Spring Wheat Grain Yield Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОМПЛЕКСНЫХ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВО ЗЕРНА ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЛЕСОСТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЫ АЛТАЙСКОГО КРАЯ

he effect of sowing multiple-nutrient mineral fertilizerapplication on spring wheat crops of the Astrid variety on gray forest soils of the forest-steppe zone was found. The study of the weather conditions of the growing season showed that the total amount of precipitation during the growing season was significantly lower than the average annual -158 mm as compared to 220 mm of the normal. The monthly rainfalls sharply differed from long-term ones; this had a significant impact on the formation of yield and grain quality. The application of NPK fertilizer and ammoni-um-phosphate-sulfate at a rate of 100 kg ha and ammoni-um phosphate fertilizer at a rate of 50 kg ha increased the yield of spring wheat grain by 8-66%, and the gluten con-tent in the variant with ammonium phosphate fertilizer at the level of 26-31% ascompared to 28% in the control. The payback of 1 kg of the primary nutrient of the fertilizers by grain yield gain was the highest against the background of NPK fertilizer and ammonium-phosphate-sulfate -55.0 and 40.8 kg, respectively. The protein content in wheat grain for in all fertilization variants ranged within 13.1-15.2% as compared to 13.7% in the unfertilized variant. The thou-sand-kernel weight as a result of obtaining high gains in the variants of sowing application ranged within 31.1-38.3 g; TKW below the control was in the variants with ammonium phosphate fertilizer and ammonium-phosphate-sulfate -31.1 and 33.4 g. The grain-unit belonged to Class 3 (no less than 730). It has been found that it is agronomically efficient when cultivating soft spring wheat in a temperately moist zone, on more arid years, on gray forest soils, when sowing, to apply NPK fertilizer and ammonium-phosphate-sulfate at a rate of 100 kg ha.

АГРОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НОРМАТИВНЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО ПИТАНИЯ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЛЕСОСТЕПИ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ

The authors studied the influence of different methods of using micronutrient fertilizers on the yield of spring wheat grain and established standard agrochemical indicators of mineral nutrition on the grassland-chernozem soil of the Omsk region. Use was made of helated micronutrient fertilizers (zinc and copper). Chelated micronutrient fertilizers are an organic complex of a microelement with a chelating agent, in which the microelement is freely absorbed by the plant. The advantages of chelated micronutrient fertilizers are an increase in the availability of trace elements, because these compounds are entirely supplied to the leaf during foliar feeding or during pre-sowing treatment of seeds, protection against the formation of insoluble, inaccessible, economical consumption. The experiment established that the use of zinc and copper chelates in the cultivation of spring wheat in the forest-steppe conditions of the Omsk region is effective. The best rate of zinc and copper for pre-sowing seed treatment is 200 g/t. For foliar top dressing in the tillering phase, the best rate of zinc chelate is 20 g/ha, the most effective top dressing is copper chelate at a rate of 10 g/ha, as it is less expensive in terms of the amount of the applied product. Optimizing spring wheat nutrition by using zinc and copper chelates by foliar feeding of plants in the phase of stemming provided an average increase in yield from 0.03 to 0.16 t/ha of grain (1.4–7.3% compared to control). Experiments revealed a positive effect of zinc chelate in this phase of the yield development, when zinc was used at a rate of 20 g/ha, the greatest yield increase was obtained 0.14 t/ha (2.20 t/ha in control), when using copper chelate the maximum yield was obtained at a rate of 20 g/ha. To obtain a ton of yield in the best version of Zn200, spring wheat required: N – 35.7 kg, P2О5 – 21.9 kg, K2О – 22.6 kg, Zn – 47.56 g, Cu – 5.91 kg. When treating Cu200, the removal of nutrients amounted to: N – 33.9 kg, P2О5 – 21.8 kg, K2О – 22.1 kg, Zn – 54.03 g, Cu – 4.80 g. When carrying out foliar top dressing in the tillering phase of Zn20, the removal of nutrients from a ton of crop yield amounted to: N – 35.4 kg, P2О5 – 23.4 kg, K2O – 23.4 kg, Zn – 49.7 g, Cu – 4.87 g; in the Cu10 variant it was required: N – 34.3 kg, P2O5 – 22.5 kg, K2O – 23.6 kg, Zn – 52.9 g, Cu – 4.36 g. Foliar dressing in the booting phase at a rate of Zn20 was characterized by the following per-ton removal: N – 34.6 kg, P2О5 – 25.3 kg, K2О – 24.9 kg, Zn – 65.0 g, Cu – 5.13 g, treatment with copper chelates Cu20, the removal of nutrients amounted to: N – 34.7 kg, P2О5 – 24.4 kg, K2O – 25.9 kg, Zn – 61.1 g, Cu – 6.4 g. The element utilization coefficients from the soil (EUC) accounted for: nitrogen – 87%, phosphorus – 8.0%, potassium – 6.0%, zinc – 7.0%, copper – 2.0%.

