C. racemosa extract was 159.8 ppm. The results of the organoleptic test of hand cream preparations showed physical characteristics in terms of pH, viscosity, homogeneity, dispersibility, and adhesion following the requirements of cosmetic preparations from the Directorate General of BPOM.

Natural Ingredients with Potential as Skin Moisturizers (Body Lotion): A Narrative Literature Review

Hand and body lotion is a skin moisturizing cosmetic preparation that belongs to the emollient (softener) class and has several properties, namely as a source of moisture for the skin, making hands and body soft but not greasy and easy to apply on the skin. Currently, there are quite a lot of moisturizers on the market, but most of them contain several compounds that have the potential to cause interference with the barrier and skin structure. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive exploration effort in order to develop a moisturizer that is safer against the barrier and skin structure. Some natural ingredients that have the potential to be developed as skin moisturizers are papaya latex, yam, VCO (virgin coconut oil), and cocoa fat.

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Face Cream

Herbal medicinal products are most preferable and safer with very less side effects than the synthetic products. Now a days there is a increasing in demand of herbal formulations in the world pharmaceutical market .The main objective of this work is to formulate and evaluate a cosmetic preparation polyherbal face cream made from herbal ingredients. In that aloe vera powder, hibiscus powder, senna powder were procured from the local market in the form of dried powder .extraction of dried crude herbal ingredients were done by the maceration process. After extracting the polyherbal face cream is prepared and evaluated for its various charecteristics. Herbal face creams are used to moisturizing, cleansing, protecting skin from damaging Uv rays, improving skin tone and beautifying skin. Due to anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of herbs used in the formulation helps to overcomes various problems related to the skin. Thus, in the present work, we founds good quality of herbal face cream, with their beneficial effects.

Potency of Guava Leaf Extract (Psidium guajava L.) as a Cosmetic Formulation: A Narrative Literature Review

Guava (P. guajava L., Myrtaceae) is one of the fruit plants that is widespread in the tropics and subtropics, including South America, Africa and Asia. Traditionally this plant is often used as food, traditional medicine, dyes and others. Based on the literature review of the guava leaf plant (P. guajava L.) has many bioactive compounds that play a role in maintaining the health of the body's skin. Therefore, this plant has the potential to be the basic ingredient for the formulation of cosmetic preparations. This riview literature aims to find out thetension of guava leaves (P. guajava L. ) as a basic ingredient in the manufacture of natural ingredients cosmetics. The results of this literature review show that guava leaves (P. guajava L.) has many benefits for cosmetics, namely guava leaves (P. guajava L.) can be used as an anti-acne cleanser, body scrub, lotion, deodorant, toner, and face cream.

Formulation and evaluation of herbal body lotion

This article is all about the requirement of standardization and the composition of herbal product in day to day life. Composition of herbal products will give ever best effect in our daily life as the composition of any single and individual product. The only motive-behind to choose the mixture of herbal product was to bring true upon the effectiveness of these formulation without any side-effects. Comparision include organoleptic and physio-chemical character such as viscosity, ph, spreadibilty, moisture free body after use.

Extraction and Surfactant Properties of Glyoxylic Acid-Functionalized Lignin.

The amphiphilic chemical structure of native lignin, composed by a hydrophobic aromatic core and hydrophilic hydroxy groups, makes it a promising alternative for the development of bio‐based surface‐active compounds. However, the severe conditions traditionally needed during biomass fractionation make lignin prone to condensation and cause it to lose hydrophilic hydroxy groups in favour of the formation of C−C bonds, ultimately decreasing lignin's abilities to lower surface tension of water/oil mixtures. Therefore, it is often necessary to further functionalize lignin in additional synthetic steps in order to obtain a surfactant with suitable properties. In this work, multifunctional aldehyde‐assisted fractionation with glyoxylic acid (GA) was used to prevent lignin condensation and simultaneously introduce a controlled amount of carboxylic acid on the lignin backbone for its further use as surfactant. After fully characterizing the extracted GA‐lignin, its surface activity was measured in several water/oil systems at different pH values. Then, the stability of water/mineral oil emulsions was evaluated at different pH and over a course of 30 days by traditional photography and microscopy imaging. Further, the use of GA‐lignin as a surfactant was investigated in the formulation of a cosmetic hand cream composed of industrially relevant ingredients. Contrary to industrial lignins such as Kraft lignin, GA‐lignin did not alter the color or smell of the formulation. Finally, the surface activity of GA‐lignin was compared with other lignin‐based and fossil‐based surfactants, showing that GA‐lignin presented similar or better surface‐active properties compared to some of the most commonly used surfactants. The overall results showed that GA‐lignin, a biopolymer that can be made exclusively from renewable carbon, can successfully be extracted in one step from lignocellulosic biomass. This lignin can be used as an effective surfactant without further modification, and as such is a promising candidate for the development of new bio‐based surface‐active products.

