Glucose Levels In Type Research Articles

Species-dependent impact of immunosuppressive squalene-gusperimus nanoparticles and adipose-derived stem cells on isolated human and rat pancreatic islets

ABSTRACT Transplantation of pancreatic islets is a promising approach to controlling glucose levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but islet survival is still limited. To overcome this, islet co-culture with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) together with safe immunosuppressive agents like squalene-gusperimus nanoparticles (Sq-GusNPs) may be applied. This could support islet survival and engraftment. Here, we studied how Sq-GusNPs and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) influence islets response under pro-inflammatory conditions. Through qRT-PCR, we studied the expression of specific genes at 24 hours in human and rat islets and ASCs in co-culture under indirect contact with or without treatment with Sq-GusNPs. We characterized how the response of islets and ASCs starts at molecular level before impaired viability or function is observed and how this response differs between species. Human islets and ASCs responses showed to be principally influenced by NF-κB activation, whereas rat islet and ASCs responses showed to be principally mediated by nitrosative stress. Rat islets showed tolerance to inflammatory conditions due to IL-1Ra secretion which was also observed in rat ASCs. Human islets induced the expression of cytokines and chemokines with pro-angiogenic, tissue repair, and anti-apoptotic properties in human ASCs under basal conditions. This expression was not inhibited by Sq-GusNPs. Our results showed a clear difference in the response elicited by human and rat islets and ASCs in front of an inflammatory stimulus and Sq-GusNPs. Our data support the use of ASCs and Sq-GusNP to facilitate engraftment of islets for T1DM treatment.

Effect of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Sleep Pattern and Blood Glucose Level in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Introduction: Our physical, mental, and emotional well-being require normal sleep. Disturbances in sleep quality and quantity can result in metabolic disorders. Sleep fragmentation increases sympathetic activity which leads to decreased insulin sensitivity. Obstructive sleep apnea causes sleep fragmentation. That is why this study attempt is made to find the effect of obstructive sleep apnea on sleep pattern and blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes patients. Materials and Method: Depending on the severity of the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) recorded by polysomnography, each, volunteer were divided into two groups, a) AHI>10 groups, and b) AHI≤10 groups. Then the comparison of all the parameters between AHI>10 and AHI≤10 groups of diabetic participants was done. Results: In participants of AHI≤ 10 groups, Sleep efficiency%, Mean TBI SPo2%, sleep Stage III%, and REM% are significantly higher as compared to AHI>10 groups. In participants of the AHI>10 groups, sleep Stage I%, the score of ESS, and fasting blood glucose level are significantly higher as compared to AHI≤ 10 groups. Conclusions: Increasing AHI is associated with reduced sleep efficiency; a sleep stage of N3%, and a REM sleep phase, which lead to an increase in fasting blood glucose levels in the diabetic group.

HUBUNGAN ASUPAN JENIS BERAS TERHADAP KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH SEWAKTU PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELLITUS TIPE II

Type II DM is a metabolic disease characterized by increase blood glucose level is caused secretion insulin dysfunction and insulin resistance. An increase in the incidence of DM can occur because of an unbalanced diet. Aim this study to determine the relationship of rice type intake with random blood glucose levels in type II DM patients. This study was a cross sectional analytic study which was conducted from September until November 2020 at the Puskesmas Denpasar Barat I and II. The sample in this study were patients with type II DM who met the inclusion criteria is a patient with a consuming rice, and a patient without using insulin. Exclusion criteria were a patient without consuming rice. Samples were obtained using simple random sampling technique and obtained 31 samples that met the inclusion criteria. The study was conducted by asking the sample for informed consent and asking sample to fill out an online questionnaire that contain food intake that the sample consumes in a day. Normality test is using Saphiro-wilk test and bivariate analysis with Rank-Spearman test. White rice type intake was 61,3%, red rice type intake was 35,5% and black rice type was 3,2%. Carbohydrate of rice intake in women amounted to 95,281 grams and in men 101, 810 grams. Calorie intake per day for women was 1226,0 kcal and in men was 1300,6 kcal. From analysis result there is a relationship between rice type intake, calorie, and carbohydrate with random blood glucose level (p= 0,000, p= 0,000, p= 0,000). Strength of correlation (r= 0,717, r= 0,945, r= 0,945). There is a significant relationship between rice type intake on random blood glucose level with a strong correlation.