Agrotechnological assessment of the application of biological preparations and micronutrient fertilizers in spring wheat

The results of the research on the assessment of the effectiveness of the application of biological fertilizer Humistim and micronutrient fertilizers MicroFeed Complex and MicroFeed Extra Phosphorus in the cultivation of spring wheat under the conditions of Kursk Region are presented. As a result of the research, it was found that the preparations (Humistim, MicroFeed Complex and MicroFeed Extra Phosphorus) contributed to the better growth and development of spring wheat, reduced the development of leaf-stem diseases, increased the yield and quality of spring wheat grain. Thus, when treating seeds (5 l/t) and crops in the tillering phase and early booting (5 l/ha) with Humistim fertilizer, the development of septoria was 16.4 %, biological efficiency was 36.4 %, the yield of spring wheat increased by 0.55 t/ha, gluten content in the grain by 2.1%, compared with the control variant. When using micronutrient fertilizers MicroFeed Complex and MicroFeed Extra Phosphorus at a rate of 1.5 l/t for seed treatment and 1.5 l/ha for crop treatment in the tillering phase and early booting the biological efficiency was slightly lower and amounted to -32.6-33.7 %, the yield of spring wheat increased by 0.52-0.53 t/ha, the gluten content in the grain by 1.7-1.9 %. Calculations of economic efficiency showed that the treatment of seeds and crops of spring wheat with the biological fertilizer Humistim increased direct production costs by 825 rubl./ha, but due to the increase in yield, the cost of gross production increased by 6,600 rubl./ha, conditional net income by 5,775 rubl./ha, the cost of 1 ton of grain decreased by 511.55 rubles. The efficiency of using fertilizers with micronutrients MicroFeed Complex and MicroFeed Extra Phosphorus with similar methods of application was slightly lower: the value of conditional net income was 27,693.31-30,255.31 rubl./ha. MicroFeed Extra Phosphorus fertilizer provided a minimum increase in conditional net income 2,940 rubles/ha, which is due to its higher cost.

Influence of mineral fertilizers and seeding rates on the yield and quality of spring wheat grain

The article presents the results of field research conducted in 2018-2019 on leached Chernozem of the Volga forest-steppe. The objects of research are varieties of spring wheat-Tulaykovskaya 10, Yoldyz and Tulaykovskaya 108. At different seeding rates of 5.0 and 5.5 million germinating seeds per ha, the effect of mineral fertilizers on 1 ha was studied. They were represented by a complete mineral fertilizer (azofoska) and fertilizing with a mineral nitrogen fertilizer in the tillering phase at doses of 30, 60 and 90 kg of AD/ha against this background. Analysis of the yield of spring wheat varieties indicates that the harvest of grain variety Yoldyz in variants with a seeding rate of 5.5 million germinating seeds per ha against the background of the application of ammonium nitrate at a dose of 60 kg of DA (2.52 t/ha) was superior to other varieties Tulaykovskaya 10 and Tulaykovskaya 108 (2.51 and 2.46 t/ha). The maximum increase in seed productivity when adding ammonium nitrate in the tillage phase of the crop was in Tulaykovskaya 10 variety (0.34 t/ha), the lowest in the Yoldyz variety (0.06 t/ha) compared to the variant with amofoska application in the pre-sowing cultivation. When increasing the doses of nitrogen fertilizers there was an increase in the water content of all the studied varieties by 1-3 PCs. While increasing the seeding rate from 5.0 to 5.5 million germinating seeds per 1 ha the number of grains in the ear changed on average for varieties by 1-2 PCs. Of all the studied varieties, the largest mass of 1,000 grains was in the Yoldyz variety (40.56 g) after azofoska application in the presowing cultivation + N60 during tillering at a seeding rate of 5.0 million germinating seeds per 1 ha, the smallest in the Tulaykovskaya 108 variety (37.87 g) after azofoska application at a dose of 0.15 t/ha at a seeding rate of 5.0 million germinating seeds per 1 ha.