Production and Organoleptic Test of Body Sanitizer Nanogold, Nanosilver, and Eucalyptus Oil in the Pandemic Covid 19

The body lotion is one of the cosmetic body care products used by the public, which has a moisturizing effect and is quickly absorbed by the skin. Researchers aim to produce and test organoleptic nanogold nanosilver body sanitizer and eucalyptus oil during the Covid-19 pandemic. Innovations in making hand body lotions currently need to be developed, one of which is by renewing body lotion into a body sanitizer during the Covid-19 pandemic as an antimicrobial and antiviral. The body sanitizer formulation used refers to the manufacture of body lotion in general with the addition of nanogold, nanosilver, and eucalyptus oil. The type of research used is experimental. The types of lotions compared are Body Lotion Basic (A) and Body Sanitizer Lotion Nanogold, Nanosilver, and Eucalyptus Oil (B) by organoleptic testing, including color, aroma, texture, and stickiness. The results showed that the organoleptic test of panelists acceptance of nanogold nanosilver body sanitizer and eucalyptus oil was better and more preferred than basic body lotion.

Early food intervention and skin emollients to prevent food allergy in young children (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial

Primary prevention of food allergy by early introduction of allergenic foods seems promising. We aimed to determine whether early food introduction or the application of regular skin emollients in infants from a general population reduced the risk of food allergy. This 2 × 2 factorial, cluster-randomised trial was done at Oslo University Hospital and Østfold Hospital Trust, Oslo, Norway, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Infants of women recruited antenatally at the routine 18-week ultrasound examination were cluster-randomised at birth to the following groups: (1) no intervention group; (2) the skin intervention group (skin emollients; bath additives and facial cream; from age 2 weeks to <9 months, both at least four times per week); (3) the food intervention group (early complementary feeding of peanut, cow's milk, wheat, and egg from age 3 months); or (4) combined intervention group (skin and food interventions). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) using computer-generated randomisation based on clusters of 92 geographical areas and eight 3-month time blocks. Study personnel performing clinical assessments were masked to group allocation. The primary outcome was allergy to any interventional food at 36 months of age. The primary efficacy analysis was done by intention-to-treat analysis, which included all participants who were randomly assigned, apart from three individuals who withdrew their consent. This was a study performed within ORAACLE (the Oslo Research Group of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood; the Lung and Environment). This study is registered as ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02449850. We recruited 2697 women with 2701 pregnancies, from whom 2397 newborn infants were enrolled between April 14, 2015, and April 11, 2017. Of these infants, 597 were randomly assigned to the no intervention group, 575 to the skin intervention group, 642 to the food intervention group, and 583 to the combined intervention group. One participant in each of the no intervention, food intervention, and skin intervention groups withdrew consent and were therefore not included in any analyses. Food allergy was diagnosed in 44 children; 14 (2·3%) of 596 infants in the non-intervention group, 17 (3·0%) of 574 infants in the skin intervention group, six (0·9%) of 641 infants in the food intervention group, and seven (1·2%) of 583 infants in the combined intervention group. Peanut allergy was diagnosed in 32 children, egg allergy in 12 children, and milk allergy in four children. None had allergy to wheat. Prevalence of food allergy was reduced in the food intervention group compared with the no food intervention group (risk difference -1·6% [95% CI -2·7 to -0·5]; odds ratio [OR] 0·4 [95% CI 0·2 to 0·8]), but not compared with the skin intervention group (0·4% [95% CI -0·6 to 1· 5%]; OR 1·3 [0·7 to 2·3]), with no significant interaction effect (p=1·0). Preventing food allergy in one child required early exposure to allergenic foods in 63 children. No serious adverse events were observed. Exposure to allergenic foods from 3 months of age reduced food allergy at 36 months in a general population. Our results support that early introduction of common allergenic foods is a safe and effective strategy to prevent food allergy. Full funding sources listed at end of paper (see Acknowledgments).