Lakuto on Blood Glucose Level in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in the blood because the pancreas is unable to produce insulin. The risk factors that led to diabetes mellitus are reversible and irreversible. The study was aimed at recognizing the effect that pumpkin and tomato pudding (lakuto) have on decreasing blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetesmellitus in Puskesmas Padang Selasa Palembang. It is a quantitative research using quasi-experiment design with pretest and posttest with two groups design. The subjects were mostly 61-70 years old and female. Average levels of blood glucose before treatment are 329,33 mg/dl in the treatment group and 314,07 mg/dl in the control groups. Whereas the average blood glucose level after treatment was 301,43 mg/dl in the treatment group and 304,00 mg/dl in the control groups. The result showed the effects of pumpkin and tomato pudding (lakuto) on blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus type 2 in Puskesmas Padang Selasa Palembang (p-value=0,000). This suggests that pumpkin and tomato pudding (lakuto) may lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PENGARUH JUS BUAH NAGA MERAH TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GULA DARAH PADA PASIEN DIABETES MILETUS TIPE 2 DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS MELUR KECAMATAN SUKAJADI KOTA PEKANBARU

Diabetes melitus (DM) a disease characterized by hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism associated with absolute or relative deficiency of insulin action and/or secretion. Red Pitaya Fruit can be used as a balancer of glucose levels because it contains a variety of 2 kinds of antioxidant that is vitamin C, betakaroten dan flavonoid (quercetin, kaempferol, and isoramnetin). The purpose of this research is to find out The Effect of Red Pitaya Fruit Juice on Reducing glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Melur Public Health Center Melur, Sukajadi, Pekanbaru City. Research design with quasi-experimental. This research was conducted from Maret-July 2021, population of 482 people, sample of 30 people, intervention group of 15 people, control group of 15 people. Intervention group gets Red Pitaya Fruit juice in the afternoon regularly for 1 week and control group was given an examination on the first and last day. The measuring instrument was Autocheck GCU 3in1. Data Analysis used dependent sample T-test test on the intervention group p value 0,000 (< 0,05) while the control group p value 0,068 (> 0,05). It can be concluded that there are differences in glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus who are given red pitaya fruit juice with those not given. It hoped that an alternative way to lower glucose on people with diabetes mellitus can consume red pitaya fruit juice.Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Glucose Levels, Red Pitaya Fruit Juice

Analysis of Nursing Management Unstable Blood Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a clinical syndrome of impaired metabolic secretion, insulin action, or both characterized by hyperglycemia. Various nursing problems can occur due to hyperglycemic conditions that are not handled properly. The instability of blood glucose levels is a major problem that occurs in uncontrolled DM patients. This condition can lead to various complications and complications so comprehensive treatment management is needed.
 Objectives: This study aims to explore and analyze the nursing management of unstable blood glucose levels in type 2 DM patients who were hospitalized.
 Methods: This study is a qualitative study using an exploratory case study method in diabetes mellitus patients type 2 who were hospitalized. The data obtained were processed and analyzed based on theories that explain the occurrence of the problem of instability in blood glucose levels and the nursing management carried out in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
 Results: The results of this study indicate that the main problem in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is the instability of blood glucose levels which is characterized by hyperglycemia. Nursing management carried out is monitoring blood glucose level laboratory results, management of hyperglycemia, medication management, nutrition/diet management, treatment, and care education programs can reduce blood glucose levels.
 Conclusion: The problem of blood glucose instability is a priority problem in type 2 diabetes mellitus and comprehensive nursing management will determine the success of controlling blood glucose levels so that they are normal and stable.

