Glucose Levels In Type Research Articles

PENGARUH TERAPI RELAKSASI OTOT PROGRESIF TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH PADA DIABETES MELITUS TIPE II

ABSTRACT
 Background: Type II Diabetes Mellitus or commonly called lifestyle diabetes is diabetes caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. In someone with type II diabetes mellitus, insulin can still be produced by the pancreas, but the amount of insulin is still insufficient so that type II diabetes mellitus is considered as NIDDM (Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus). IDF estimates that there are 463 million people in the world experiencing diabetes mellitus in 2019. There has been an increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus by 19.9% ​​in 2020. In Central Java in 2019 there were 13.4% new cases of diabetes mellitus. Data from the Kudus Regency Health Office in 2019 noted that 17,869 people had diabetes mellitus, especially at the UPTD health centers in Japan, as many as 1,210 people had diabetes mellitus in 2022. There are 4 pillars in the management of DM, such as education in the form of knowledge about DM, regulation/diet in the form of low carbohydrates, pharmacological therapy in the form of Oral Hyperglycemic Drugs (OHO), and physical exercise, one of which is progressive muscle relaxation therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on reducing blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus. The design in this study was pre-experimental, with a one-group pre-test and post-test design approach. There are two variables, namely the independent variable giving Progressive Muscle Relaxation Therapy while the dependent variable is Blood Glucose Levels in Type II Diabetes Mellitus. The population is all patients with Diabetes Mellitus in the working area of ​​the Kudus Japan Health Center in 2022 as many as 1210 people. Taken by purposive sampling technique. Collecting data using a questionnaire and checklist. Data analysis techniques using SPSS with the Wilcoxon statistical test. The Asimp.Sig result is 0.000 <0.05, then H0 is rejected, meaning that there is an effect of progressive muscle relaxation therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on reducing blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus II. Respondents who used it experienced a decrease in GDS after being given progressive muscle relaxation therapy 84.7% greater than before being given the action. For this reason, it is necessary to provide progressive muscle relaxation therapy to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus II.

Effects of methotrexate, <em>Moringa oleifera</em>, and <em>Andrographis paniculata</em> extracts on the myocardial and aortic tissue of streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced hyperglycemic rats

BACKGROUND Methotrexate (MTX) could lower glucose levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus, while Moringa oleifera and Andrographis paniculata supplementations have similar effects on hyperglycemia. This study aimed to analyze the effects of MTX, M. oleifera, and A. paniculata leaf extracts on the myocardial interleukin (IL)-6 and the histopathology of the left ventricle and aorta.
 METHODS 49 rats were divided equally into 7 groups: negative control and diabetic induced by streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) injection consisting of positive control (STZ-NA only), M. oleifera (500 mg/kgBW/day), A. paniculata (500 mg/kgBW/day), MTX (7 mg/kgBW/week), MTX (7 mg/kgBW/week)+M. oleifera (500 mg/kgBW/day), and MTX (7 mg/kgBW/week)+A. paniculata (500 mg/kgBW/day). We analyzed oral MTX, M. oleifera, and A. paniculata leaf extracts’ effects on random blood glucose, myocardial IL-6, and cardiac histopathology of STZ-NA-induced hyperglycemic male rats. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Kruskal–Wallis tests.
 RESULTS Myocardial IL-6 in the M. oleifera group was significantly lower compared to the positive control group (p = 0.041). Compared to the positive control group, the myocardial necrosis and aortic intima–media thickness in the MTX+A. paniculata group were significantly reduced (p = 0.005 and 0.001, respectively).
 CONCLUSIONS MTX, M. oleifera, and A. paniculata showed antihyperglycemic effect, both individually and in combination. A. paniculata leaf extract had a significant cardioprotective effect in STZ-NA-induced hyperglycemia.