Reducing the Rate of Blood Culture Contamination in Emergency Rooms

&lt;p&gt;血液培養採檢為急診室常見的護理技術,然而血液培養汙染容易間接造成病人傷害,鑑於單位血液培養污染率高達 7.77%,遠超出設定之閾值 &lt;3%,需立即改善 為專案成立動機,為降低血液培養汙染率,專案小組人員分析發現護理人員執行血液培養採檢技術錯誤率高、認知測驗答對率低、採血工具不符需求且未稽核,經安 排在職教育課程、引進 3M 低敏護手乳(Cavilon)提高洗手遵從性、針對特定族群增加皮膚清潔次數、導入讀秒機制概念、稽核和回饋機制,成功降低血液培養污染 率至 2.3%、血液培養採檢錯誤率降至 3%、血液培養認知測驗答對率提升至 100%達專案目的,經由本專案推行針對特定族群較年長者和長照機構住民,增加皮膚清 潔次數與運用讀秒機制,落實等待消毒液乾燥,推行成效良好,建議可平行展開至其他科室,提升病人照護品質。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blood culture sampling is a common nursing technique in emergency rooms. However, blood culture contamination is likely to indirectly cause patient harm. Given that the unit blood culture contamination rate is as high as 7.77%, which far exceeds the set threshold of &lt;3%, it needs to be immediately improved as the motivation for project establishment. To reduce the contamination rate of blood cultures, the task force analysis found that the nursing staff had a high error rate in performing blood culture sampling, a low rate of correct answers to cognitive tests, and blood sampling tools that did not meet the requirements and were not audited. After arranging an on-the-job education course, providing 3M hyposensi-tive hand cream (Cavilon), increasing the frequency of skin cleansing for specific ethnic groups, introducing the concept of the countdown mechanism, and devel-oping an audit and feedback mechanism, we successfully reduced the blood culture contamination rate to 2.3%, the blood culture sampling error rate to 3%, and increased the blood culture cognitive test answer rate to 100% of the project purpose, This project was aimed at older people and residents of long-term care institution. We aimed to increase the frequency of skin cleaning and used a count- down mechanism to wait for the disinfectant to dry. According to our findings, the improvement effect was good. Currently, the plan is being implemented in other parallel wards.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Acceptance of skin products in healthcare workers: an empirical investigation.

BackgroundHealthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of developing hand eczema (HE). This can be exacerbated by hygiene measures related to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Using mild skin cleansers and emollients or moisturizers is central in the prevention of HE—especially with increased COVID-19 hygiene regimes.AimsThis study aimed to assess parameters important for the acceptance of a skincare concept in HCWs.MethodsIn this proof-of-concept user trial, HCWs were provided ad libitum with hand wash oil and hand cream during the 6-month period, when occupationally acquired COVID-19 infections among HCWs were peaking in Germany and then surveyed about acceptance of the products using questionnaires.ResultsOf 135 HCWs, 115 (85%) responded. Skin tolerance of the hand wash oil and the hand cream was rated very good by 63% and 52% of the 115 participants, respectively. Of the 115 participants, 58% and 57% were very satisfied with the hand wash oil and the hand cream, respectively.ConclusionsAcceptance of skin cleansing and skincare products in HCWs seems influenced by parameters such as self-assessed skin tolerance and self-reported overall satisfaction. It must be assumed that products are only used as recommended if they are well-accepted. Employers might survey employees about acceptance of products using the parameters identified to adjust concepts if necessary to sustainably contribute to the prevention of HE.