Insulino Mimetic Selenium in Type II Diabetes: Correlation with Blood Glucose

Background: Selenium has been reported to be insulinomimetic and to reduce blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes.Material & Methods:This study describes an inverse correlation of serum selenium with blood glucose level. This is a case control study conducted among 30 low BMI and 70 normal BMI diabetes and 50 low BMI non-diabetic controls. Serum selenium concentration was determined by atomic absorption graphite spectrophotometry.Results:Serum selenium concentration was estimated to be 44±16µg/L, 48±15µg/L and 59±33µg/L respectively in low BMI (<18.5) and normal BMI (18.5-24.9) diabetics and low BMI non-diabetics controls. A trend of inverse correlation was found between serum selenium and blood glucose levels. Serum selenium level at > 40 (41-60) µg/L was found to be inversely correlated (p<0.05) with blood glucose level.Conclusions:Lower serum selenium was observed in the diabetic patients and it was inversely correlated with blood glucose level.

Silymarin improves glycemic control through reduction of insulin resistance in newly diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To study, analyse and compare the effects of Silymarin on glycemic control and insulin resistance in newly diagnosed type 2 diaebtes mellitus (T2DM) subjects. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Suleman Roshan Medical College Hospital. Period: March 2019 to February 2020. Material & Methods: A sample of 200 newly diagnosed cases of T2DM were recruited accroding to inclusion criteria selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Subjects were divided into 2 groups; OHA- oral hypoglycemia agent and OHA+ Sillymarin (200 mg). Baseline fasting (FBG) and random blood glucose (RBG), glycated HbA1 (A1C), fasting insulin (FI) and insulin resitance (HOMA-IR) were detected. Silymarin therapy was continued for 3 months. Study variables were analysed after 3 months. Data was analyzed on SPSS (ver.19) at 95% confidence interval (P≤0.05) considered statistially significant. Results: Age of diabetics taking oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) and diaebtic taking OHA+ Silymarin supplementation was noted as 50.3±13.3 49.9±14.5 years (P=0.91). 3 months Silymarin supplementation improves the fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1 (A1C), fasting insulin and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Silymarin improves blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetics that is mediated through reduction of insulin resistance.

Probing the Therapeutic Effects of Bamboo Shoots Supplementation on Diabetic Male and Female Patients

Objectives: To check whether bamboo shoots helps to lower blood glucose level in type II diabetic patients. Methodology: Prospective experimental study was conducted in district Faisalabad from January to march 2016 after approval from ethical committee and advance study & research board University of Agriculture Faisalabad. All Samples were collected from Allied Hospital Faisalabad and Family Polyclinic Faisalabad. Both male and female with type II diabetes mellitus with different age groups (ranging from 40 to 60+ years) were included in the study and exclusion criteria were applied. Fine grinded bamboo-shoot powder prepared in UAF Lab was supplemented in cookies at different doses and was given to them. Blood sugar level was monitored at different intervals from 0 to 120 minutes. Data was recorded. Results: Study was comprised of 20 male and 20 female diabetic subjects with mean and SD age 51 ± 0.78 years. Current result revealed that blood glucose level was decreased gradually in 120 minutes of period after eating bamboo shoots supplemented cookies as compared to control group. It was noted that increased dose of bamboo shoots lowers the blood glucose concentration with significant difference. Lowest blood glucose concentration was observed after taking highest dose of bamboo shoots of 20 gram (T10 dose) (p value 0.00). The results showed highest score for G.I for T0 (79.19±2.74) and the lowest for T10 (64.68±1.78), representing the consumption bamboo shoot significantly reduces glycemic index (p value = 0.00). Conclusion: Glycemic control was improving with increasing the dose of bambooshoot in cookies.