Blood Glucose Control on Diabetic Patient Type I using Sliding Mode Adaptive Control

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder due to insufficient insulin synthesis or inadequate insulin sensitivity. The Bergman’s minimal model describes the dynamics of blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetics. The model has control inputs in the form of insulin injections and covers external disturbance factors in the form of meal disturbances. This research developed a control design using an sliding mode adaptive control to reduce blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic patients and keep it within normal glucose levels. Sliding mode adaptive control is an adaptive controller updates the model based on measured performance while in operation. A numerical simulation of the proposed controller is carried out by giving eating disorders three times, namely at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Based on the numerical simulation, to lower the high blood glucose in the hyperglicemic patient, the insulin injection should be given starting at 30 minutes before breakfast for the next four hour, with a maximal dose of injection is 13 mU/min. It can decrease the high blood pressure until 54.83%.

The correlation between creatinine levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients

Diabetes mellitus (DM) was a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. Measuring the blood creatinine level and calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was crucial in determining if a person had impaired kidney function. These tests provided valuable insights into the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated risk of kidney failure. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between average creatinine levels and GFR with blood glucose levels in type 2 DM patients. This correlative research used a cross-sectional approach and included samples from 30 patients with type 2 DM at a hospital in Bandung, Indonesia. The patients' blood glucose and blood creatinine levels were measured using GFR calculations and a Kenza Max photometer, respectively. The sampling method used was accidental sampling, with the sample criteria being type 2 DM patients who were willing to be respondents and did not have hypertension. The average creatinine levels and estimated GFR values were 0.97 mg/dL and 84.971 mL/min/1.73m². The results of the Pearson correlation test indicated non-significant correlations (p > 0.05, p = 0.703 and 0.819). This suggested that there was no significant relationship between creatinine levels and estimated GFR and blood glucose levels in type 2 DM patients. This study provided a foundational exploration of the link between blood glucose levels and kidney function, which could contribute to developing methods for examining kidney diseases in type 2 DM patients. This study's findings underscore the complexity of the relationship between metabolic control and renal function in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, highlighting the need for individualized patient assessment and management strategies.

Effect of fenugreek seed supplementation on fasting and postprandial blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic subjects

Diabetes mellitus has a high prevalence, morbidity and mortality globally. Management of type 2 diabetes is difficult with synthetic drugs as they cause many side effects and have some limitations. Thus, as an alternative and immense interest in medicinal plants with indigenous, inexpensive fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is considered to be a potent food-based treatment for managing type 2 diabetes. This study was undertaken to evaluate the blood glucose levels and diabetes status with the consumption of fenugreek seed powder in type 2 diabetic patients. In a clinical trial study, 49 type 2 diabetic patients were pooled using randomization and divided into two groups (controlled and exposed group). The exposed group was placed on 10 g/day of powdered fenugreek seeds soaked in water for 60 days, while the control group was not placed on any test diet. Demographic, clinical characteristics, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PBG) were measured before and after the study. No adverse reaction was found after the treatment resumed and all participants finished the trial. Findings showed that 20.83% of the patients who took the supplementation had reached the non-diabetic state where zero success rates were observed in the control group. Multivariable linear regression demonstrated that patients’ blood glucose level was significantly associated with fenugreek supplementation (p < 0.001) and the type of therapy (p < 0.05) while adjusted with their demographic variables, physical and medical conditions. When adjusted for covariates, fasting and postprandial blood glucose in the exposed group was estimated to be 2.38 mmol/L (95% CI: -3.45, -1.32, p < 0.001) and 4.18 mmol/L (95% CI: -5.41, -2.95, p < 0.001), which was significantly lower than the control group, respectively. The lowering of blood glucose level in the exposed group was gradually distributed over time while significant changes were observed starting from 30 days of supplementation. It is therefore concluded that fenugreek seed supplementation could be generalized to mitigate the complications of type 2 DM.