Ecological differentiation of arable layers of leached chernozem and crop yields

The paper contains the materials of long-term research connected with studying the fertility inhomogeneity of the arable soil layer. The duration of cultivation, weather conditions, soil cultivation methods leave their imprint on the fertility of parts of the arable layer. It is revealed that effective fertility of the arable layer decreases from the top down, and the longer the nonmouldboard cultivation is used, the lower the fertility of lower layers. Plowing provides mixing of soil layers of the arable layer and creates a homogeneous layer by fertility, although the differentiation of the layers by their fertility exists even in case of plowing, but less pronounced. The maximum yield of spring wheat grain grown on the soil from different layers is observed in the variant from the 0-10 cm layer, and the minimum - in the variant from the 20-30 cm layer. Mixing of parts of the arable layer helps to smooth out and increase effective fertility of the root-inhabited soil. It is necessary to approach differentially when selecting a soil cultivation method and creating a fertile arable layer to obtain a high yield of cultivated plants.

Effects of micro-ridge-furrow with plastic mulching and bunching seeding on soil hydrothermal environment and its response to photosynthesis and grain yield of spring wheat

The relieving of drought and cold restriction on spring wheat development is one of the key factors increasing wheat yield in arid areas of central Gansu Province. A field experiment with spring wheat (Longchun No. 35) was carried out in central Gansu Province from 2016 to 2018. There were three treatments: 1) micro-ridge-furrow with whole field plastic mulching and bunching seeding (PRF), 2) whole field soil plastic mulching and bunching seeding (PMS), 3) bunching seeding without mulching (CK). We measured soil temperature in 0-25 cm profile, soil water content in 0-300 cm profile, leaf SPAD, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, aboveground biomass in different growth stages, and grain yield to understand the effect of PRF on soil hydrothermal environment, spring wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE) from the aspect of soil hydrothermal, canopy development and grain yield. The results showed that mean soil temperature in 0-25 cm profile of PRF and PMS increased by 2.8 ℃ and 2.5 ℃ at the seedling stage, decreased by 1.4 ℃ and 0.9 ℃ from filling to maturity stage, respectively. Soil water storage in 0-300 cm profile of PRF and PMS increased by 59.7 mm and 41.8 mm from sowing to seedling stage. Water consumption of PRF and PMS increased by 46.1 mm and 39.8 mm from seedling to filling stage. PRF increased average soil temperature in 0-25 cm profile by 0.3 ℃ at seedling stage, but decreased by 0.5 ℃ from filling to maturity stage, and increased soil water storage in 0-300 cm profile by 18.0 mm from sowing to seedling stage. PMF increased water consumption by 13.0 mm from booting to maturing stage, as compared with PMS. Based on the optimizated soil hydrothermal conditions, leaf SPAD value, aboveground biomass, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate of PRF increased, as compared with PMS and CK. The PRF increased grain yield by 9.1% and 36.5%, WUE by 5.9% and 30.8% compared to PMS and CK, respectively. Consequently, PRF increased soil temperature at wheat seedling stage, reduced it from filling to maturing stage, improved wheat water consumption from sowing to filling stage, increased leaf SPAD value and aboveground biomass, promoted photosynthetic function in leaf from seedling to filling stage, and consequently led to increased yield and water utilization. Such effects were more significant in dry year (2016 and 2017).

Yield components, reproductive allometry and the tradeoff between grain yield and yield stability in dryland spring wheat

Abstract Yield improvement for smallholder farmers in developing countries via crop breeding has been slow, in part because breeders have focused primarily on higher yields rather than stability of yield across environments. We investigated the relationships between (i) grain yield and yield-component traits, (ii) grain yield and yield stability, and (iii) reproductive (R) and vegetative (V) biomass in a field experiment with 18 spring wheat genotypes varying from landraces to recently-released breeding lines in a semiarid region under three different levels of precipitation. Genotypic differences in grain yield varied with the environment. The relationship between grain yield and yield components was also dependent on the environment, making it difficult to identify early-screening parameters for use in breeding programs. A genotype main effects and genotype by environment interaction effect analysis (GGE) showed a negative relationship between mean grain yield and yield stability across environments. There were significant differences among genotypes in the allometric exponent of the R-V relationship (slope of the log R – log V relationship). For the three highest yielding but less stable genotypes, this slope value was > 1, while the five lowest yielding, but more stable genotypes, it was

Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizers and Biopreparations on Productivity and Quality of Spring Wheat Grain

The results of research on the influence of biologics based on rhizosphere microorganisms on the yield of spring wheat grain on different backgrounds of mineral nutrition on sod-podzolic light-loamy soil are presented. It was found that inoculation of spring wheat seeds with biologics provides an increase in grain yield by 1.2–1.3 times, while nitrogen fertilizer at doses of N45 and N90 provide increases by two and 3.5 times, respectively. The collection of raw protein due to the improvement of nitrogen nutrition increases with the introduction of N45 by two times and with N90 by 3.6 times; that with the use of biological products is by 25–45%. The vast majority of the nitrogen consumed accumulated in the grain, while less in the straw. The grain of spring wheat, while improving the supply of nitrogen to plants during the growing season, contained 76–81% of thiselement from the accumulated harvest. It is concluded that the use of biologics on sod-podzolic light-loamy soil has a positive effect on the growth of spring wheat grain mass, improves the quality of products, and increases the payback of mineral fertilizers by increasing the yield.

Исследование различных технологических приемов применения биопрепарата ЖФБ на яровой пшенице

Abstract. The purpose of the research was to determine the most effective technological method of applying the LPB biological preparation on spring wheat crops. Research methodology and methods. Studies were conducted on sod-podzolic soil in 2017–2019 in the Tver region. The composition of the LPB includes agronomically useful microflora (from n×109 to n×1012 CFU/ml), physiologically active substances, a complex of macro- and micronutrients. The following technological techniques were studied: seed treatment before sowing, double foliar treatment of vegetating plants, and combining these techniques. Results. All the studied technological methods of application of LPB contributed to an increase in the yield of spring wheat grain. The highest yield on average for three years of research was obtained by combining the methods of seed treatment with a 1% solution of LPB and foliar treatment plants at a dose of 3 l/ha – 2.96 t/ha (in the control of 2.63 t/ha). The maximum yield is formed primarily by increasing the productivity of stems (95 %). In addition, the use of LPB in all research variants contributed to a significant increase in the number of grains in the ear by 1.2–1.9 PCs, there was a tendency to increase the mass of 1000 grains. Observed an increase in the nitrogen content in the soil in the variants with the introduction of LPB due to the activation of the nitrogen-transforming microflora, which is confirmed by correlations. The increase in nitrogen nutrition of wheat and the biochemical processes that take place in plants under the influence of LFB, led to an increase in the protein content of wheat grain. Scientific novelty. A new promising biological product of the LPB is proposed, for which the most effective agrotechnological method of application for spring wheat crops is selected, which allows to increase the yield of this crop, its quality, as well as improve the agrochemical and microbiological parameters of the soil.

Effects of soil‐plastic mulching on water consumption characteristics and grain yield of spring wheat in a semi‐arid area

AbstractRegulating the water consumption characteristics of crops is an important way to achieve efficient water use and develop water‐saving agriculture in semi‐arid rainfed areas. Using spring wheat cv. Longchun 27 as test material, a field experiment involved two treatments: (i) whole‐field soil plastic mulching and bunch seeding (PM); (ii) uncovered and bunch seeding (CK). The results showed that soil water storage in the 0–300 cm profile for PM was higher than that of CK. Before the jointing stage, the periodic water consumption, water consumption modulus coefficient and water consumption intensity of PM were lower than CK by 10.7–36.2 mm, 19.8–52.4% and 9.1–52.7%; However, from jointing to heading, they were correspondingly higher by 15.8–21.8 mm, 19.5–34.1% and 18.2–32.9% (P < 0.05). The above‐ground biomass, crop growth rate and water consumption efficiency of PM were significantly higher than that of CK. Based on the significantly increased spike length, grain number per spike and 1000‐grain weight, PM increased grain yield by 8.9–22.8%, and WP by 9.9–25.2% without significant change of evapotranspiration, as compared with CK. Consequently, PM regulated the water consumption characteristics of spring wheat, resulting in significantly increased water productivity and grain yield. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Conservation tillage increases yield and precipitation use efficiency of wheat on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