The Effect of Indonesian Traditional Music on Stress in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels. Changes in blood glucose levels in type II diabetes mellitus patients can be influenced by many factors, one of which is changes in stress level. Patients with diabetes mellitus type II need not only pharmacology treatments but also non-pharmacology treatments and complementary therapy to reduce their stress. Music therapy is one type of complementary therapy. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of saluang, which is a form of Indonesian traditional music, on reducing the stress of type II diabetes mellitus patients. The design of this study was quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest. There were 20 participants, who were all diagnosed as type II diabetes mellitus patients. Data were collected using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). Data were analyzed using paired sample t-tests. The average stress level of the type II diabetes mellitus patients obtained before receiving saluang music therapy was 22.5 (SD 5.0), and after receiving saluang music therapy the value was 14.5 (SD 2.3); this difference was significant (p < 0.01). Therefore, we can conclude that Indonesian traditional music can be used as therapy to reduce the patient stress level. So, it is recommended that saluang be used as a complementary therapy for type II diabetes mellitus patients.
 Keywords: Indonesian traditional music, saluang, stress, type II diabetes mellitus

Efficacy and safety of SGLT-2i in overweight/obese, non-diabetic individuals: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i) has been shown to decrease blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and potentially yield additional benefits in weight loss. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of giving SGLT-2i to overweight/obese, non-diabetic individuals. The search was underpinned by PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Springer to identify English-language papers on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of SGLT-2i in overweight/obese, nondiabetic individuals published in and before March 2021, to study its effectiveness and safety. Results were evaluated by weighted mean difference (WMD), standardized mean difference (SMD), risk ratio (RR), and 95% confidence interval (CI). We reviewed 13 papers and compared the SGLT-2i group with the control group (other drugs and placebo) and found that SGLT-2i reduced weight (WMD = -1.33, p = 0.002) and waist circumference (WMD = -1.94, p = 0.03) in overweight/obese, non-diabetic individuals. The use of SGLT-2i is more effective than other interventions in terms of weight loss ≥ 5% (RR = 2.04, p < 0.001), but not in terms of weight loss ≥ 10% (RR = 1.83, p = 0.22). In addition, there were no significant changes in other metabolic parameters, like fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipids, blood pressure, etc. SGLT-2i increased the risk of infections in urinary tract (RR = 1.91, p = 0.009) and reproductive system (RR = 4.09, p < 0.001). SGLT-2i is a promising candidate to reduce weight and waist circumference to a limited extent in overweight/obese, nondiabetic individuals. Generally, it is safe and effective. However, it potentially increased the risk of urogenital infections, which cannot be ignored.

Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose as a Reliable Alternative in Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Aims and Objective:The aim of the present study was to ascertain the reliability of using salivary glucose in diagnosing and monitoring the blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetic patients and also to evaluate the salivary glucose in fasting and postprandial states and correlate with the blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c values.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on 79 Type 1 diabetic patients and 100 healthy controls. The blood and salivary glucose levels were evaluated in both study and control groups using glucose-oxidase peroxidase method.Results:There was significantly higher level of salivary glucose in diabetics than in controls. There was a positive moderate-to-strong correlation between stimulated and unstimulated salivary glucose to blood glucose in both fasting and postprandial states. The cutoff values for stimulated and unstimulated fasting salivary glucose was 5.8 mg/dl and 5.6 mg/dl, respectively. The cutoff value for stimulated and unstimulated salivary glucose in postprandial state was 10.3 mg/dl and 9.5 mg/dl, respectively.Conclusion:Salivary glucose appears to be a reliable biofluid to assess the blood glucose levels and can be a reliable alternative to blood glucose in Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients.