Effect of High-fat Low-carbohydrate Diet on the Structure of Intestinal Flora in T2DM Patients: A Narrative Review

High-fat low-carbohydrate diets are currently popular as one of the methods of weight loss, and the influence of this diet on the structure of intestinal flora in T2DM is a topical issue in the field of research. Despite the controversial result of the studies published so far in patients with type 2 diabetes. As one of the important microbial symbiotic systems in the human body, the intestinal flora is considered to be closely related to the development of type 2 diabetes. The intestinal flora structure abundance of type 2 diabetes patients is different from that of the general healthy population, and alterations in the structure of the intestinal flora can affect intestinal hormone secretion, which in turn affects the blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic patients. It is feasible to treat type 2 diabetes by altering the intestinal flora. Therefore, this narrative review proposes that the possible reason for the treatment of T2DM by high-fat low-carbohydrate diet is that the method of high-fat low-carbohydrate diet alters the intestinal flora structure of patients with T2DM, and treats patients with T2DM by altering their intestinal flora structure, which provides some new ideas and methods for the treatment and prevention of T2DM.

The Effect of Curcumin on Blood Glucose Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by elevated blood glucose. Curcumin has glucose-lowering properties. This review intended to determine if Curcumin can lower blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients. This review intended to determine if Curcumin can decrease blood glucose in type 2 DM patients. Curcumin has a mechanism of stimulating incretin and inhibiting digestive enzymes from reducing blood glucose levels in type 2 DM patients. We systematically searched PubMed for peer-reviewed studies examining the mechanism of Curcumin in decreasing blood glucose in type 2 DM patients. The journal criteria included in this review were a study from 2000 to 2022, randomized control trial using intervention Curcumin, an outcome variable using blood glucose, the full text of the article can be obtained, and the DM patient's age is over 18 years. Two independent reviewers retrieved data o clinical outcomes, studies, and patient characteristics using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Instrument. Quality is evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. There are 19 studies included in this research, and Three journals meet the requirements. The conclusion is that curcumin can decrease blood glucose in Type 2 DM patients.

The Effects of Bovine Colostrum on the Stress-Hyperglycemia Ratio and the Triglyceride-Glucose Index in Exercise-Trained Healthy Subjects: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study

Bovine colostrum (BC) is a natural substance that has been shown of benefits for exercising, and reducing the blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes. Stress hyperglycemia is a brief rise in blood glucose levels caused by physiological stress. This placebo-controlled clinical study aimed to investigate the effects of BC on stress hyperglycemia and the triglyceride-glucose index in healthy subjects who trained in resistance exercise. This research was carried out at Al-Kut University College from April 30th to November 30th, 2022. Fifty healthy young men were randomly assigned: Group I (n = 24) received a placebo, whereas Group II (n = 26) received a 500mg single oral dosage of BC nutraceutical pill. During the treatment period, both groups of volunteers engaged in resistance exercise training. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), stress glucose ratio (SGR), triglyceride-glucose index (TyGI), and rate pressure product (as a hemodynamic response) were all measured at the start and end of the eight-week study.‎ Stress blood glucose levels were considerably higher in Group II following resistance training (89.0±6.5 vs 102.1±11.5mg/dL, p<0.001), whereas stress HbA1c% did not alter (4.70±0.25 vs 4.66±0.29, p=0.608). Bovine colostrum significantly increases the SGR from 1.01±0.03 to 1.18±0.13, p<0.001. The TyGI at the stress glucose level was increased by 2.7%. We conclude that bovine colostrum significantly elevates the stress hyperglycemic ratio without inducing significant changes in the TyGI following exercise. This impact is accompanied by a stabilizing hemodynamic response.
 