Drought is a major limiting factor for rainfed spring wheat production on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. Suitable tillage practices are important for improving precipitation use efficiency (PUE), which is the ratio of grain yield to annual precipitation. To obtain a better understanding of the effects of conservation tillage practices on PUE on the semiarid Loess Plateau, PUE was divided into five steps: precipitation storage efficiency, farmland water consumption rate, ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration, crop transpiration efficiency, and harvest index. Six tillage practices were assessed in this paper, including conventional tillage with no straw (T), no-till with straw cover (NTS), no-till with no straw (NT), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), conventional tillage with plastic mulch (TP), and no-till with plastic mulch (NTP), based on a long-term experiment initiated in 2001. The impact of tillage practices on soil quality, soil water storage, soil evaporation, biomass yield, and grain yield of spring wheat were monitored in 2015 and 2016. The results show that NTS improved soil quality and soil water storage before sowing. No-till with plastic mulch and NTS increased evapotranspiration but decreased evaporation, thus optimizing precipitation storage efficiency, the farmland water consumption rate, the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration, and crop transpiration efficiency, which gave rise to greater aboveground dry matter accumulation and more dry matter accumulation in grain. As a result, grain yield under NTS and NTP was significantly increased by 45 and 41 % compare to T, respectively, with corresponding improvements in PUE of 43 and 39 %. Therefore, both NTS and NTP have potential to substantially increase grain yield of spring wheat and PUE. However, for sustainable intensification in the long-run, NTS is the best combination of tillage and soil surface management for spring wheat production on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.

Influence of soil tillage, fertilizers and biostimulants on the yield of spring wheat in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga

A three-factor field experiment (tillage and fertilizer systems, biostimulants) was carried out in the Samara region in 2016 and 2017 on two experimental fields in crop rotation: bare fallow – winter wheat – spring wheat – sunflower. There were two main tillage systems: minimum tillage and No-Till; two soil fertilizer systems: without and with fertilizer (N12P52); liquid mineral fertilizer and biostimulants: control, Megamix N10, Aminocat 10% + Raykat Growth. In 2016, the yield of spring wheat on plots with No-Till was 10% higher, and in wet and cool 2017 it was 5% lower than in wheat crops with minimal tillage. In 2017 in experiments with soil fertilizer (N12P52) the grain number per spike increased by 37% (No-Till), and grain yield of spring wheat – by 23% (minimum tillage), in 2016 respectively by 13-15% and 14% (No-Till and minimum tillage) compared to plots without soil fertilizer. In 2017 (2016) in experiments with Megamix N10 the number of productive tillers per plant increased by 5 (2)%, thousand grain weight by 12 (2)%, grain yield by 12 (6)%; with Aminocat + Raykat Growth by 7 (10)%, 22 (4)% and 44 (14)%, respectively, compared to plots without their use. Minimum soil tillage and No-Till create favorable conditions for the development of weeds, diseases and pests in spring wheat crops. This necessitates the use of herbicides, fungicides and insecticides in its cultivation.

Density of soil composition using various methods of processing crops of spring wheat in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan

The article presents results of the study of the soil density composition and the yield of spring wheat grain depending on the methods of processing gray forest soil of the Republic of Tatarstan. The high density of soil composition among all the options is the option with direct sowing in the 0-10 cm layer of 1.18 g / cm3, in the 10-20 cm layer 1.27 g / cm3. In the options for stubble plowing with subsequent plowing the indicators were 1.13 and 1.22 g / cm3, respectively. By the phase of getting into the tube and before harvesting spring wheat, the soil bulk density increased in all variants of soil cultivation. The minimum values of the soil bulk density were noted for the options “stubble cultivation + plowing” and amounted to 1.18 and 1.26 g / cm3 in the 0-10 cm layer, 1.27 and 1.30 g / cm3 in the 10-20 cm layer. In the variant with direct sowing, these indicators were 1.25 and 1.31 g / cm3 in the 0-10 cm layer, 1.32 and 1.36 g / cm3 in the 10-20 cm layer. In a layer of 10-20 cm, the density of soil composition, depending on the methods of tillage, increased to 1.27-1.32 g / cm3, before harvesting 1.30-1.35 g / cm3, while the regularity between control and direct sowing have been preserved. The maximum grain yield (3.59 t / ha) and high economic efficiency of spring wheat cultivation were obtained from the use of shallow loosening of the soil with a KSN-3 unit in combination with loosening after a year.