AACE2021-A-1048: Effect of Dietary Intake of Branched Chain Amino Acids on Type 2 Diabetic Patients Control

BCAAs up regulate glucose transporters and activate insulin secretion has been widely demonstrated. However, several researchers have suggested that excessive intake of amino acids could lead to inhibition of insulin signalling. BCAAs may induce insulin resistance through m TOR activation. insulin resistance may be linked with high intake of BCAAs, Controversies remain on whether an increase in plasma BCAA levels is a cause or consequence of insulin resistance. The aim of the study is to measure the effect of consumption of BCCAs on lipid profile and glucose level in type 2 obese diabetic patients. Participants enrolled in the study 280 patients (139 male,141 female) with type 2 diabetes for more than 5 years Attending Endocrinology out patient clinic. Written consent was obtained from all participants Anthropometric measurement (height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index Dietary assessment participants had to complete food frequency questionnaire (24 hour recall)for 5 days and analysis for branched chain amino acid intake was performed using food composition table, life style ,socio-demographic level, laboratory investigations including, fasting glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL. Mean Age 38.24±4.28 ,male 49.6%, female 50.4%, diabetes duration 8.86±2.26 years, BMI; 29.89 ±3.02, protein intake 77.75±14.76 g, Leucine 4.75±1.01g, valine 4.04±0.89 g, Isoleucine 4.09±0.92 g, fasting glucose 206.60 ±51.01mg A1C 9.33±1.18, cholesterol 238.79±40.37 mg/dl, triglycerides 103.47±14.01mg/dl LDL178.20 ±43.32 mg/dl/ HDL 44.03±9.55mg/dl. All of our patients took higher load for age and ideal weight of (leucine,valine, and isoleucine is likely to be 0.04,0.017-0.02 ,and 0.019 g /kg respective) mainly from plant source protein Regarding correlation with A1C (Valine p 0.01,r 0.02/isoliosine p 0.08 r 0.156) Regarding correlation with LDL (liosine p 0.07 r 0.156). High BCCAs intake mainly from plant source is associated with dyslipidaemia and poor glycaemic control .proper dietary counselling is important in diabetic.

Assessment of erythrocyte morphology in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study of electron microscopy-based analysis in relation to healthy controls

Background/aim The present study aimed to assess erythrocyte morphology in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients using scanning electron microscopy.Materials and methods In total, 30 patients admitted to endocrine outpatient clinics were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to their fasting blood glucose levels: type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 15, fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 126 mg/dL) and control (n = 15, fasting blood glucose levels < 99 mg/dL). The patient’s demographic characteristics, haemoglobin A1c levels, and scanning electron microscopy findings regarding erythrocyte morphology were recorded.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the control and type 2 diabetes mellitus group in terms of the participants’ age (51.13 ± 8.53 vs. 50.33 ± 8.72 years, p = 0.8) and the male/female ratio (9/6 vs. 9/6). In the control group, discocytes were abundant, echinocytes were rare, and spherocytes were absent. On the other hand, discocytes were less common and echinocyte-shaped erythrocytes were more common in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group than in the control group. In addition, spherocytes were detected in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group. Moreover, the diameter of discocytes was significantly lower (p = 0.014), and blood glucose and haemoglobin A1c levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05 for both) in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group than in the control group. ConclusionOur findings indicate that high glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients lead to significant alterations in erythrocyte morphology, including decreased erythrocyte deformability and the formation of echinocytes and spherocytes due to eryptosis. The possibility of decreased erythrocyte deformability due to excessive eryptosis may disturb microcirculation in newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who do not have any complications.