Cardiorenal Protections of SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

Cardiovascular disease and renal complications raise the risk of death and morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a novel class of glucose-lowering drug that increases urine glucose excretion while decreasing blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes patients by inhibiting glucose reabsorption. In the present article, we review the discovery and development of SGLT2i as a new T2D treatment approach for T2D; thereafter, we consider different cell-based methods for the evaluation of SGLT2i. Finally, we provide evidences from both clinical and experimental studies which bring up the cardio-renal protective effects of SGLT2i. We performed a literature search using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify publications on preclinical and clinical studies of cardiorenal protective action of SGLT2i and their suggested mechanisms. SGLT2i have shown good effects in the improvement of cardiovascular and renal complications independent of glucose lowering effects. Besides controlling blood glucose levels, SGLT2i were found to exhibit therapeutic benefits on the kidney and cardiovascular system by lowering diabetic glomerular hyperfiltration, blood pressure (BP), body weight, uric acid concentrations, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, etc. As a result of their distinct mode of action, SGLT2i have emerged as a promising treatment option for T2D and maybe T1D due to their increased urine excretion of glucose. It has been demonstrated that SGLT2i have considerable protective effects on diabetic nephropathy (DN) and cardiomyopathy in well-designed experimental and clinical investigations.

The Impact of Resistance and Aerobic Training on the Insulin Synthesis Genes Expression in Diabetic Rats

Objective: In the last two decades, genetic studies have strongly supported the effective role of genetic factors on the synthesis of insulin from the pancreas. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of aerobic and resistance exercises on the expression of NeruoD1 and PDX1 in pancreatic tissue, as well as serum insulin and glucose levels in type 2 diabetic rats.
 Materials and Methods: 21 male wistar rats (220±10 g) were included. Then diabetic rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups: 1) control (no-training), 2) resistance training and 3) aerobic training. Exercise training lasted 10 weeks and 5 times weekly for training groups. After intervention, NeruoD1 and PDX1 expression in pancreas, insulin and glucose were compared between groups. Data compared by one way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test between groups (P < 0.05).
 Results: Compared to control rats, resistance and aerobic training led to significant increase in serum insulin (P: 0.001, P: 0.013 respectively), PDX1 expression (P: 0.001, P: 0.001 respectively) and decrease glucose (P: 0.001, P: 0.001 respectively). Significant difference was not observed between control and aerobic groups with regard to NeruoD1 expression (P: 0.077). In addition, NeruoD1 expression in resistance group was significantly higher than aerobic and control groups (P: 0.018, P: 0.001, respectively).
 Conclusion: Despite the improvement of insulin and glucose in response to both aerobic and resistance training, it seems that resistance training affects genes affecting insulin synthesis and transcription more than aerobic training

Spiritual diabetes self-management health coaching on self-efficacy, self-care, and blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Introduction: Self-management, which rests on self-efficacy and self-care, is the cornerstone of diabetes mellitus treatment in managing blood sugar levels. Healthy behavior affects how a disease develops, therefore it's crucial to develop strategies for sustaining self-management. This study looked at the impact of spiritual diabetes self-management health coaching on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus' levels of self-efficacy, self-care, and blood sugar. Methods: This study was designed as a quasi-experiment with a pre-post control group. There were 210 patients with diabetes mellitus overall in the Surabaya A-Yani Islamic Hospital. 120 respondents were included in the research sample, including 60 in the intervention group and 60 in the control group. For one month, Spiritual Diabetes Self-Management Health Coaching was provided to the intervention group once daily for 60 minutes. The control group, meanwhile, received a program in accordance with hospital protocols. a parametric test is used in data analysis. Results: The intervention group's self-efficacy, self-care, and blood sugar levels differed between the pretest and post-test results. According to the findings, the intervention group's pretest and posttest scores for the variables of self-efficacy, self-care, and blood sugar levels varied. Conclusion: Spiritual Diabetes Self-Management Health Coaching can improve the self-efficacy and self-care of the type 2 diabetic patients; also reduce their blood sugar levels.