The effectiveness of direct sowing technology in the cultivation of spring wheat in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region

The article presents the results of the effectiveness studies of No-till technology on chernozem in a typical forest-steppe zone of the Volga region. Research has shown that No-till technology provides water, agrophysical and agrochemical properties of soil that are favourable for plant growth while effectively controlling weeds. There is also a tendency to increase the yield and product quality. According to our estimates, direct sowing increases the yield of spring wheat grain by 0.5 kg/ha, the mass fraction of gluten from 13.6% to 15.0%, the mass fraction of protein from 11.0% to 11.6% in comparison with traditional technology.

Реакция яровой пшеницы на внесение соломы озимой ржи в севообороте с разными видами пара

The yield data of spring wheat cultivated in a crop rotation after winter rye with straw entering is presented. The work is part of the research of stationary field experiment on the study of primary tillage systems (factor A): dump (control), and non-moldboard. The experimental design (factor B) represents different types of fallows (2014) in combination with the introduction of winter rye straw in 2015 and 2018: 1 — pure fallow (control); 2 — pure fallow + straw; 3 — pure fallow + cattle manure 60 t/ha; 4 — pure fallow + manure + straw; 5 — green-manured fallow (white mustard) + straw; 6 — green-manured fallow (clover 1 year of use) + straw. Types of fallow with straw are split (factor C) by the addition of nitrogen. The straw introduction in the rotation with clean fallow reduced the wheat yield, regardless of the tillage system and the nitrogen introduction at the beginning of rotation by 4.8%, at the end — 15.6%. The use of green-manured mustard and clover fallows, the manure introduction into fallow reduced the depressive effect of straw on wheat productivity by 4.8–13.3% in comparison with the control, and by 10.2–19.1% in the combination of straw with pure fallow. When straw was re-applied, wheat yield on green-manured fallow was at the control level — pure fallow and was 17.2–15.9% higher than the variant of combining straw with pure fallow. The introduction of straw in combination with manured fallow contributed to the formation of the highest grain yield of spring wheat. Non-moldboard tillage with a surface incorporation of straw contributed to a decrease in wheat productivity by 0.41–0.31 t/ha in comparison with the plowdown of straw. The introduction of nitrogen against this background ensured the formation of spring wheat productivity at the level of dump tillage: 2.78 and 2.88 t/ha. The elimination of nitrogen during non-moldboard tillage significantly reduced the wheat yield.

Formation of yield and quality of spring wheat grain after foliage application in the Saratov trans-Volga region

The features of changing the productivity of spring wheat under the influence of weather conditions and after foliar application with humic acid fertilizers, mineral and organic-mineral fertilizers are considered. It is shown that at 56% of the norm of precipitation for vegetation and air temperatures fall above the annual average by 4–7 ° C, the yield of spring wheat decreases by 0.85 t / ha or by 41%. After three-year experiments, it was noted that, under the influence of the studied agricultural practices, the yield of spring wheat increases as well as the grain quality of this crop. The highest yield was in the variants after application of Biocomplex and Biohumus; it was 1.76 and 1.71 t / ha, respectively, which is 29.4 and 25.7% higher than the control. Organic and mineral fertilizers containing a complex of microelements and organic acids had a greater effect. Thus, the protein content was up to 17.6%, dry gluten – up to 30.8%, raw gluten – 33.5%, IDK was 78.2 units.

Predicting spring wheat yields based on water use-yield production function in a semi-arid climate

Grain yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fluctuates greatly in Western Loess Plateau of China due to limited and highly variable precipitation. Farmers in this area need a simple tool to predict spring wheat grain yield and assess yield loss risk efficiently. The objectives of this study were to establish relations between water use and grain yield of spring wheat for predicting actual yield and attainable yield (water limited yield) under conventional management practice and mulching practices. Reference data during 1993-2013 and field experiment conducted from 1987 to 2011 were used to determine water use-yield production function and boundary function for spring wheat. Probability of achieving a given spring wheat grain yield threshold is determined based on available soil water content at sowing plus expected precipitation during growing season. Single linear equation was obtained with slope of 14.6 kg ha-1 mm-1 and x intercept at 126.3 mm for spring wheat water use-yield production function with different wheat varieties under varying climatic patterns. The slopes of the boundary function were 16.2 kg ha-1 mm-1 and 19.1 kg ha-1 mm-1 under conventional management practice and mulching practices, respectively. With increase of available soil water content at sowing, the probability of achieving at least 2000 and 4000 kg ha-1 of spring wheat for actual and attainable yield increased under different agricultural management practices.

Genotype x environment interaction and genetic gain for grain yield and grain quality traits in Turkish spring wheat released between 1964 and 2010.