Long-Term Social Effects of Colonisation on the Culture of the Colonised

The study set out to check what has become, years after decolonisation, of the long-term social features that were introduced at gun point into the culture of the colonised during the colonisation years. The data were collected via a 26- item questionnaire that focused on key cultural elements including food, body modification, dressing, language, religion, marriage, and naming. A total of 300 informants were contacted of which 110 were male and 190 were females, with 170 educated in French and 130 in French. They were students majoring in English on the one hand, and science-oriented students specialising in mechanical, electrical, computer, insurance, and banking engineering and learning business English on the other hand. The analysis revealed that, for each cultural token tested, there was a tendency for the colonised to mimic the coloniser. Imported meals were eaten regularly, body lotions were produced by the coloniser, the wigs they wore were made with the coloniser’s natural hair, clothes thrown away by the coloniser were bought, the coloniser’s language was widespread, artificial nails resembling the coloniser’s were gummed on the colonised fingers, the faith of the coloniser was adopted by some people, emphasis was put on church marriage by some people, polygamy was rejected by some people following the injunctions of their pastors, and names were taken from a repertoire drawn up by the coloniser. In short, several years after decolonisation, the social cultural features that the coloniser imposed at gun point on the colonised parents were joyfully adopted by the colonised, to the point that the latter spends huge sums of money to acquire these features that make him or her look like the coloniser.

Technical note: A comparison between rehydrating solutions in the pretreatment of mummified and corified skin for forensic microscopic examination

Microscopic examination of mummified or corified skin may be of extreme importance for forensic purposes. However, standard histological samples in these cases are low-end, and preparation is burdened by several problems and so are diagnostic results: an improvement of these types of specimens is therefore advantageous. This study aims to identify the best performing rehydration solution among a fabric softener, a body lotion, and Sandison’s rehydrating solution. Samples of skin undergoing mummification or corification were collected from 25 corpses and each sample was divided into 4 fragments: one of these fragments was directly fixated in 4% formalin, one was previously treated with a tissue softener, another one was previously treated with a body lotion, and the last one was treated with Sandison’s solution. After 72 h, the pretreated samples were post-fixated in 4% formalin and then prepared for standard histological examination staining the histological slides with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson’s trichrome. At the microscopic examination, samples directly fixated in formalin were characterized by usual marked structural alterations and altered stainability, typical of such dry tissues. Vice versa, those previously treated appeared to be better-preserved even though with different improvement levels: body lotion made a medium–low-grade restoration of the tissues, and fabric softener a high-grade restoration, while Sandison’s rehydrating solution produced an optimal grade restoration. Sandison’s rehydrating solution was confirmed to be the best rehydrating substance for mummified and corified skin. Fabric softener could be, however, considered a valid substitute, being productive of high-grade microscopic yield.

HAND AND BODY LOTION FORMULATION OF AVOVO SKIN EXTRACT (PERSEA FREESIMA GAERTN) AS A MOISTURIZER

Avocados have been used by the community for generations as traditional medicinal ingredients. Avocado (Persea Americana Mill) is a plant that contains many compounds that are antioxidants. Flavonoids and tannins are compounds that have antioxidant activity which are suspected as sunscreens. Research Objectives To determine the concentration of avocado skin extract (Persea Gratissima Gaertn) 3%, 5%, 7% as hand and body lotion. Laboratory experimental research. Based on the results of the one-way ANOVA test that was used to analyze the avocado peel extract as skin flexion at blank concentrations of 3% concentration, 5% concentration and 7% way concentration, the mean Squaer result was 0.333 with results 0.052 &gt; 0.05. it can be said that the results of the table above indicate that avocado skin can be used as skin moisture. Conclusion Based on the results of community tests conducted by the three hand and body lotion formulas, avocado skin extract that has been stored for 28 days of storage shows that the skin of the fruit can be used as moisture skin.