Feature Importance Analysis for Glucose Level Detection in Type 2 Diabetes using Machine Learning

In this paper, we present a machine learning-based approach for the detection of glucose levels in type 2 diabetes patients. Our approach utilizes physiological parameters such as Body Mass Index (BMI), age, sex, and blood pressure, along with glucose levels, to train a predictive model. A dataset comprising demographic information, clinical history, and laboratory test results of 500 type 2 diabetes patients was collected for training and validation. Logistic regression, support vector machines, and random forest classifiers were trained and evaluated using various performance metrics, including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Results showed that the random forest classifier outperformed the other models, achieving an accuracy of 85% and an AUC-ROC score of 0.90. Feature importance analysis identified age, BMI, and blood pressure as the most critical predictors for glucose level detection in type 2 diabetes patients. Our proposed machine learning-based approach demonstrates promising results for the accurate detection of glucose levels in type 2 diabetes patients. It has the potential to assist healthcare professionals in making timely and accurate decisions regarding diabetes management. Furthermore, our findings provide valuable insights into the essential predictors for glucose level detection, which can guide future research in this area.

The Effect of Walking Exercise Intervention on Blood Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in the Work Area of the Dempar Kutai Barat Health Center

Introduction: In 2021 people with Diabetes Mellitus at Work Area Dempar Public Health Center Dempar are still high, while patient visits to health services are still relatively low. Walking exercise is drug therapy and a healthy diet. Walking exercise performed 3-4 times a week with moderate intensity can rapidly increase the glucose transporter in skeletal muscle, so that fatty acid oxidation and glucose absorption will be accelerated. Objective: This study aims to identify the effect of programmed walking exercise on blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Method: This type of experimental research uses a quasi-experimental design without control with purposive sampling involving 11 respondents. Analysis of the data using the Reaped Measured ANOVA test. Result and Discussion: walking exercise 3 times a week there was a decrease in the average of the first week to the fourth week of 124 g/dl, p-value 0.000 (<0.05). Conclusion: that there is an effect of walking exercise on blood sugar of DM patients in the area of ??Dempar Public Health Center.

Regulation of plasma glucose levels by central dopamine D2 receptors is impaired in type 1 but not type 2 diabetic mouse models

Glucose metabolism is reported to be regulated by the central nervous system, but it is unclear whether this regulation is altered in diabetes. We investigated whether regulation of glucose metabolism by central dopamine D2 receptors is altered in type 1 and type 2 diabetic models. Intracerebroventricular injections of both the dopamine D2 receptor agonist quinpirole and the antagonist l-sulpiride induced hyperglycemia in control mice, but not in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, a type 1 diabetic model. Hyperglycemia induced by quinpirole or l-sulpiride was diminished following fasting and these drugs did not affect hyperglycemia in the pyruvate tolerance test. In addition, both quinpirole and l-sulpiride increased hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) mRNA. In STZ-induced diabetic mice, dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus, which regulates glucose homeostasis, were decreased. Hepatic glycogen and G6Pase mRNA were also decreased in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Neither quinpirole nor l-sulpiride increased hepatic G6Pase mRNA in STZ-induced diabetic mice. In diet-induced obesity mice, a type 2 diabetic model, both quinpirole and l-sulpiride induced hyperglycemia, and hypothalamic dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor mRNA were not altered. These results indicate that (i) stimulation or blockade of dopamine D2 receptors causes hyperglycemia by increasing hepatic glycogenolysis, and (ii) stimulation or blockade of dopamine D2 receptors does not affect glucose levels in type 1 but does so in type 2 diabetic models. Moreover, hypothalamic dopaminergic function and hepatic glycogenolysis are decreased in the type 1 diabetic model, which reduces hyperglycemia induced by stimulation or blockade of dopamine D2 receptors.