Pengaruh Rebusan Daun Kersen Terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bontobahari

Diabetes mellitus is one of the biggest health problems in the world. Diabetes mellitus or what is commonly called diabetes (diabetes) is a disease that causes the patient’s body to be unable to control the level of sugar (glycose) in the blood. At this time, many people are doing treatment by using plants as traditional medicine. One of them is cherry leaves. Kersen leaves are believed to reduce blood glucose levels in type II diabetes mellitus sufferers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Kersen leaf decoction on blood glucose levels in patients with Type II diabetes in the Bontobahari Community Health Center in 2021. The research design used in this study was a quantitative research design with a true-experimental method (pure experiment) with a pre-post design. Test control group design. The sample used was 38 respondents, with a sampling technique that is probability sampling with simple random sampling. Analysis of the data in this study using the Unpaired T test statistical test. The results of the analysis using the unpaired T-test statistical test obtained p-value = 0.000 (p ≤ 0.05), which means that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. There is an effect of Kersen Leaf Decoction on Blood Glucose levels in people with Type II Diabetes in the Bontobahari Community Health Center Work Area. 2021.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE AND GLICLAZIDE SUSTAINED RELEASE BILAYER TABLETS: A COMBINATION THERAPY IN MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES

Objective: The main objective of the present investigation is to develop a sustained-release (SR) formulation to optimize the postprandial elevation of glucose level in type 2 Diabetic subjects using combination therapy. In the present research work, bilayer sustained release formulation of metformin hydrochloride (MFH) and gliclazide (GLZ), based on monolithic-matrix technology was developed and evaluated. Methods: The formulations of metformin hydrochloride layer and gliclazide layer that contain polyox WSR coagulant and different viscosity grades of hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as sustained-release matrix were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method respectively. The bilayer tablets were prepared after carrying out the optimization of metformin layer and evaluated for various pre-compression and post-compression parameters. For the best formulation selected on basis of in vitro evaluation of tablets, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) studies and comparison of in vitro dissolution profile of developed formulation with the innovator were performed. Results: Metformin hydrochloride and gliclazide showed sustained release of drug by diffusion mechanism and followed first-order kinetics. The best formulation of metformin hydrochloride (M7) and gliclazide (G8) show 99.93% and 99.65% of drug release in 24 h respectively. The similarity factor (f2) was 79.95 for metformin hydrochloride and 73.62 for gliclazide when compared with the innovator. Conclusion: The monolith diffusion-controlled bilayer tablets of metformin hydrochloride and gliclazide offer improved patient compliance and convenience with better postprandial hyperglycemic control with once-a-day dosing. The sustained release of the drug up to 24 h regulate antidiabetic activity round the clock with minimal side effects.

Identification of Movements and Postures Using Wearable Sensors for Implementation in a Bi-Hormonal Artificial Pancreas System.

Background: Closed loop bi-hormonal artificial pancreas systems, such as the artificial pancreas (AP™) developed by Inreda Diabetic B.V., control blood glucose levels of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients via closed loop regulation. As the AP™ currently does not classify postures and movements to estimate metabolic energy consumption to correct hormone administration levels, considerable improvements to the system can be made. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the possibility to use the current system to identify several postures and movements. Methods: seven healthy participants took part in an experiment where sequences of postures and movements were performed to train and assess a computationally sparing algorithm. Results: Using accelerometers, one on the hip and two on the abdomen, user-specific models achieved classification accuracies of 86.5% using only the hip sensor and 87.3% when including the abdomen sensors. With additional accelerometers on the sternum and upper leg for identification, 90.0% of the classified postures and movements were correct. Conclusions: The current hardware configuration of the AP™ poses no limitation to the identification of postures and movements. If future research shows that identification can still be done accurately in a daily life setting, this algorithm may be an improvement for the AP™ to sense physical activity.