The study was conducted to determine the effects of genotype (G), environment (E), their interaction (GEI) and genetic gain on yield and grain quality traits in Turkish spring wheat cultivars released between 1964 and 2010. We conducted a multi-environment trial at three testing locations: Adana, Adapazarı, and Izmir, during the 2009, 2011 and 2013 cropping seasons and tested 35 cultivars released by the respective breeding programs. Allelic variations of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS and LMW-GS) and 1B/1R translocation was also determined and evaluated in all cultivars. Comparing yield across three locations, Adana (6416 kg ha-1) yield was relatively higher than in Izmir (5887 kg ha-1) and Adapazarı (5205 kg ha-1) (P<0.001). Overall, GY was influenced by the varieties, testing location and breeding programs (P<0.001). Cultivars from Izmir breeding program performed relatively better (6174 kg ha-1) than those from Adana (5996 kg ha-1) and Adapazarı (5351 kg ha-1) (<0.001). We recommend Ziyabey-98, Menemen, and Basribey-95, for stable grain yield in spring wheat production across the studied regions because of their wide adaptability, and Pamukova-97 for future breeding to improve grain quality parameters. We found three breeding programs have successfully increased the grain yield and quality traits for 46 years. As a group, cultivars released after 2000 had the highest yield indicating breeding progress. Genetic gain for GY was 30.9 kg ha−1 per year from 1964 with annual increase compared to the yield of older cultivar Akova B-2 (4102 kg ha-1) which constitutes a 0.75% rate of genetic gain. Improvement in grain quality was related to change in protein composition rather than an increase in protein content whereas yield improvement seems to mainly be related to increases in test weight and 1000 kernel weight. High molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) 5+10 showed an increase in frequency whereas 2+12 showed a decrease over the breeding period.

Soil Microbial Biomass and Fungi Reduced With Canola Introduced Into Long-Term Monoculture Wheat Rotations.

With increasing canola (Brassica napus L.) acreage in the Inland Pacific Northwest of the USA, we investigated the effect of this relatively new rotational crop on soil microbial communities and the performance of subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops. In a 6-year on-farm canola-wheat rotation study conducted near Davenport, WA, grain yields of spring wheat (SW) following winter canola (WC) were reduced an average of 17% compared to SW yields following winter wheat (WW). Using soil samples collected and analyzed every year from that study, the objective of this research was to determine the differences and similarities in the soil microbial communities associated with WC and WW, and if those differences were associated with SW yield response. Microbial biomass and community composition were determined using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). The WC-associated microbial community contained significantly less fungi, mycorrhizae, and total microbial biomass than WW. Additionally, reduced fungal and mycorrhizal abundance in SW following WC suggests that the canola rotation effect can persist. A biocidal secondary metabolite of canola, isothiocyanate, may be a potential mechanism mediating the decline in soil microbial biomass. These results demonstrate the relationship between soil microbial community composition and crop productivity. Our data suggest that WC can have significant effects on soil microbial communities that ultimately drive microbially mediated soil processes.

ВЛИЯНИЕ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОЙ БИОМАССЫ РАСТЕНИЙ И ПРИЕМОВ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ НА АГРОФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ПОЧВЫ И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ КУЛЬТУР В ЗВЕНЕ СЕВООБОРОТА

The saturation of the soil with organic residues, the introduction of straw from the precursor and the harvest siderate stimulated the biological activity of the soil, and the use of various types of basic soil treatment changed the agrophysical properties of the soil. The results of research have found that the introduction of greenhouse siderate and straw contributed to maintaining the optimal density of the soil in the crop rotation link, and the combined treatment provided better conditions than in plowing. On the same variants, a decrease in the soil hardness occurred, positively influenced the formation of structural aggregates. For combined tillage, the content of structural aggregates on the background of mineral fertilizer application in the 0-20 cm layer exceeded the options with plowing by 5.2%, with the use of crop green manure by 3.2% and with the use of straw by 2.5%. For the combined tillage after winter rye, the cultivation of arable land was 19.7 - 22.8%, after pea - 17.3-19.7%, after spring wheat - 20.9-23.7%. For plowing options, these figures were 21.0-24.4, 19.6-21.4 and 23.5-26.0%. The maximum grain yield of winter rye (4.37 tons per hectare), pea (2.42 tons per hectare) and spring wheat (3.37 tons per hectare) was obtained on the variants of combined tillage and food backgrounds with the introduction of crop siderate.