Hubungan Self-Management Pengobatan Terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Pada Pasien Rawat Jalan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Puskesmas

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the level of self-management of medication and blood glucose levels in outpatient type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the Kediri City Health Center. The research falls under the category of quantitative research with an observational study approach, using a cross-sectional design. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia and various metabolic abnormalities due to hormonal disorders, which can lead to long-term complications in the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels. Data were collected using the DSME Questionnaire (Diabetes Self Management Education) to assess the level of self-management of medication.The results showed that 12 respondents (13.8%) had poor self-management of medication and poor blood glucose control. There were 14 respondents (22.2%) with moderate self-management of medication and uncontrolled blood glucose. Meanwhile, 18 respondents (28.6%) had moderate self-management and blood glucose within the normal range. A total of 31 respondents (49.2%) had moderate self-management and normal blood glucose levels. Only 12 respondents (13.8%) had good self-management and blood glucose within the normal range.The Spearman rank test results indicated a significant relationship between self-management of medication and blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. With α = 0.05, the obtained P-value was 0.000, which is smaller than 0.05. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted, while the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. This suggests the presence of a relationship between self-management of medication and blood glucose levels, with a Spearman rank correlation coefficient of 0.598.

Dragon fruit versus soybean: impact on blood glucose of diabetic patients

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a serious problem with a sharp increase in incidence. DM can attack almost all groups of people around the world. The number of DM sufferers continues to increase from year to year because of today's human lifestyle which tends to rarely move and unhealthy eating patterns. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of giving soy milk and red dragon fruit on fasting blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: The type of research used was quasy experiment with pre-test-post-test design with two group comparison treatment. The research subjects were Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus sufferers in the working area of the Guguk Panjang Health Center in Bukittinggi City with a total sample of 54 people, divided into an intervention group of 18 who were given 200 grams of red dragon fruit for 7 days, 18 were given 50 grams of soy milk dissolved in 250 ml of water and 18 people in the control group. Results: The results showed that the P-value <0.05 (P=0.035) and the t-value (2.198) ≥ t-table (2.110), meaning that there is an effect of giving soy milk on blood glucose levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus sufferers. There is an effect of giving red dragon fruit on fasting blood sugar levels and blood pressure where the p value was obtained for fasting sugar levels P = 0.018 (p <0.05) and the t count (2.198) was greater than t table (2.11). The results of the ANOVA test showed that the effectiveness of giving red dragon fruit was more effective with an average decrease in blood sugar of 32.56, compared to the effectiveness of giving soy milk with an average decrease in blood sugar of 22.50. Conclusions: In conclusion, red dragon fruit is more effective in lowering blood sugar levels and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with hypertension, because the content of red dragon fruit can repair damaged pancreatic cells.

Relationship between the level of anti-diabetic medication adherence and fasting blood glucose levels among patients with type II diabetes mellitus at RSUD Subang

Background: Diabetes mellitus is known as the "mother of all diseases" because of the many complications it causes. One effort that can be made to reduce these complications is to control blood glucose levels by maintaining adherence to medication. Purpose: To analysis relationship between anti-diabetic medication adherence and fasting blood glucose level in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Method: This cross-sectional studied was conducted on 69 patients with type II diabetes mellitus who were recruited used a purposive sampling technique at RSUD Kabupaten Subang. Data collection on adherence anti-diabetic medication was carried out used MMAS-8 and Easy Touch GCU was used to collect data fasting blood sugar levels. The collected data were analyzed used the Spearman's rho test. Result: The findings of this study showed that the average level of adherence to taking anti-diabetic medication was 4.56 and the average fasting blood glucose level in type II diabetes mellitus patients was 176.13 mg/dL. This study founded that there is a relationship between the level of adherence to taking anti-diabetic medication and fasting blood glucose level in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (p <0.001) with a positive correlation coefficient, the greater the medication adherence score, the more normal the fasting blood glucose level, Conclusion: Medication adherence has significantly a relationship with fasting blood glucose level in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Findings suggest that it is important to adhere to anti-diabetic medication for patients with type 2 diabetes, as it potentially enables patients to deal with their diabetes journey and requires further research.