Resistive Exercise versus Acupressure on Blood Glucose Level in Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes has become a major global public health concern characterized by dysregulation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, and results from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance or a combination of both Abstract: Acupressure lowers the blood glucose level through a massage at the point of the meridian, which can trigger the calming and uplifting response in the body, Resistive exercise is often recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes to improve physical conditioning and glycemic control. Aim of Study: The current study was conducted to compare between: Effect of resistive exercise and Acupressure on blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes. Subjects and Methods: Sixty patients (34 male 26 female) with type 2 diabetes participated in this study their age ranging from 35 to 60 years. They were selected from outpatient clinic in Internal Medicine, Luxor General Hospital. Group A: Received acupressure therapy (AT on point (Sp-6) which found atone palm width above the tip of inner ankle bone on the back of the shinbone, 3 minutes and repeated 3 times per session on both legs for three times per week for 12 weeks, in addition to hypoglycemic drugs. Group B: Received resistive exercise using dumbbell and sandbag, intensity of exercise for each muscle group determined after assessment of ten repetition maximum (10RM) 40% to 60% of 1RM (1 set 10 repetitions) used for 30 minute 3 time per week for 12 week beside their medication. 10RM reevaluated every 2 week and after 2 week load increase to 2 set 10 repetitions. Method of evaluation was measurement of random blood glucose level measured before starting and after each session glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) fasting blood glucose level, 2 hour post prandial and glucose level and insulin level measured before starting and after end of program. Results: There was a significant decrease in randomized blood glucose, fasting blood glucose and increase in insulin level with no significant differences in HA 1 C and 2 hour post prandial in acupressure group when compared with resistive exercise group. Conclusion: Acupressure is more effective than resistive exercise as a complementary alternative medicine & can be helpful in reducing blood glucose level and increasing insulin levels in type 2 diabetic patients.

The effect of two methods of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on coagulation indices and blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients

Introduction: Imbalance of the homeostasis system can lead to blood clot formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two resistance training methods with and without blood flow restriction on coagulation parameters and blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. Methods: 41 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction and the control group. The subjects of the resistance training group with and without flow restriction performed the training for 8 weeks with intensities of 20, 40, 60, 80% of one maximum repetition and 20 and 30% of one maximum repetition, respectively. During this period, the subjects in the control group led a normal life and did not have a regular exercise program. Coagulation parameters, hematocrit and blood glucose levels were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session. Analysis of variance with intergroup factor and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to evaluate the effect of intervention on quantitative factors. SPSS22 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Significance level was considered for all statistical analyzes P <0.05. Results: Prothrombin Time index in both groups of resistance training increased significantly compared to the control group (P ‹0.05); But no significant difference was observed in Partial thromboplastin time and hematocrit index (P ›0.05). Fibrinogen factor also decreased in training groups (P ‹0.05). Blood glucose decreased in the resistance training group without restriction of blood flow compared to the control group (P ‹0.05). Conclusion: Eight weeks of resistance training can prevent thrombosis and sudden onset of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes by reducing fibrinogen levels and increasing the Prothrombin Time index. This type of exercise also plays an insulin-like role by lowering blood sugar levels.

Vildagliptin plasticized hydrogel film in the control of ocular inflammation after topical application: study of hydration and erosion behaviour

Abstract Vildagliptin (VID) is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor used in controlling blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes. Vildagliptin improves beta cells function and is also suggested to effectively control the inflammation. The possible ocular anti-inflammatory property of vildagliptin has been explored using topically applied plasticized ocular film formulation. Film formulation was prepared by solvent cast and evaporation method using triethanolamine (TEA), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as the plasticizer in HPMC hydrogel matrix base. Anti-inflammatory study was carried out in the carrageenan induced ocular rabbit model. Analytical methods confirmed that the drug was present almost in completely amorphized form in the film formulation. Level of hydration, swelling and erosion rate of the film played the controlling factor in the process of drug release, ocular residence and permeation. Maximum swelling rate of 363 h−1 has been shown by VHT compared to other formulation of VHD and VHP (174 and 242 h−1 respectively). Film containing DMSO exhibited highest in vitro release as well as ex vivo ocular permeation. Film formulation has shown a fast recovery of ocular inflammation in contrast to the untreated eye after inducing inflammation. Plasticized vildagliptin hydrogel film formulation could be utilized in the management and control of ocular inflammation particularly with diabetic retinopathy after proper clinical studies in higher animal and human individuals.