Formulation and Physicochemical Evaluation of Green Cosmeceutical Herbal Face Cream Containing Standardized Mangosteen Peel Extract

The widely reported adverse effects of synthetic ingredients encourage the development of green cosmeceuticals to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3. The waste product of mangosteen (mangosteen peel) was utilized in the formulation to reduce waste production corresponding to SDG 12, in addition to its anti-aging and pigmentation control effects. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate novel herbal face creams containing standardized mangosteen peel extract. The mangosteen creams were formulated using natural ingredients and were evaluated for their organoleptic characteristics, rheology, spreadability and pH. Furthermore, an accelerated stability study, freeze–thaw stability study and centrifugation test were conducted. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays were conducted to assess its antioxidant effects, whereas tyrosinase inhibitory assay was conducted to determine its anti-tyrosinase activity. The formulated creams appeared light yellowish-brown and homogenous without phase separation. The creams displayed shear-thinning behavior and optimal pH which was ideal for topical application. The creams were stable after being subjected to various stability tests and were shown to have antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity. In conclusion, the development of mangosteen-based green cosmeceutical face cream is in line with SDG 3 and 12. It is expected to be used as a safe and effective alternative to synthetic products.

Performance and Acceptability of a New Dexpanthenol-Containing Hand Cream in Subjects with Sensitive and Very Dry Skin: A Randomized Controlled Study

A new dexpanthenol-containing hand cream (ND-HC) was developed for people with dry, sensitive, and/or environmentally stressed hands. To explore the performance and acceptability of ND-HC, we conducted a randomized, intraindividual comparison study in 40 healthy adult subjects with sensitive and very dry skin on the hands. Instrumental measurements determined the effects on stratum corneum (SC) hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after single and/or 4 weeks’ use of ND-HC. Single and continued at least four times daily applications of ND-HC to very dry skin of the hand for 4 weeks triggered significant increases in SC hydration. On day 29, the mean change in skin capacitance from baseline was significantly greater when ND-HC was applied to the test area compared with the untreated area on the contralateral hand (12.41 vs. 4.46 a.u.; p &lt; 0.001). Upon use of ND-HC over 4 weeks, mean TEWL decreased significantly (bilateral difference: −1.8 vs. 1.0 g/m2/h; p = 0.003), indicating an improvement in SC barrier function. A reduction in dry hand symptoms was observed over the study course. ND-HC was well tolerated and achieved a high level of acceptance and satisfaction. Our findings suggest that ND-HC complies with the required features of a state-of-the-art hand cream.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) Bark Essential Oil as Raw Material for Skin Cream and Anti-Bacterial

Research has been carried out to identify the essential oil components of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) which will be used in the manufacture of face creams and to test its inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Cinnamon bark essential oil was separated by steam distillation method. The essential oils obtained were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and infrared spectra. The GC-MS chromatogram of cinnamon bark essential oil yielded 3 peaks. The compound that has the largest retention time and concentration is 1,3 octadien-3-ol (linalool). Analysis of absorption data in the infrared spectrum resulted in 3 specific bonds, namely C=O (aldehyde), C=C (aliphatic), and C=N (imin) groups. The results of the formulation and characteristic test of cinnamon bark essential oil cream, all formulations met the National Standard, namely pH 7, adhesion 28.61 seconds, spreadability of 6.1 cm. Inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus was tested using the diffusion method. The greatest inhibitory power was found at a concentration of 15% with a clear zone formed of 2.15 mm.

A national survey of skin health in nursing personnel.

Hand dermatitis is a well-established occupational risk in nursing staff. To explore skin health in nursing staff and to develop resources and recommendations to promote good skincare at work. Cross-sectional survey. We analysed data from 1,545 surveys. Forty-six percent reported 'poor' skin health and the majority (93%) experienced at least one skin problem over the previous 12 months, with only 22% seeking help from their employer. Only 2% took time off work due to skin problems, with many expressing concerns that taking sick leave would be viewed negatively by others. Over half (53%) had reduced or stopped using antibacterial rubs and soap, and 18% had reduced the use of gloves. Most respondents used hand cream and over half used products they had purchased themselves. Only 42% received skin health care information from employers, with fewer (26%) receiving training on how to identify early signs of skin disease. Only 16% had access to skin surveillance in line with regulatory requirements. Only 26% of respondents were aware of the support offered by their professional nursing association. Suggestions for improving skin health included increasing publicity concerning the importance of skin health in healthcare settings, improving access to hand creams, better quality products, enhanced education and training and more involvement from Occupational Health (OH). Results confirm that poor skin health remains a persistent problem for nurses. Employers could do more to promote skin health and nurses need to be made more aware of the support and guidance offered by professional bodies.