Relationship Between Eating Behaviors and Physical Activity with Blood Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Gayaman Public Health Center Mojokerto

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus can be caused by an unhealthy lifestyle including poor eating behavior and mild physical activity which can affect glucose metabolism so that blood glucose levels are high. This study aims to determine the relationship between eating behavior and physical activity with blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
 Method: The study design used correlation analysis with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study was all type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the Gayaman Public Health Center Mojokerto. The sampling technique of this study was consecutive sampling. The research instrument used an eating behavior questionnaire adopted from the Aethelstone and physical activity level (PAL) questionnaire and was analyzed using the Spearman Rho test.
 Results: The results showed that 44.6% of respondents had poor eating behaviors, 48.2% had mild physical activity, and 80.4% had high blood glucose levels. The results of the Spearman Rho test showed that there was a significant relationship between eating behavior with blood glucose levels (p value=0,001;α<0,05) and physical activity with blood glucose levels (p value=0,002;α<0,05) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the Gayaman Public Health Center Mojokerto.
 Conclusion: Poor eating behaviors tend to cause high blood glucose levels because of excessive intake of food and drinks that contain carbohydrates which are metabolized to be glucose, if the patient is not doing physical activity then the glucose levels become high. The importance of controlling blood glucose levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving eating behavior includes an eating schedule, reducing food and drinks that contain a lot of glucose, and increasing physical activity

Efficacy of nonsurgical periodontal therapy affecting salivary biomarkers in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic periodontitis patients. An observational study.

To assess the effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy on salivary biomarkers in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic periodontitis patients and to investigate if saliva may be used to monitor glucose levels in type 2 diabetes. 250 participants with chronic generalized periodontitis aged 35-70 years were divided into two groups: test group with type 2 diabetes (125 subjects with 64 males & 61 females) and control group with non-diabetic (125 subjects with 83 males & 42 females). Participants received non-surgical periodontal treatment. Pre-NSPT and 6-week post-NSPT saliva glucose, amylase, total protein, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured. Intergroup correlations were assessed using Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient and paired t-test. Non-surgical periodontal therapy significantly decreased CRP (p<0.05) in diabetics and non-diabetics. CRP mean values changes from baseline 1.79 to post op 1.5 and baseline 1.5 to post-op 1.24 in males and females of test group, respectively. In control group males and females, mean values change from baseline 1.48 to post-op 1.42 and 1.499 to 1.40. Other parameters Glucose, amylase & total protein showed improvement in the level, but statistically non-significant (p>0.05). Salivary glucose levels corresponded favorably with HbA1C levels. In individuals with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic generalized chronic periodontitis, non-surgical periodontal therapy may play a role in lowering the level of significant salivary biomarkers. Saliva can be utilized as a non-invasive approach for monitoring glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis.

Effect of Scaling and Root Planing in Conjunction with Antimicrobial Therapy on Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

Scaling and root planing with systemic doxycycline had an effect on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes patients, according to the results of a glycosylated hemoglobin assay. The trial was conducted to determine whether periodontal therapy affected blood sugar regulation as a result of this finding. A total of 60 people with type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus not caused by insulin deficiency) were split into three groups. Group I (control group) consists of patients who are only taking an oral anti-diabetic medication. Patients on an oral anti-diabetic drug plus scaling and root planing make up group II. Patients on an oral anti-diabetic drug, scaling, root planing, and doxycycline constitute Group III. The patients were re-evaluated for glycated hemoglobin levels and periodontal status using the clinical parameters of gingival index by Loe and Silness and clinical attachment level at baseline, 30th, 60th, and 90th day. Compared with group II, the findings showed a statistically significant decrease in glycated hemoglobin values (p =0.001) and improvements in clinical attachment level (p =0.022, 0.05) and gingival index (p = 0.009.,01) in group III. In the control group (group I), no such finding was made. The average gingival index, however, increased statistically significantly (p = 0.032, 0.05). Various studies have been showing the benefits of non-surgical periodontal therapy as a benefit for improving the overall glycemic status of the patient. Non-surgical mechanical periodontal therapy combined with systemic administration of antimicrobials such as doxycycline enhances the metabolic status of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients better than non-surgical mechanical periodontal therapy alone.